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1. Sensing and CONVERTING the input to a convenient and PRACTICABLE FORM.
2. Processing/manipulating the measured variable.
3. Presenting the PROCESSED measured variable in quantitative form.

1. Primary sensing element
2. Variable conversion (or) transducer element
3. Variable manipulation element
4. DATA transmission element
5. Data processing element
6. Data PRESENTATION element
7. Data storage and PLAYBACK element.

1. FINE WIRE STRAIN gauge
2. METAL foil strain gauge
3. Piezoresistive gauge.

Pycnometer is USED to measure SPECIFIC GRAVITY of the LIQUID.

Pycnometer is used to measure specific gravity of the liquid.

The RATIO of area of JET (CONTRACTED) and the CROSS section of the orifice.

The ratio of area of jet (contracted) and the cross section of the orifice.

1. Errors give the difference between the measured-value and the true value
2. ACCURACY of a MEASUREMENT system is measured in TERMS of error
3. A STUDY of error helps in finding the reliability of the results.

At CONSTANT DIAMETER, head is proportional to (FLOW)2.

At constant diameter, head is proportional to (flow)2.

At CONSTANT CAPACITY, HEAD is PROPORTIONAL to

At constant capacity, head is proportional to

At CONSTANT HEAD, CAPACITY is PROPORTIONAL to d25.

At constant head, capacity is proportional to d25.

Under same flow conditions the friction head loss INCREASES as the size CHANGE to the 4.8th POWER.

Under same flow conditions the friction head loss increases as the size change to the 4.8th power.

It can be MEASURED by allowing the flow of water from a hydrant and noting down the horizontal DISTANCE (X) where jet strikes the ground and the VERTICAL distance (y) of outlet from ground. Then flow = area of hydrant x

It can be measured by allowing the flow of water from a hydrant and noting down the horizontal distance (x) where jet strikes the ground and the vertical distance (y) of outlet from ground. Then flow = area of hydrant x

It is RECOMMENDED because of its high accuracy, LOW cost, and EXTREME FLEXIBILITY.

It is recommended because of its high accuracy, low cost, and extreme flexibility.

400 MM.

400 mm.

Transducer is an element which CONVERTS the SIGNAL from ONE physical form to another without CHANGING the INFORMATION content of the signal.

Transducer is an element which converts the signal from one physical form to another without changing the information content of the signal.

The efficiency of a centrifugal PUMP DEPENDS on SIZE, SPEED and TYPE number.

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump depends on size, speed and type number.

If the system is FOUND to be STABLE, then it is necessary to know the stable strength or degree of STABILITY which is called relative stability. Phase margin and gain margins are the MEASURES of relative stability.

If the system is found to be stable, then it is necessary to know the stable strength or degree of stability which is called relative stability. Phase margin and gain margins are the measures of relative stability.

It is the RATIO of total PRESSURE change in the ROTOR to that in the stage.

It is the ratio of total pressure change in the rotor to that in the stage.

KAPLAN TURBINE.

Kaplan turbine.

It is PROPORTIONAL to the SQUARE root of the distance from the LEADING EDGE.

It is proportional to the square root of the distance from the leading edge.

When PRANDTL NUMBER is UNITY.

When Prandtl number is unity.

CENTRE of GRAVITY of BODY should be LOCATED below METACENTRE.

Centre of gravity of body should be located below metacentre.

66.67%.

66.67%.

It is USED to DETERMINE VELOCITY of FLOW in PIPE.

It is used to determine velocity of flow in pipe.

It is the square ROOT of RATIO of INERTIAL FORCE to gravity force.

It is the square root of ratio of inertial force to gravity force.

By ADDING BALLASTS at the BOTTOM LEVEL.

By adding ballasts at the bottom level.

They are DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL.

They are directly proportional.

Yes.

Yes.

In HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION.

In hydrostatic lubrication.

DAMPING FACTOR.

Damping factor.

DUE to UNEVEN EXTENSION and CONTRACTION of BELT.

Due to uneven extension and contraction of belt.

0.1 to 0.25.

0.1 to 0.25.

This is NECESSARY to PROVIDE COMPLETELY CONSTRAINED MOTION.

This is necessary to provide completely constrained motion.

HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE DEVELOPED in the LUBRICANT.

Hydrodynamic pressure developed in the lubricant.

When PRANDTL NUMBER is EQUAL to UNITY.

When Prandtl number is equal to unity.

It is the LINE which SHOWS the VARIATION of piezometric HEAD.

It is the line which shows the variation of piezometric head.

A STAGNATION POINT is one at which velocity is zero. Stagnation PRESSURE is the SUM of STATIC pressure and dynamic pressure.

A stagnation point is one at which velocity is zero. Stagnation pressure is the sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure.

In STEADY FLOW the VELOCITY at a given POINT does not change with TIME whereas in unsteady flow it changes with time.

In steady flow the velocity at a given point does not change with time whereas in unsteady flow it changes with time.

A path LINE is a curve traced by a single fluid PARTICLE during its motion. A STREAM line is an imaginary line drawn in a flow field such that a tangent drawn at any point on this line represents the direction of the velocity vector. There is no flow ACROSS the stream line.

A path line is a curve traced by a single fluid particle during its motion. A stream line is an imaginary line drawn in a flow field such that a tangent drawn at any point on this line represents the direction of the velocity vector. There is no flow across the stream line.

In laminar flow the fluid particles move ALONG SMOOTH, regular paths which can be predicted in well advance. Turbulent flow is characterised by random and erratic MOVEMENTS of fluid particles resulting in formation of eddies. For flow to be laminar in a pipe, the REYNOLD's number is less than 2000 and for flow to be turbulent it is greater than 4000.

In laminar flow the fluid particles move along smooth, regular paths which can be predicted in well advance. Turbulent flow is characterised by random and erratic movements of fluid particles resulting in formation of eddies. For flow to be laminar in a pipe, the Reynold's number is less than 2000 and for flow to be turbulent it is greater than 4000.

Boundary layer m FLUID FLOW exists on ACCOUNT of fluid density.

Boundary layer m fluid flow exists on account of fluid density.

Boundary layer is the FLUID layer in the neighbourhood of a SOLID boundary where the EFFECTS of fluid FRICTION are predominant.

Boundary layer is the fluid layer in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary where the effects of fluid friction are predominant.

Precision is defined as the ABILITY of INSTRUMENT to REPRODUCE a certain set of readings within a GIVEN accuracy.

Precision is defined as the ability of instrument to reproduce a certain set of readings within a given accuracy.

A system is said to be stable if the output of a system after FLUCTUATIONS, variations or oscillations, settles at a REASONABLE value for any change in input.

A system is said to be stable if the output of a system after fluctuations, variations or oscillations, settles at a reasonable value for any change in input.

In ROTATIONAL flow the vorticity is non zero and in irrotational flow it is zero. In irrotational flow the net ROTATION of a fluid element about its own mass centre is zero as it moves from one PLACE to ANOTHER. For it, dv/dx = du/dy.

In rotational flow the vorticity is non zero and in irrotational flow it is zero. In irrotational flow the net rotation of a fluid element about its own mass centre is zero as it moves from one place to another. For it, dv/dx = du/dy.

A signal flow graph of a system is a graphical model in which nodes REPRESENT the system VARIABLES and directed branches between the nodes represent RELATIONSHIP between the variables. In a signal flow graph, a FORWARD path ORIGINATES from the input mode and terminates at output mode without encountering any mode more than once.

A signal flow graph of a system is a graphical model in which nodes represent the system variables and directed branches between the nodes represent relationship between the variables. In a signal flow graph, a forward path originates from the input mode and terminates at output mode without encountering any mode more than once.

1. AMPLIFY signal WITHOUT affecting its waveform
2. Remove unwanted noise signals that tend to OBSCURE the INPUT
3. Capable of doing other conditioning like differentiation/integration, A/D conversion etc.

1. Tool material
2. Work material
3. Speed, feed and depth of cut
4. Tool geometry work SYSTEM
5. CUTTING fluid 6. BUILT up edge
6. Vibration behaviour of the MACHINE tool.