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Canned cycles are FIXED cycles for general sequences of operations. For DRILLING operation, sequence of operations will be movement of DRILL or workpiece to position of ACTUAL drilling, movement of drill downwards TILL it is in the proximity of workpiece, the movement of drill at desired feed rate to sufficient depth of hole, retracting the drill above the workpiece.

Canned cycles are fixed cycles for general sequences of operations. For drilling operation, sequence of operations will be movement of drill or workpiece to position of actual drilling, movement of drill downwards till it is in the proximity of workpiece, the movement of drill at desired feed rate to sufficient depth of hole, retracting the drill above the workpiece.

DISPOSABLE TIPS are usually indexable type and have a NUMBER of cutting edges. Very CONVENIENT gripping devices for holding such inserts on tool holders are available. A wide variety of ready made inserts are available which require no grinding or adjustment.

Disposable tips are usually indexable type and have a number of cutting edges. Very convenient gripping devices for holding such inserts on tool holders are available. A wide variety of ready made inserts are available which require no grinding or adjustment.

The WEIGHT of LIQUID VERTICALLY above the CURVED SURFACE.

The weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface.

It refers to FULL water flow in closed CONDUITS of circular CROSS SECTION under a CERTAIN pres¬sure gradient.

It refers to full water flow in closed conduits of circular cross section under a certain pres¬sure gradient.

A FLOATING body is STABLE if the center of gravity is below the METACENTRE.

A SUBMERGED body is stable if the center of gravity is below the center of buoyancy.

A floating body is stable if the center of gravity is below the metacentre.

A submerged body is stable if the center of gravity is below the center of buoyancy.

CUP shape is best suited by DRAWING operation. CONICAL shape is easiest to PRODUCE by spinning operation.

Cup shape is best suited by drawing operation. Conical shape is easiest to produce by spinning operation.

Two examples of products made by DIRECT extrusion are : GEAR profile, solder wire.

Two examples of REVERSE impact extrusion are : Short TUBES of SOFT alloys, tooth paste containers.

Two examples of products made by direct extrusion are : gear profile, solder wire.

Two examples of reverse impact extrusion are : Short tubes of soft alloys, tooth paste containers.

Stability of floating OBJECTS depends upon whether righting or overturning moment is developed when the center of gravity and center of buoyancy move out of vertical alignment due to the shifting of POSITION of center of buoyancy.

Stability of floating objects depends upon whether righting or overturning moment is developed when the center of gravity and center of buoyancy move out of vertical alignment due to the shifting of position of center of buoyancy.

A SUBMERGED BODY is in neutral equilibrium for all POSITIONS when the CENTER of gravity of body coincides with the center of buoyancy.

A submerged body is in neutral equilibrium for all positions when the center of gravity of body coincides with the center of buoyancy.

A submerged body floats in STABLE EQUILIBRIUM when the center of GRAVITY of the body LIES DIRECTLY below the center of buoyancy.

A submerged body floats in stable equilibrium when the center of gravity of the body lies directly below the center of buoyancy.

CENTER of buoyancy is the center of gravity of the displaced LIQUID and buoyant FORCE acts through it.

Center of buoyancy is the center of gravity of the displaced liquid and buoyant force acts through it.

Any weight, floating or immersed in a LIQUID, is acted upon by a BUOYANT FORCE EQUAL to the weight of the liquid displaced. This force acts through the center of buoyancy, i.e. the e.g. of the displaced liquid.

Any weight, floating or immersed in a liquid, is acted upon by a buoyant force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. This force acts through the center of buoyancy, i.e. the e.g. of the displaced liquid.

FORCE on a VERTICAL PROJECTION of the CURVED SURFACE.

Force on a vertical projection of the curved surface.

The horizontal COMPONENT of the total hydrostatic pressure FORCE on any surface is ALWAYS equal to the total pressure on the vertical projection of the surface, and can be located through the CENTER of pressure of this projection.

The vertical components of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is always equal to the weight of the entire water column above the surface extending vertically to the FREE surface, and can be located through the centroid of this column.

The horizontal component of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is always equal to the total pressure on the vertical projection of the surface, and can be located through the center of pressure of this projection.

The vertical components of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is always equal to the weight of the entire water column above the surface extending vertically to the free surface, and can be located through the centroid of this column.

GREATER than 6 MM.

Greater than 6 mm.

The horizontal component of the hydrostatic FORCE on any surface is equal to the normal force on the VERTICAL projection of the surface and ACTS through the center of pressure for the vertical projection.

Vertical component of the hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the WEIGHT of the volume of LIQUID above the area and passes through the e.g. of the volume.

The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the normal force on the vertical projection of the surface and acts through the center of pressure for the vertical projection.

Vertical component of the hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the weight of the volume of liquid above the area and passes through the e.g. of the volume.

STANDARD POINT angle of TWIST drill is 118° and helix angle varies from 16° to 30° depending as DIAMETER of hole.

Standard point angle of twist drill is 118° and helix angle varies from 16° to 30° depending as diameter of hole.

Force exerted by a liquid on a PLANE area A is EQUAL to the PRODUCT of the unit WEIGHT pg of the liquid, the DEPTH hcg of the centre of gravity of the area, and the area.

Force exerted by a liquid on a plane area A is equal to the product of the unit weight pg of the liquid, the depth hcg of the centre of gravity of the area, and the area.

Hoop tension is created in the walls of a cylinder subjected to internal pressure. For THIN walled cylinder (t < 0.1 d), hoop STRESS = pressure x radius/thickness.

Longitudinal tension in thin-walled CYLINDERS CLOSED at the ends is equal to half the hoop tension.

Hoop tension is created in the walls of a cylinder subjected to internal pressure. For thin walled cylinder (t < 0.1 d), hoop stress = pressure x radius/thickness.

Longitudinal tension in thin-walled cylinders closed at the ends is equal to half the hoop tension.

Specific WEIGHT of LIQUID and the DEPTH below the free liquid SURFACE.

Specific weight of liquid and the depth below the free liquid surface.

By STANTON TUBE or PRESTON tube.

By Stanton tube or Preston tube.

The channels may be classified as RIGID boundary or MOBILE boundary channels. Mobile boundary channels include RIVERS and unlined ALLUVIAL canals, the boundaries of which are made of loose soil which can be easily ERODED and transported by flowing water. The study of flow of water in mobile boundary channels is dealt in fluvial hydraulics.

The channels may be classified as rigid boundary or mobile boundary channels. Mobile boundary channels include rivers and unlined alluvial canals, the boundaries of which are made of loose soil which can be easily eroded and transported by flowing water. The study of flow of water in mobile boundary channels is dealt in fluvial hydraulics.

Groundwater occurs in permeable, water-bearing geologic formations known as AQUIFERS.

CONFINED aquifer : It is a relatively high-permeable, water-bearing FORMATION.

Unconfined aquifer : It is a water-bearing formation with a FREE water table, below which the soil is saturated.

Groundwater occurs in permeable, water-bearing geologic formations known as aquifers.

Confined aquifer : It is a relatively high-permeable, water-bearing formation.

Unconfined aquifer : It is a water-bearing formation with a free water table, below which the soil is saturated.

If at every POINT in the continuum, the local velocity and other FLUID property, remains unchanged with time, it is referred to as steady flow.

One dimensional flow is one in which a line is NECESSARY to describe the velocity PROFILE.

Two dimensional flow is one in which an AREA is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

Three dimensional flow is one in which a volume is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

If at every point in the continuum, the local velocity and other fluid property, remains unchanged with time, it is referred to as steady flow.

One dimensional flow is one in which a line is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

Two dimensional flow is one in which an area is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

Three dimensional flow is one in which a volume is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

The pressure EXERTED when a solid or liquid is in EQUILIBRIUM with its own vapour is called vapour pressure. It is a FUNCTION of the substance and its TEMPERATURE.

The pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapour is called vapour pressure. It is a function of the substance and its temperature.

Volume of liquid displaced.

Centroid of the area : The point at which the area might be concentrated and still LEAVE un¬changed the FIRST MOMENT of the area AROUND any axis. It is also the centre of gravity.

Volume of liquid displaced.

Centroid of the area : The point at which the area might be concentrated and still leave un¬changed the first moment of the area around any axis. It is also the centre of gravity.

Below.

Below.

It INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY with ELEVATION.

It increases exponentially with elevation.

POISE is the unit of VISCOSITY in CGS unit and is MEASURED in dyne sec/cm2.1 poise = 10_1 Pa s.

Stoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity in CGS UNITS and is measured in cm2/s.

Poise is the unit of viscosity in CGS unit and is measured in dyne sec/cm2.1 poise = 10_1 Pa s.

Stoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity in CGS units and is measured in cm2/s.

Ideal fluid is ONE for which RESISTANCE to shearing deformation is zero.

Non-newtonian fluids DEFORM in such a WAY that shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shearing deformation.

Ideal fluid is one for which resistance to shearing deformation is zero.

Non-newtonian fluids deform in such a way that shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shearing deformation.

TAPERED SHAPE with bigger DIAMETER at top and SMALLER at bottom ensures avoidance of entrainment or absorption of air/gases into the metal while passing through the RUNNER.

Tapered shape with bigger diameter at top and smaller at bottom ensures avoidance of entrainment or absorption of air/gases into the metal while passing through the runner.

It is the RATIO of the SPECIFIC heat of a gas at constant PRESSURE to the specific heat at constant VOLUME.

It is the ratio of the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume.

It represents the compressibility of a FLUID. It is the RATIO of the change in unit PRESSURE to the corresponding VOLUME change per unit of volume.

It represents the compressibility of a fluid. It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume.

Gear hobbing is a continuous indexing process in which both cutting tool (a hob) and WORK piece rotate in a constant relationship while the hob is being fed into work. Hob is ALSO imparted a radial feed.

Gear shaping USES a pinion type of cutter which is reciprocated with REQUIRED cutting speed along the face of workpiece and is gradually fed RADIALLY to plunge. Continuous generation motion is obtained by feeding cutter to full depth and rotating the cutter and workpiece slowly.

Gear hobbing is a continuous indexing process in which both cutting tool (a hob) and work piece rotate in a constant relationship while the hob is being fed into work. Hob is also imparted a radial feed.

Gear shaping uses a pinion type of cutter which is reciprocated with required cutting speed along the face of workpiece and is gradually fed radially to plunge. Continuous generation motion is obtained by feeding cutter to full depth and rotating the cutter and workpiece slowly.

COHESION is the attraction of like molecules.

Adhesion is the attraction of UNLIKE molecules for each other.

Capillarity is the ELEVATION or DEPRESSION of a liquid surface in contact with a SOLID.

Cohesion is the attraction of like molecules.

Adhesion is the attraction of unlike molecules for each other.

Capillarity is the elevation or depression of a liquid surface in contact with a solid.

Saybolt SECONDS Universal (SSU) is the unit of viscosity and is equal to the TIME required for a GRAVITY flow of 60 cc through saybolt universal VISCOMETER.

Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) is the unit of viscosity and is equal to the time required for a gravity flow of 60 cc through saybolt universal viscometer.

Centipoise is the unit of dynamic VISCOSITY. It is equal to 1/100 of poise, and poise = 0.1 Pa . s. Value of dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C is APPROXIMATELY equal to 1 Centipoise. CENTISTOKE is the unit of kinematic viscosity and is equal to 1/100 x stoke. Stoke is defined as 1 square centimeter per SECOND.

Centipoise is the unit of dynamic viscosity. It is equal to 1/100 of poise, and poise = 0.1 Pa . s. Value of dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C is approximately equal to 1 Centipoise. Centistoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity and is equal to 1/100 x stoke. Stoke is defined as 1 square centimeter per second.

ACOUSTIC velocity is the speed of a SMALL PRESSURE (sound) WAVE in a FLUID.

Acoustic velocity is the speed of a small pressure (sound) wave in a fluid.

By international agreement, the STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC pressure is DEFINED as 101.325 kN/m2.

By international agreement, the standard atmospheric pressure is defined as 101.325 kN/m2.

SURFACE TENSION.

Surface tension.

FLUID such as air for which the density is not a single-valued function of the PRESSURE (AEROSTATICS).

Fluid such as air for which the density is not a single-valued function of the pressure (aerostatics).

The DRILL sleeve is suitable for holding only one size of shank. If the TAPER shank of the tool is smaller than the taper in the spindle hole, a taper sleeve is USED.

When the taper tool shank is larger than the spindle taper, drill sockets are used to hold the tools. Drill sockets are much longer in size than the drill SLEEVES.

The drill sleeve is suitable for holding only one size of shank. If the taper shank of the tool is smaller than the taper in the spindle hole, a taper sleeve is used.

When the taper tool shank is larger than the spindle taper, drill sockets are used to hold the tools. Drill sockets are much longer in size than the drill sleeves.

The SPECIFICATIONS of vertical BORING machine are :

1. Column HEIGHT
2. Table size
3. Floor area
4. WEIGHT of the JOB
5. Spindle of the motor.

The specifications of vertical boring machine are :

A FLUID is a substance that can't remain at rest under the ACTION of any SHEAR FORCE.

A fluid is a substance that can't remain at rest under the action of any shear force.

The MOTION of a FLUID is FULLY KNOWN when the velocity of each of its particles can be specified.

The motion of a fluid is fully known when the velocity of each of its particles can be specified.

FOLLOWING factors influence tool size :

1. Process VARIABLE (speed, feed and depth of cut)
2. Tool MATERIAL
3. Tool GEOMETRY
4. Workpiece material, its hardness, microstructure and SURFACE condition
5. Cutting conditions.

Following factors influence tool size :

PERFECT fluids are treated as if all TANGENTIAL forces created by friction can be ignored.

Real fluids refer to the cases in which friction MUST PROPERLY be taken into ACCOUNT.

Perfect fluids are treated as if all tangential forces created by friction can be ignored.

Real fluids refer to the cases in which friction must properly be taken into account.

Capillarity : The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary TUBE CAUSED by surface tension. The magnitude of rise or fall depends on the relative MAGNITUDES of the cohesion of the liquid and adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the CONTAINING vessels. Capillarity is of importance in tubes smaller than 10 mm diameter.

Rise of liquid : Liquids rise (in capillary tube) when they wet and adhesion of the liquid to the walls is greater than the cohesion of the liquid.

Fall of liquid : Liquids fall (in capillary tube) when they do not wet and the cohesion of the liquid is greater than the adhesion of the liquid to the walls.

Capillarity : The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube caused by surface tension. The magnitude of rise or fall depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessels. Capillarity is of importance in tubes smaller than 10 mm diameter.

Rise of liquid : Liquids rise (in capillary tube) when they wet and adhesion of the liquid to the walls is greater than the cohesion of the liquid.

Fall of liquid : Liquids fall (in capillary tube) when they do not wet and the cohesion of the liquid is greater than the adhesion of the liquid to the walls.

Surface tension of a LIQUID is the work that must be DONE to bring enough molecules from inside the liquid to the surface to form ONE new UNIT AREA of that surface. (Its unit is Nm/m2 or N/m).

Surface tension of a liquid is the work that must be done to bring enough molecules from inside the liquid to the surface to form one new unit area of that surface. (Its unit is Nm/m2 or N/m).

It is the ratio of SHEAR STRESS and the gradient of VELOCITY with distance between a FIXED plate and moving plate (Its unit is Pa . s).

It is the ratio of shear stress and the gradient of velocity with distance between a fixed plate and moving plate (Its unit is Pa . s).