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Thomas Macaulay’s Minutes in 1835: The Governor General, Lord William Bentinck appointed Macaulay to settle the dispute between Orientalists and Anglicists. He wrote a report on the ‘Indian system of Education’. Macaulay favoured the views of Anglicists. He recommended in 1835, that the accumulated amount (23 lakh) must be exclusively used for the study of western system of education in India through English as the medium of education. He had great contempt for Indian customs and literature. He said that a single shelf of a good European Library was worth the whole native Literature of India and Arabia.

Macaulay aimed to create a class of persons, who should be ‘Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions and intellect’. This report was also aimed at converting people to Christianity, preparing Indians to work for the company and also the spread of English education. English education infused in to them the spirit of nationalism.

Charles Wood’s Despatch (Report) in 1854 : Sir Charles Wood prepared and submitted a report to the Government in 1854. It touched upon all aspects of the Indian education (Scheme of future education of India). The implementation of the report led to tremendous changes in primary and secondary education in India. It is considered as ‘The Magna Carta’ of the English education in India. 

The report made the following important recommendations.

• Emphasis on western Education: The main object of the education was the teaching of western Education. The dissemination of western thoughts, literature, science and art should be the ultimate aim of education. 
• Company should start Primary schools in villages, High schools in towns and Colleges at district level. 
• Vernacular Education: Primary education should be in the vernacular languages and English medium for higher education. Opportunities should be given for the study of Indian languages. 
• Grant-in-Aid: To provide Grant-in-Aid to private Educational institutions. 
• Department of Public Instruction : Company should set up a Department of Public Instruction to supervise the education in all the Provinces. 
• Technical Education: Institutions must be stalled to offer specialized training in the technical fields. Training of teachers must also be carried out through separate schools meant for the purpose. 
• Establishment of Universities: Universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras on the model of London Uni versity must be opened. 
• Encouragement of women’s education: Women must be encouraged to attend schools. The report gave support to women’s education. Lord Dalhousie accepted these recommendations and brought in noteworthy changes in Indian Education.

Economic Impact: Land’revenue was the main source of income to the Government. The British had incurred huge expenditure on administration, maintenance of army and waging many wars. To make up the burden of expenditure, they introduced some new systems of revenue collection in different provinces in India. They were:

1. Zamindari system (or) Permanent land revenue settlement: Lord Cornwallis introduced the Zamindari system in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and U.P. According to this system, the East India Company entered into an agreement with the Zamindars. The Zamindars were given permanent ownership of Land, which they cultivated with the help of tenants. Out of the total revenue collected, the Zamindars had to pay regularly the land revenue at 89%.

Merits and demerits of the Zamindari system:

• The company was assured of a regular and fixed income. 
• In due course the Zamindars became a strong political force and the Company secured the loyalty of the Zamindars to support its colonalism. 
• Zamindars exploited the peasants by collecting high rates of revenue. 
• Zamindars led a life of comfort in cities. There came into being agents in between the landlords and the tenants.

2. Ryotwari or Munro system: This system was introduced by Governor Sir Thomas Munro in the Bombay and Madras presidencies in 1820 C.E.

Ryotwari system established direct settlement between the Company and the cultivator. The peasant (Ryot) was recognized as the owner of land on the condition, that he paid the land revenue regularly.

The land revenue fixed was about 50% the value of the yield. It was fixed on the basis of the quality of the soil and the nature of the crops grown. The land revenue was fixed not on a permanent basis but was revised periodically every 20 to 30 years. Under this system,

• The farmers were exploited by the Company because the land revenue assessment was very high. 
• The cultivator had to pay revenue even when his produce was destroyed by drought or floods. 
• The farmers had to take loans from moneylenders to pay the land revenue. It they failed to pay the land tax, farmers forfeited ownership of their land.

3. Mahalwari system: This system was introduced by Lord William Bentinck in North-western India and the central parts of India in 1828 C.E.

The Company entered into settlements with the Estate or Mahal (village). The farmers within the village were collectively considered to be the owners of the land and were also collectively responsible for the payment of land revenue. Mahalwari was a mixture of both Zamindari and Ryotwari systems.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the founder of Brahmo Samaj.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called the Father of Indian Renaissance.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was bom in 1774 at Radhanagar in Bengal.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 at Calcutta.

Ramakant Roy and Tarinidevi were the parents of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He was born on 22nd May 1774.

Aligarh Muslim University.

The treaty of Aix-la-Chapel in 1748.

Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754.

Treaty of Srirangapattana in 1792.

Treaty of Paris in 1763 C.E.

The seven years (1756-1763) war fought between the French and the British in Europe, was the cause for the war.

Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.

Sir Charles Wood’s report or Despatch.

Sir Mirza Ismail built the Brindavan Gardens at K.R.S.

Alfanso-de-Albuquerque.

During 1817-1818 C.E.

Portuguese Governor Alfanso-dc-Albuquerque-in 1510 d).E.

Krishnajr Tiwari and Yashodara were the parents of Swami Dayananda Saraswati.

Mula Shankara was the original name of Dayananda Saraswati.

Swami Dayananda Saraswati wrote ‘SatyarthaPrakasha’.

The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 at Belur Mutt in Bengal.

Dhar Commission recommended that states should not be formed on linguistic basis and opined that it was detrimental to the National integration.

Sardar Vallababhai Patel was popular as the ‘Iron Man of India’.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah called for ‘Direct Action Day’.

Bowring divided Mysore state into 3 administrative divisions. A Commissioner was appointed over each division. Land revenue was reformed. Registration act was introduced. Judicial and police departments were systematically organised. Educational reforms were introduced with Inedrmation of a Department of Public Instruction.

Nana Saheb revolted against the British at Kanpur in 1857.

Jhansi Rani Laxmi Bai. She died in the battle field at the hands of Hugh Rose on 17^th June 1858.

Mangal Pandey killed the British sergeant in 1857.

Between Mir Kasim the Nawab of Bengal and the British (Vansitart) in 1764 C.E.

L.B. Bowring set 300 acres of land for a park in Bangalore.

Mark Cubbon shifted the capital from Mysore to Bangalore. Mysore state was divided into administrative units to minimise the expenditure and for the convenience of administration. The Judicial and Police departments were reorganized. Kannada was introduced as the official language.

Mark Cubbon became the Commissioner of Mysore State in 1834C.E.

Bangalore to Jolarpet in 1859 C.E.

Vishweshwaraiah was born at Muddenahalli (Chikkaballapura district).

In 1916, the Mysore University was established.

iNA’s first trial was held at the Red Fort in Delhi.

Revolutionaries were radical Nationalists who did not believe in passive resistance. They wanted to achieve freedom by armed rebellion. They were ready for violence in order to drive away the British from India.

Boycotting foreign goods, adapting to Indian goods and spreading the national feeling among Indians was called Swadeshi Movement.

Extremists believed that reforms would not be secured by mere talk, and only by action and they blamed the British rule for India’s problems.

1. First Anglo-Maralha war (1775-1782): In the civil war between Narayana Rao and his uncle Raghunath Rao, Narayana Rao was killed, and his widow gave birth to a male child. The child, Savai Madhava Rao was supported by the Maratha chiefs. Raghunath Rao sought the help of the British. He signed the treaty of Surat in 1775, with the Bombay Governor Elphinstone to retain his position.

Raghunatha Rao and the British fought with the Maratha chiefs at Poona. But, Nana Fadnavis, the Prime minister of Peshwa Savai Madhava Rao, got the help of Governor-General Hastings at Calcutta and signed with him the Treaty of Purandhara in 1776. According to that treaty. 1) The British agreed to withdraw their support to Raghunatha Rao, 2) Raghunath Rao was given a monthly pension of 25000/- from the Peshwa Government.

But this was not accepted by Elphinstone (Bombay Governor). He reopened the war and English forces were defeated and signed the Treaty of Wadagaon in 1779. Lord Hastings sent an army from Calcutta and battles were fought. Finally the treaty of Salbai was concluded in 1782.

Treaty of Salbai in 1782: 

1. Both the parties agreed to restore the captured territories 

2. There was peace for the next 20 years.

2. Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803-1806): Maratha chiefs of Holkar and Sindhia tried to control Peshwa Bajirao-II. Peshwa was greatly influenced by Mahadji Sindhia. So, Holkar waged a war and defeated the armies of Sindhia and Peshwa in 1802. Holkar placed Vinayaka Rao on the throne.

Treaty of Bassien: 

(1) Peshwa signed the subsidiary Alliance and agreed to keep 6000 British soldiers and pay 26 Lakh every year for their upkeep. 

(2) Peshwa surrendered the northern territories of his Kingdom to the British 

(3) The Maratha Chieftains who were subordinates to Peshwa had become subordinates to the Company.

Sindhia and Bhonsle challenged the British power, and a series of battles were fought. The British defeated them and both of them accepted subsidiary Alliance. Holkar also fought with the British and concluded the treaty of Rajpurghat and ceded Bundelkhanc T and Chambal to the British.

3. Third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-1818): Peshwa Baji Rao-II had lost his power and prestige. He decided to reocganise the Maratha confederacy and revive the lost glory of the Marathas. He also enlisted the support of the Pathans and the Pindaries for this cause. They attacked the British military camp at Kirki. This started the third Anglo-Maratha war. In a series of battles, Marathas were defeated by the British.

All Maratha chieftains accepted subsidiary Alliances. The descendant of Chatrapathi Sahu was allowed to rule the region of Satara. Baji Rao – II was pensioned off to Bithore with an annual pension of 8 Lakh rupees. With this, the British established political Supremacy all over south India.

1. Tippu had to surrender half of his Kingdom to the British. 

2. Tippu agreed to pay a war indemnity of 3.5 crore rupees to the British. As Tippu did not have enough money, he had to send two of his sons to the British as hostages.

Between 1746-1748 C.E.

Pondicherry (Capital), Surat, Chandranagore, Machalipattanam, Karaikkal, Mahe, etc., were the important trading centers of the French in India.

Machalipattanam, Nagapattanam, Cochin, Kasim Bazaar, Mahe, Pulicat (Capital), Karaikkal, Patna, etc., were the important trading centers of the Dutch in India.

Goa (Capital), Diu, Daman, Salsette, Bassern, Bombay, Calicut, Cochin, Machalipattanam, Santhome etc., were the trading centers of the Portuguese in India.

Between 1748-1754.

Causes for the decline of Portuguese:

• The Portuguese officers did not follow the policy of moderation and did not conduct their affairs in a diplomatic manner. 
• Their officers were corrupt and arrogent. They looked to their personal interests rather than the interests of their country. 
• Portuguese religious intolerance provoked hostility of the Indian public, which became too strong for them to overcome. 
• Encouragement was given to the Portuguese men to marry Indian ladies and settle down in India. The offsprings of the mixed marriages were inferior and could not take up the responsibilities. 
• European powers like the Dutch, the French and the British on the Indian scene, also gave a serious setback to the Portuguese authority. 
• The expansion of the Mughal Empire in the Deccan and other regions also gave a serious setback to the Portuguese ambitions.

Goa was the capital of Portuguese in India.