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(C) Sher khan

• Humayun was Babur’s son. He ascended the throne after Babur.
• As per Babur’s will, the kingdom of Mughal Dynasty was divided among his sons.
• Humayun followed Babur’s will and divided the kingdom among his brothers. Humayun ruled from Delhi.
• Humayun had to constantly struggle with his brother Kamran and even the Afghan invaders.
• Humayuri lost twice against Afghan invader Shershah. Hence, Humayun escaped and remained hidden for 15 years.
• Meanwhile, Humayun’s wife gave birth to Akbar in the palace of the King of Amarkot.
• Later, Humayun regained Delhi from the rulers that ruled after Shershah.
• Shershah Sun was an Afghan leader and he progressed on his own.
• He defeated Humayun two times and then established Suri Dynasty in Delhi.
• After establishing his rule over Delhi, he won many other battles.
• He extended his empire from Kabul to Bengal and Maiwa.
• He ruled for five years.
• He is also known as a famous reformer in the history.
• After Shershah, Hurnayun re-established Mughal Dynasty in Delhi.

The contemporary kingdoms during Mughals were Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and Bahamans.

a) Fatehpur sikri

Shah Jahan built Taj Majal.

(C) Aurangazeb

a) Qutubminar – Flumayun

Answer is (A) Cavalry

1. The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz. 

2. Taj Mahal is regarded as the finest example of the Mughal architecture and is considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. 

3. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as ‘The jewel of Mughal art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage’.

The mansabdars of the Mughal empire should not act independently, but they should act as per the wishes of the emperor. Nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become inde¬pendent and powerful enough to challenge the authority of the king. Mughals pre¬vented this by constantly transferring the mansabdars from one place to another ev¬ery two or three years. Thus a mansabdar could not become settled and powerful in any one place. Both the nayakas and mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments. But unlike the nayakas most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They served in some other parts of the country.

The officials who were recruited to do any work allotted to them by the emperor were called mansabdars. The zamindars were the rural elites, i.e., the headmen or the local chieftain. The zamindars were not appointed by the emperor. The office of mansabdar was not hereditary whereas the office of a zamindar was hereditary. But like the mansabdars, who had the responsibility of maintaining a specified number of cavalry, the zamindars too had contingents of armed followers. While the office of a zamindar was permanent and static, the office of mansabdar was transferable and the mansabdars were expected to serve in some parts of the country. While mansabdars were expected to work under the direct control of the emperor, the zamindars acted as the representatives of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.

d) Aurangzeb

Mansabdars were revenue, military, and administrative officers of the Mughal kingdom. They were directly under the control of the emperor who could allocate any work for them to do – like guarding his palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. The revenue was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars-themselves served in some other part of the country. The jagir was administered by other officials directly under the emperor. These officials tried to ensure that the jagirdars’ agents did not collect more from the farmers than permitted. The jagirs too were constantly transferred every two or three years.

• Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Lodi Dynasty in India. This period was also known as the Sultanate Age.
• Lodi ruled from Delhi.
• At that time Babur ruled over Kabul in Afghanistan. He was the ruler of Mughal Dynasty.
• To establish his rule in India, he attacked Delhi in 1526 C.E.
• Ibrahim Lodi was defeated in the battle of Panipat. This brought an end to the Sultanate Age in India.
• Babur became the first ruler of Mughal Dynasty in India.
• Mughals ruled from Delhi.
• They won many battles and expanded their empire in India.

Babur’s son Humayun came to throne after Babur, but Humayun’s brothers did not help him at the right time.

1. The Crows in The Kingdom : On one fine sunny day, Akbar and Birbal were taking a leisurely walk in the palace gardens. Suddenly, Akbar thought of testing Birbal’s wits by asking him a tricky question. Emperor asked Birbal, How many crows are there in our kingdom?” Birbal could sense the amusement in the king’s voice, and within a few minutes Birbal replied, “My king, there are eighty thousand nine hundred and seventyone crows in our kingdom”. Surprised and amazed, Akbar further tested Birbal, “What if we have more crows?” Birbal replied, “Oh, then the crows from the other kingdoms must be visiting us”.” What if there are lesser crows?” asked Akbar. “Well, then some of our crows must be visiting other kingdoms”, replied Birbal with a grin on his face. Akbar smiled at Birbal’s great sense of humour and wit.

Moral :There is always a solution if one thinks with ease.

2. Birbal’s Khichadi : Once on a cold winter day, Akbar and Birbal were walking by a lake. Akbar stopped and put his finger into the freezing water and immediately took it out . saying, “I don’t think anyone can sustain a night in this cold water”. Birbal took that as a challenge and said that he would find someone who can do it. Akbar promised a sum of 1000 gold coins to whoever could spend a night standing in the cold water of the lake. Soon, Birbal found a poor man who agreed to undertake the challenge for the 1000 gold coins. Guarded by two royal guards, the poor man spent the entire night standing in the freezing water.

In the morning, the paor man was taken to court for the reward. On being asked by the king how he could stand in freezing water/the man replied, “My lord, I kept looking at a lamp that was burning at a distance, and spent my entire night looking at it”. On learning this, the emperor said, “This man is not worthy of the reward as he could manage to stand in the lake because he was getting warmth from the lamp”. The poor man felt doomed and heartbroken. He reached out to Birbal for help.

Birbal didn’t go to the court the next day. Akbar visited Birbal to find the reason. To his amusement, the King found Birbal sitting beside the fire with a pot hanging almost 6 feet above it. On being enquired, Birbal said, “I am cooking khichadi, my lord”. Akbar started laughing and said that was impossible. Birbal said, “It is possible my King. If a poor man can stay warm by simply looking at the lamp burning at a distance, I can cook this khichadi the same way.” Akbar understood Birbal’s point and rewarded the poor man for completing the challenge. Moral: I Hope can inspire people to work hard.

3. The Foolish Thief : Once upon a time, a rich merchant was robbed in King Akbar’s kingdom. The grief-stricken merchant went to the court and asked for help. Akbar asked Birbal to help the merchant find, the robber. The merchant told Birbal that he was suspicious of one of his servants. On getting the hint from the merchant, Birbal summoned all the servants and told them to stand in a straight line.

When asked about the robbery, everyone denied doing it, as expected. Birbal then handed over one stick of the same length, to each one of them. While dispersing, Birbal said, “By tomorrow, the robber’s stick will increase by two inches”. The next day when Birbal summoned everyone and inspected their sticks, one servant’s stick was shorter by two inches. On being asked by the merchant about the mystery of finding the real thief, Birbal said, “It was simple: the thief had cut his stick by two inches, fearing that it would increase in size”. 

Moral: Truth always prevails.

4. Wise Birbal: Once upon a time, King Akbar lost a ring that was very precious to him. This ring was a gift from his father and losing it made the king very sad. Akbar summoned Birbal and requested him to find the ring. The court was full of courtiers. Birbal announced, “My great king, the ring is right here in the courtroom, and the one who has the ring has a straw stuck in his beard/’ Everyone started looking at each other, and one of the courtiers started touching his beard to find the straw. Birbal called the guards and asked them to search the suspect. On searching the suspect, the ring was retrieved. Akbar was amazed at how Birbal managed to find the ring. Birbal said, “My King, the one who is guilty will always feel scared”.

Moral: The guilty conscience needs no accusation.

5. The Farmer’s Well: Once upon a time, a clever man sold his well to a farmer. The next day, when the farmer went to the well to fetch some water, the man said that he only sold the well and not its water. The farmer did not know what to do, and with a sad heart, he went to Akbar’s court. Birbal was told to take care of the case. The following day, the man who sold the well along with the farmer was called to the court. The clever man made the same statement – he had sold his well, not the water in it. On learning this, Birbal said, “My friend, in that case, you either remove your water from the well or pay tax for your water because it is the farmer’s well.” The man realised his mistake and asked for forgiveness as he felt helpless and outwitted.

Moral: If you cheat, you will pay for your deeds.

1. The contemporary rulers during Mughals were Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas, and Bahaman kings. They opposed Mughal rulers and fought with them. 

2. In course of time most of these rulers could not completely succeed in defeating the Mughals. 

3. But the Maratha ruler Shivaji could resist the expansion of Mughals and established an independent kingdom.

(A) Mansabdar

Correct option is (B) Jahangir

• The great Mughal Empire which was set up in 1526 C.E. started declining from 1707 C.E.
• Mughals were tired of fighting with the Marathas in the south for 25 long years.
• At last, tired Aurangzeb retreated towards north.
• He was quite old then. After his death, the Mughal Empire started declining in India.
• After Aurangzeb, the Mughals started fighting for the throne. None was capable of handling the large empire properly.
• It is also believed that the narrow-minded policies of Aurangzeb was also the reason for downfall of Mughals in India.

Chhatrapati Shivaji:

• Shivaji was born in 1603 C.E. He was born in the family of Shahji Bhonsle in the Shivneri palace.
• His mother Jijabai and mentor Dadoji Kondev trained him.
• Shivaji dreamt of having an independent state in the small estate of Pune.
• He inherited characteristics of self-respect, fearlessness and intelligence from his mother.
• His mentor gave him lessons on politics.
• He also had great friends like Tanaji.
• Shivaji slowly and gradually expanded his army.
• He started capturing forts at the early age of 16.
• He won forts of Torana, Chakan, Sinhgadh, Purandar, etc.
• After several battles with rulers of Bijapur and Mughals, he was coronated in 1674.
• He was a great Maratha ruler. He worked hard to establish and maintain peace in the state.
• He formed cabinet of eight ministers for efficient administration of the state.

Veer Durgadas:

• When the king of Jodhpur died, his wife and son were under the threat of Mughals.
• It was Veer Durgadas who took them at a safe place and gave them shelter.
• After that, with the help of loyal soldiers, he protected Marwar from Aurangzeb for 25 years. Aurangzeb
• could not win Marwar and finally had to negotiate with the Rajputs.

Social life during the Mughal period:

• During the Mughal period, Feudal system existed in the society.
• The kings were involved in worldly and sensual pleasures.
• The kings and aamirs liked wearing gaudy clothes with lots of ornaments.
• As per Abul Fazal, a history writer, 1,000 expensive clothes were stitched every year for the king.
• During the Mughal period, businessmen of Gujarat had huge businesses. Large number of goods were imported and exported from the ports of Gujarat.
• Festivals were celebrated with grandeur.
• During Jahangir’s rule, Dusshera was celebrated in grand manner.
• None of the British traders had permission to take away wealth from India.

Correct option is A) 1545 CE

• Economic condition during the Mughal period:
• The economic condition during the Mughal period is well described in Abul Fazal’s book.
• At that time ‘Ratal’ was the unit to weigh things.
• 1 Ratal was equal to one score. (Today, 1 score = 20 kg)
• Villages were self-reliant and so villagers produced almost all the necessities they required.
• Shawls of Lahore, dhurries (mats) of Fatehpur Sikri, cotton clothes of Gujarat and muslin cloth of Dhaka were famous worldwide.
• Goods were imported and exported from the ports of Khambhat, Surat, Bharuch, Malabar and Bengal.

• India was world-famous for its several products.
• India traded for these products with several countries.
• This attracted many foreigners towards India.
• British officers Hawking and Thomas Roe obtained permission to trade with India.
• Similarly, French traveler, Bernier visited India and got so much impressed that he stayed here for 12 years.
• Thus, due to such reasons, many foreigners settled in India during the Mughal period.

During the Mughal rule, agriculture, trade and commerce and import-export of goods increase manifold.

As a result, the treasures of Mughals remained full.

Hence, the atmosphere of the Royal court and palace was full of worldly and sensuous pleasures.

Correct option is D) Humayun

• During the Mughal rule. agriculture, trade and commerce and import-export of goods increase manifold.
• As a result, the treasures of Mughals remained full.
• Hence, the atmosphere of the Royal court and palace was full of worldly and sensuous pleasures.

1. buildings 

2. Shah Jahan

3. Shah Jahan 

4. tolerance 

5. Centralised

(A) 1657 - 58

(B) Abul Fazal

• In order to see that every individual gets justice, Mughal Emperor Jahangir had fixed a golden bell in the window of his palace
• A golden chain whose one end was tied with the bell was also hanged outside the palace.
• Anyone could pull the chain to ring bell and seek justice from Jahangir.

• Khambhat. Bharuch. Surat and Diu were important sea ports during the Mughal rule.
• Indian goods such as shawls of Lahore, dhurries (mats) of Fatehpur Sikri, cotton cloth of Gujarat and Mustin of Dhaka were in huge demand across the world.
• Owing to these factors, businessmen of Gujarat used to trade through the ports of Gujarat.
• They exported Indian goods and imported foreign goods.

• The great Mughal Empire which was set up in 1526 C.E. started declining from 1707 C.E.
• Mughals were tired of fighting with the Marathas in the south for 25 long years.
• At last, tired Aurangzeb retreated towards north.
• He was quite old then. After his death, the Mughal Empire started declining in India.
• After Aurangzeb. the Mughals started fighting for the throne. None was capable of handling the large empire properly.
• It is also believed that narrow-minded policies of Aurangzeb was also the reason for downfall of Mughals in India.

Because he had built many world-famous architects and palaces.

Correct option is C) Jahangir

Taj Mahal, Diwan-e-Aam and Diwan-e-Khas in Red Fort, Rang Mahal, Moti Masjid, Jama Masjid of Delhi, etc.

‘Jahan’ means world and ‘girl means win, meaning winner of the world.

His wife Nurjahan.

Hawking and Thomas Roe; to seek permission to trade in India.

a. Akbar

b. Aurangazeb

c. Babur

d. Akbar

e. During Shah Jahan’s reign

f. Akbar

g. Humayun

h. Akbar

Correct option is (A) English

Correct option is (B) Jahangir

(C) Shah Jahan

(B) Shah Jahan

Because Akbar lifted the pilgrim tax.

Correct option is B) 1582 CE