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1.

The #ifndef directive tests to see whether ________

Answer» #ifndef checks whether the given token has been #defined earlier in the file or in an included file; if not, it includes the code between it and the closing #else or, if no #else is present, #endif statement. #ifndef is often used to make header files idempotent by defining a token once the file has been included and checking that the token was not set at the top of that file.
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2.

The process of extracting the relevant attributes of an object is known as

Answer» Abstraction is the process of extracting the relevant properties of an object while ignoring nonessential details. The extracted properties define a view of the object.
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