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918 females per 1000 males

Correct option is (B) Haryana

Correct option is (B) High death rate

Correct option is (C) 940

In India, population h s grown continuously in all the decades except for the year 1921. Hence the year 1921 was considered as the ‘Year of great divide’.

The number of females and males in the total population of a country in a given year is called female-male ratio.

Death-rate:

• The number of persons per every 1000 persons during any given year is known as death-rate.
• Death-rate =  No. of people died in a given year  Total population  × 1000
• Death-rate is not measured on the basis of percentage but on the basis of number of deaths per 1000 persons.
• The fall in population can be understood from the death-rate.
• By measuring the total deaths in a year the reduction in the population can be understood.

Death-rate in India

Source: Census of India, 2011

Analysis and conclusion:

• In 1951 the death-rate in India was 27.4. This reduced to 7.1 in 2011. The difference between these two years is 27.4 – 7.1 = 20.3. The fall in death-rate is much higher than the fall in birth-rate which is 18.1 for the same period.
• The main reasons for reduction in death-rate are control over famines, improvement in quality of life, availability of nutritional food, increase and improvement in medical services, increases in education and its spread, improvement in medical science, research in the field of surgery, control of infectious diseases, etc.

Literally, health, income etc. are the necessary elements to know about the social and economic developoment of the country.

Correct option is (A) 1871

The population of India was 23,83,96,327 (23.8 crore) in the year 1901.

Correct option is (B) 1951

Correct option is (d) 895.

Correct option is (a) Thane.

Correct option is (D) 23.8 crores

(i) Push factors are the adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas. 

(ii) Pull factors are the increased employment opportunities and better living conditions in cities.

Correct option is (D) All of these

The rate of rural-urban population is influenced by factors like employment, education, health, social life, quality of life, economic returns, occupation, etc.

Rural population – 68% and urban population – 32% in the year 2011 in India.

Scarcity of resources, unemployment, political anarchy, natural calamities, slavery, war, poverty, and hostile climate.

Gender (Sex) Ratio:

• The number of females in the country per 1000 males is known as gender ratio, sex ratio or female-male ratio.
• Gender ratio occupies an important place in the study of population. If the number of females is decreasing compared to males then it creates various problems in the country.
• If the gap between number of females and males increases then it leads to a number of problems related to marriage, family, reproduction, etc.

By studying the gender-ratio we can find out the numbers and then focus our attention to understand the causes of adversity in gender ratio and efforts needed to solve them.

Gender ratio in India

Source: Census of India 2011

Analysis and conclusion:

1. From the data it can be clearly seen that between 1901 and 1991 the number of females per 1000 males has continuously decreased both at India level and at Gujarat level.

The trend changed in the decade of 2001 to 2011 where in female population per 1000 males increased at India level, although negligibly. The “Beti Bachao” programme has played a good role in encouraging people to give birth to girl child and raise her with pride.

2. Looking at the data of Gujarat, was can see that the female to male ratio has continuously fallen from the period between 1901 and 2011.

Such a fall is not a healthy sign for the region. It creates, social and cultural problems.

Measures to control population:

Following steps should be taken to control population:

1. Mass education and awareness:

• In order to reduce birth-rate it is necessary to make people realise the importance of small families.
• Demographers believe that the best method of population control is to educate people in this regard.
• Awareness should be spread by telecasting various programmes through media. Lectures, .seminars, plays, mock and songs should be arranged in schools and colleges to educate people and create awareness on population control.
• In year 2000, government put a special emphasis on upliftment of women in its population policy. Such initiatives can help drastically to control population.

2. Effectiveness of family planning programme:

Government increased its family planning services so that family planning programme and its public awareness can be made more effective.

• It is essential that contraceptives which play a major role in preventing birth¬rate are available to people easily and at cheap rates.
• In the population policy of 2000, changes were made in the programme related to family planning. It was decided to give more focus on preventing unwanted pregnancy by adopting suitable preventive methods rather than giving undue importance to sterilization.

3. Increasing the age of marriage and raising the status of women:

• One of the ways to reduce birth-rate is by increasing the legal age of marriage particularly for women.
• In the population policy of 2000, it was emphasized to increase the age of marriage for women from 18 to 20 years.
• The size of family can be controlled if the status of women is increased in the society and if equal opportunities are given to both men and women in the matters of education and employment.

4. Encouragement and discouragement:

• The encouragement and discouragement offered by the Government play a very important role in family planning. For example, government gives financial compensation to those couples who undergo sterilization.
• To discourage the rising population China has adopted a policy in which if a couple has more than two children than the government withdraws several facilities from that couple. However, China has relaxed this policy to some extent. This discourages the couples to give birth to more than 1 child. Similar policy can be adopted in India as well.
• In India, people contesting for local self-government elections are disqualified if they have more than two children.

5. Expanding medical services and its effectiveness:

• In India death-rate has come down but it is still higher than some of the developed countries. Advancement in medical science has increased the services and facilities for child birth and health of the new born.
• Efforts should be made to see that vaccination facilities are available easily and everywhere. Awareness regarding communicable and sexual diseases like AIDS, various infections, etc. should be increased. This can help to reduce death-rate and infant mortality rate.
• India was the first county in the world to introduce population policy to control population. A committee was set up to frame New Population Policy of 2000 under the Chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.

• Resource scarcity
• Unemployment 
• Political unrest 
• Natural calamities 
• Internal conflicts 
• Policy changes of governments 
• War and similar unrest

1. Universality of marriage,
2. Early marriage and widow remarriage,
3. Preference for a male child, and
4. Joint family system.

Causes of high birth-rate:

In India, the causes of high birth-rate can be classified in three major parts.

They are:

(A) Social factors,
(B) Economic factors and
(C) Other factors.

(A) Social factors:

1. Universality of marriage:

• In India marriage is a religious ritual. The society doubts an unmarried person and raises various questions about his/her singlehood.
• Many a times to escape from this, a man and a woman enter into the institution of marriage. Even disabled people are no exceptions.
• The number of woman marrying in India is high compared to woman of developed countries. Marriages then lead to rise in birth of children.

2. Early marriage and widow remarriage:

• Despite laws banning child marriage still it happens in many parts of our country. Since they get married very early, their fertility rate is very high and lengthy. This results in the birth of more number of children.
• India also follows a Widow Remarriage Act where in the widows are made to marry if they wish to. This also has resulted in high birth-rate.

3. Preference for a male child: Indian society is dominated by males.

Indians give more importance to sons than daughters for the following three reasons:

• People believe that male child can make the family tree grow further.
• People believe male child will support them financially during old age.
• Due to these reasons people keep on trying for a male child unless they get one. This mad rush increases the family size and hence the birth-rate.

4. Joint family system:

• People in rural areas mainly live in joint families.
• When a child is born the financial responsibility, as well as the responsibility of raising that child, is shared by all the members of the family. Hence, the child does not become a burden and so people do not hesitate to give births. This increases the overall birth-rate.

(B) Economic factors:

1. Low level of education:

• Education, especially female education and population growth has a close relationship.
• Inadequate education makes it difficult to understand the need for small families and as a result the family size tends to become large.
• Education in female and the number of children in a family have an inverse relationship all over the world.
• It has been found that compared to illiterate women, the woman who has had primary education gives birth to less number of children. This statement also holds true also while comparing women having primary education with women having middle school education.
• From these facts, it can be said that the birth-rate is high because of illiteracy and low education.

2. Low income level:

• When the income level of a family is low, the birth-rate of a child is considered to be an asset rather than a burden. Such families believe in the saying of “more the merrier”.
• Members of such families think that child born will also contribute to income of the family in future and hence they should give birth to more children. We see such mindset in people living on roadside and slums.

3. High infant mortality rate:

• Out of every 1000 children born in a given year, the number of children that die within one year of age is known as infant mortality rate.
• Infant mortality rate is quite high in India in comparison to developed countries.
• The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age-old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.

(C) Other factors:

1. High fertility rate:

Fertility rate refers to the number of children born out of every 1000 females belonging to the age group of 15-49 years.

• High fertility is an important characteristic of Indian population.
• In 1961, on an average a women belonging to this age group used to give birth to 6 children. This fell to 3 children in 2011. Still the number is quite high.

Reason for this characteristic are:

• Early marriage leads to longer fertility period for women.
• A very less number of women belonging to this fertile group are unmarried.

2. Lack of family planning information:

• The decisions taken regarding the size of family and maintaining gap between two children based on proper understanding i.e. a planned parenthood is called family planning.
• In India, poverty, social customs and religious beliefs combined with low level of education worked as obstacles to family planning.
• Lack of knowledge regarding the tools of family planning and sometimes scarcity of such tools also leads to high birth-rate.

Correct option is (A) Universality of marriage

Correct option is (C) 39.9

Correct option is (D) Both (B) and (C)

Number of births behind every 1000 persons in a particular area is called birth rate.

Number of deaths behind every 1000 persons in a particular area is called birth rate.

Correct option is (C) 139.98 crores

There are 10 states of India in which population is more than 5 crores.

There are 10 states of India in which population is more than 5 crores.

58.4% of population is found in the country with the age group of 15-65 years.

Physical factors affecting distribution of population are:

(i) Relief 

(ii) Climate

(iii) Availability of water 

(iv) Soils

(i) Relief

Distribution of population is greatly affected by relied features.

Generally, flat plains or gently sloping lands are densely populated.

Plains are suitable for agricultural activities.

In these areas it is easier to construct roads and railways and development of industries and trade. As a result, many people are attracted to plains and they become densely populated. 

For example, Ganga plains are thickly populated.

On the other hand, in mountainous and hilly areas density of population is low. This is because in such areas agricultural development is difficult.

The construction and development of transport facilities is very difficult and costly too. Such areas are inaccessible.

Due to inaccessibility, movement of goods and people are restricted. Therefore, mountainous and hilly areas are thinly populated. 

For example, north eastern states of India have less population due to hilly and mountainous relief.

(ii) Climate

Climate is the most important factor of all the factors influencing the distribution of population.

Areas having very hot or very cold climate, heavy rainfall are very uncomfortable for human settlement. Such areas are thinly populated.

For example, polar regions where Eskimos and Lapps live are sparsely populated due to extreme cold climate Sahara Desert is sparsely populated due to extreme hot climate.

On the other hand, areas with equable climate, that is climate having not much seasonal variation attract people. People feel comfortable to stay in these areas.

For example, coastal areas have dense population because of equable climate and wide scope for the development of agriculture, industries and trade.

(iii) Availability of water.

Water is the most important factor affecting distribution of population. It is the most essential factor for all human activities.

Therefore, more people live in areas where potable and sufficient water is available. As a result of this most of the river valleys are densely populated i.e. Nile river valley.

Even in desert areas there is more population near oasis due to availability of water.

(iv) Soil

Fertile soils are most important for the development of agriculture.

The areas having fertile alluvial soil have developed intensive agriculture and support large number of people and hence they are densely populated, e.g., Gangetic Plain, Plains of Mississippi, Irrawaddy and Yangtze etc.

Similarly, in the areas having very fertile black cotton soil or regur soil, agriculture is well developed and hence such areas are densely populated.

The volcanic soil is very fertile hence, it supports agriculture. Therefore, slopes of volcanic mountains have dense population. 

For example, volcanic mountain slopes of Java island.

Uttar Pradesh has the highest population (19.9 crore) and Sikkim has the lowest population (6 lakh) in India.

The average density of population in India is 382 persons per square kilometres.

The density of population is 551 persons per square kilometre in Punjab. Question 34. Which union territory has the highest.density of population? Answer:National Capital Area Delhi has the largest density of population (11297).

Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Mizoram.

Christians have the highest sex ratio (994 women per thousand men) and Sikhs have the lowest sex ratio (886 per thousand men) in India.

1. Agricultural production
2. Diversity in natural factors
3. Industrialisation
4. Cultural reasons

1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Nagaland
3. Manipur

Bihar is the state with largest density of population (1102) and Arunachal Pradesh is the state with lowest density of population (17) in India.

40% of population of the country lives in the plains.

(i) In India, population is very unevenly distributed. 

(ii) Physiography and climate play an important role in the distribution of population. 

(iii) Due to fertile land, plain land and availability of water, human settlements have been established in some parts for many centuries. 

(iv) Due to farming, industries and trade, the . proportion of the population has become concentrated in a few places.

(v) For example, the Northern Plains of the country, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru, Chennai, etc.

(vi) On the contrary, in mountainous / hilly regions, dry desert areas, dense forest areas, density is sparse because of inaccessibility, absence of facilities and tough life.

Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils have influenced population densities in areas. Eg. Orissa, MP .