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1. Transparent table.
2. Cluster table are DATA DICTIONARY table objects.
3. Indexed table.
4. INTERNAL tables.
5. POOL table.
6. Sorted table.
7. HASH table.

Table POOLS (pools) and table clusters (clusters) are special table types in the ABAP Dictionary. The data from SEVERAL different tables can be stored together in a table pool or table cluster. Tables assigned to a table pool or table cluster are referred to as pooled tables or cluster tables.

A table in the database in which all records from the pooled tables assigned to the table pool are stored corresponds to a table pool. The definition of a pool consists essentially of two key FIELDS (Tabname and Varkey) and a long argument field (Vardata).

Table Clusters Several logical data records from different cluster tables can be stored together in one physical record in a table cluster.

A cluster key consists of a series of freely definable key fields and a field (Pageno) for distinguishing continuation records. A cluster also contains a long field (Vardata) that contains the contents of the data fields of the cluster tables for this key. If the data does not fit into the long field, continuation records are created. Control information on the structure of the data string is STILL written at the BEGINNING of the Vardata field.

Table pools (pools) and table clusters (clusters) are special table types in the ABAP Dictionary. The data from several different tables can be stored together in a table pool or table cluster. Tables assigned to a table pool or table cluster are referred to as pooled tables or cluster tables.

A table in the database in which all records from the pooled tables assigned to the table pool are stored corresponds to a table pool. The definition of a pool consists essentially of two key fields (Tabname and Varkey) and a long argument field (Vardata).

Table Clusters Several logical data records from different cluster tables can be stored together in one physical record in a table cluster.

A cluster key consists of a series of freely definable key fields and a field (Pageno) for distinguishing continuation records. A cluster also contains a long field (Vardata) that contains the contents of the data fields of the cluster tables for this key. If the data does not fit into the long field, continuation records are created. Control information on the structure of the data string is still written at the beginning of the Vardata field.

Hashed tables - This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is KEY access. You cannot access a hashed table USING its index. The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table entries. LIKE database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key. Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table, which resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.
SAMPLE PROG: THIS DOES NOTHING.
REPORT Z_1 .
TABLES: MARA.
DATA: I TYPE HASHED TABLE OF MARA WITH UNIQUE KEY MATNR.

Hashed tables - This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is key access. You cannot access a hashed table using its index. The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table entries. Like database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key. Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table, which resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.
SAMPLE PROG: THIS DOES NOTHING.
REPORT Z_1 .
TABLES: MARA.
DATA: I TYPE HASHED TABLE OF MARA WITH UNIQUE KEY MATNR.

There are 3 ways to schedule in BACKGROUND:
SM36
SE38
SA38
The easiest of the three is SA38.
In foreground JOBS are only allowed a CERTAIN amount of runtime. Long running jobs usually times out in foreground, and have to be RUN background. Some customers has day-end jobs to fill custom tables, and these only run late at night, so they are scheduled as background jobs as well. There MAY be any of a hundred reasons why you want a job to run in background instead of foreground, and these are only 2 of them.

There are 3 ways to schedule in background:
SM36
SE38
SA38
The easiest of the three is SA38.
In foreground jobs are only allowed a certain amount of runtime. Long running jobs usually times out in foreground, and have to be run background. Some customers has day-end jobs to fill custom tables, and these only run late at night, so they are scheduled as background jobs as well. There may be any of a hundred reasons why you want a job to run in background instead of foreground, and these are only 2 of them.

Two Problems: -

1. If the USER FORGETS to opt for keep session then the session will be AUTOMATICALLY REMOVED from the session queue (log remains). However, if session is processed we may DELETE it manually.
2. If session processing fails, data will not be transferred to SAP database table.

Two Problems: -

CALL TRANSACTION METHOD & Call DIALOG.

Call Transaction Method & Call Dialog.

HEADER, BODY, FOOTER.

HEADER, BODY, FOOTER.

There are THREE MODES of Call Transaction method:

1. A – Display All Screens.
2. E – Display Errors.
3. N – Background PROCESSING.

There are three modes of Call Transaction method:

Call TRANSACTION is faster then session method. But USUALLY we USE session method in REAL time...because we can transfer large amount of data from internal table to database and if any errors in a session, then PROCESS will not complete until session get correct.

Call transaction is faster then session method. But usually we use session method in real time...because we can transfer large amount of data from internal table to database and if any errors in a session, then process will not complete until session get correct.

Session method – Use the BDC_OPEN_GROUP to create a session. Once we have created a session, then we can INSERT the batch input data into it with BDC_INSERT. Use the BDC_INSERT to add a transaction to a batch input session. We specify the transaction that is to be started in the call to BDC_INSERT. We must provide a BDCDATA structure that contains all the data REQUIRED to PROCESS the transaction completely. Use the BDC_CLOSE_GROUP to close a session after we have INSERTED all of our batch input data into it. Once a session is closed, it can be processed.

Call Transaction - In this method, we use CALL TRANSACTION USING to run an SAP transaction. External data does not have to be DEPOSITED in a session for later processing. Instead, the entire batch input process takes place inline in our program.

Session method – Use the BDC_OPEN_GROUP to create a session. Once we have created a session, then we can insert the batch input data into it with BDC_INSERT. Use the BDC_INSERT to add a transaction to a batch input session. We specify the transaction that is to be started in the call to BDC_INSERT. We must provide a BDCDATA structure that contains all the data required to process the transaction completely. Use the BDC_CLOSE_GROUP to close a session after we have inserted all of our batch input data into it. Once a session is closed, it can be processed.

Call Transaction - In this method, we use CALL TRANSACTION USING to run an SAP transaction. External data does not have to be deposited in a session for later processing. Instead, the entire batch input process takes place inline in our program.

GO to SE71, give layout set name, go to UTILITIES SELECT debugger mode on.

Go to SE71, give layout set name, go to utilities select debugger mode on.

Page Window- In this window, we define the MARGINS for LEFT, width, UPPER and HEIGHT for the layout of Header, Logo, Main, & Footer.

Page Window- In this window, we define the margins for left, width, upper and height for the layout of Header, Logo, Main, & Footer.

Tables : ZREKHA_EMP. It CREATES a structure – the table work area in a PROGRAM for the database tables, VIEWS or structure ZREKHA_EMP. The table work area has the same name as the OBJECT for which we CREATED it. ZREKHA_EMP must be declared in the ABAP dictionary. The name and sequence of fields in the table work area ZREKHA_EMP corresponds exactly to the sequence of fields in the database table, view definition in the ABAP dictionary.

Tables : ZREKHA_EMP. It creates a structure – the table work area in a program for the database tables, views or structure ZREKHA_EMP. The table work area has the same name as the object for which we created it. ZREKHA_EMP must be declared in the ABAP dictionary. The name and sequence of fields in the table work area ZREKHA_EMP corresponds exactly to the sequence of fields in the database table, view definition in the ABAP dictionary.

By USING TWO types of function MODULES to be called in SAP Script:

1. HELP_OBJECT_SHOW_FOR_FIELD.
2. HELP_OBJECT_SHOW.

By using two types of function modules to be called in SAP Script:

Select-options specify are displayed on the selection screen for the user to enter values.
Different PROPERTIES of Select-options:

1. Visible Length.
2. MATCHCODE Object.
3. Memory ID.
4. Lowercase.
5. OBLIGATORY.
6. No DISPLAY.
7. Modify ID.

Select-options specify are displayed on the selection screen for the user to enter values.
Different Properties of Select-options:

GET CURSOR STATEMENT transfers the name of the screen element on which the cursor is positioned during a USER action into the variable <f&GT;.
GET CURSOR FIELD <f> [OFFSET <off>] [LINE <LIN>] [VALUE <val>] LENGTH <len>].

GET CURSOR statement transfers the name of the screen element on which the cursor is positioned during a user action into the variable <f>.
GET CURSOR FIELD <f> [OFFSET <off>] [LINE <lin>] [VALUE <val>] LENGTH <len>].

READ LINE and READ CURRENT LINE – These statements are used to read data from the lines of EXISTING list LEVELS. These statements are CLOSELY connected to the HIDE TECHNIQUE.

READ LINE and READ CURRENT LINE – These statements are used to read data from the lines of existing list levels. These statements are closely connected to the HIDE technique.

There are TWO TYPES of FUNCTION modules used in F4 help:

1. F4IF_FIELD_VALUE_REQUEST.
2. F4IF_INT_TABLE_VALUE_REQUEST.

There are two types of function modules used in F4 help:

WRITE CODE of the FOLLOWING:

1. Top-of-Page during line-selection.
2. At line-selection.

Write code of the following:

STEPS for writing BDC:

1. inSE38.
2. Declare Tables, Data (for ITAB) and Data (for BDCITAB).
3. Call function 'Upload'.
4. Write code for the First Screen, Radio Button, Filename, CHANGE Button, Second Screen, UTILITIES (CREATE Entries), Third Screen and Save.
5. Call transaction 'SEll' USING BDCITAB mode 'A'.
6. Save, Check Errors, Activate and Execute.

Steps for writing BDC:

eps_get_directory_listing for DIRECTORY.

eps_get_directory_listing for directory.

By USING TWO STATEMENTS:

1. Top-of-page during line-selection
2. At line-selection

By using two statements:

There are TWO TYPES of BDC’s:

1. Transaction Method.
2. SESSION Method.

There are two types of BDC’s:

In a LOOP STATEMENT.

In a LOOP statement.

Select-options : dname for deptt-dname.

Select-options : dname for deptt-dname.

PRIMARY KEY – It can ACCEPTS 0 value and cannot be NULL.
Unique Key – It can be NULL.

Primary Key – It can accepts 0 value and cannot be NULL.
Unique Key – It can be NULL.

An output list which displays just the basic details &AMP; allow USER to INTERACT, so that a new list is populated BASED on user-selection. With interactive list, the user can ACTIVELY control data retrieval and display during the session.

An output list which displays just the basic details & allow user to interact, so that a new list is populated based on user-selection. With interactive list, the user can actively control data retrieval and display during the session.

There are THREE TYPES:

1.  LINE.
2.  KEY.
3. Table.

There are three types:

TWO Events –

1. GET - This is the most important event for EXECUTABLE programs that use a logical database. It occurs when the logical database has read a line from the NODE and MADE it available to the program in the work area DECLARED using the statement NODES. The depth to which the logical database is read is determined by the GET statements.
2. PUT - The PUT statement directs the program flow according to the structure of the logical database.

Two Events –

LOGICAL Databases are special ABAP PROGRAMS that retrieve DATA and make it AVAILABLE to application programs. Use of LDB – is used to read data from database tables by linking them to executable ABAP programs.

Logical Databases are special ABAP programs that retrieve data and make it available to application programs. Use of LDB – is used to read data from database tables by linking them to executable ABAP programs.

SAP Script – It is the integrated text management system of the SAP R/3 System. TWO types – PC Editor & Line Editor.

Reports - It is the way to display DATA FETCHED from database table onto SCREEN or directly output it to a PRINTER. Two types – Classical and Interactive.

SAP Script – It is the integrated text management system of the SAP R/3 System. Two types – PC Editor & Line Editor.

Reports - It is the way to display data fetched from database table onto screen or directly output it to a printer. Two types – Classical and Interactive.

Select single *- It can WORK on the work area not on the INTERNAL table. It has no endselect.

Select * upto 1 ROWS- It can be IMPLEMENTED in Internal table and work area both. It has endselect.

Select single *- It can work on the work area not on the internal table. It has no endselect.

Select * upto 1 rows- It can be implemented in Internal table and work area both. It has endselect.

WE CAN CREATE A STRUCTURE LIKE THE SAME STRUCTURE AS DATABASE TABLE AND WE CAN USE
SELECT* FROM DATABASE TABLE INTO TABLE ITAB. 
OR
INSERT INTO ITAB VALUES DATABASE TABLE.

WE CAN CREATE A STRUCTURE LIKE THE SAME STRUCTURE AS DATABASE TABLE AND WE CAN USE
SELECT* FROM DATABASE TABLE INTO TABLE ITAB. 
OR
INSERT INTO ITAB VALUES DATABASE TABLE.

Group by clause is USED to FETCH the data from the table by the specified field ex.select count (*) from emptable group by deptno where deptno = 1. It is used to find the NUMBER of EMPLOYEES PRESENT in the specified department no.

Group by clause is used to fetch the data from the table by the specified field ex.select count (*) from emptable group by deptno where deptno = 1. It is used to find the number of employees present in the specified department no.

domains:
domains are the DICTIONARY OBJECTS that are assigned with constants and data types.

data elements:
data elements are dictionary objects that are assigned with the domains.
uses:

• data elements are used to create RELATION between TABLES.
• data elements are used to transfer the data from one R/3 to another R/3.
• to create SEARCH helps.

domains:
domains are the dictionary objects that are assigned with constants and data types.

data elements:
data elements are dictionary objects that are assigned with the domains.
uses:

NO. TRANSPARENT TABLE DO EXIST WITH THE SAME STRUCTURE BOTH IN THE DICTIONARY AS WELL AS IN THE DATABASE,EXACTLY WITH THE SAME DATA AND FIELDS. No, at the point you will ACTIVATE your table a same transparent table is GOING to be create in database.

NO. TRANSPARENT TABLE DO EXIST WITH THE SAME STRUCTURE BOTH IN THE DICTIONARY AS WELL AS IN THE DATABASE,EXACTLY WITH THE SAME DATA AND FIELDS. No, at the point you will activate your table a same transparent table is going to be create in database.

steps to create database TABLES:

1. go to sell. 
2. GIVE name the database table.
3. give short description for the table. 
4. Give DELIVERY class name as A and data BROWSER / table view maint as Display/maintenence allowed.
5. select fields tab. 
6. give field name data type(USER defined element type/built-in-type),short text.
7. select technical settings tab ,give data class as appl0 and size category as 0. 
8. save it. 
9. go utillities menu click table contents select create and enter the field values then select display in table contents and u can view the table values with field lables.

steps to create database tables:

Data Dictionary Objects are:

• TABLES.
•  VIEWS.
•  Domain.
•  Data Element.
• TYPE Groups.
• Search Helps/Matchcode Objects.
• Lock objects.
• Structures.
• Table TYPES.

Data Dictionary Objects are:

FIRST we need to put Break point in Print program where ever you want to STOP the execution. After in SE71 give your form name and go to Utilities-->Active De-bugger. Then go to your TRANSCATION like VF03(for INVOICE or Credit memo) etc to SEE the print preview or print the form execute it. When you execute it the the form Debugging will get activated and you can see your Form execution step by step.

First we need to put Break point in Print program where ever you want to stop the execution. After in SE71 give your form name and go to Utilities-->Active De-bugger. Then go to your transcation like VF03(for Invoice or Credit memo) etc to see the print preview or print the form execute it. When you execute it the the form Debugging will get activated and you can see your Form execution step by step.

SE71 -> give the FORM NAME -> utilities -> ACTIVATE DEBUGGER.

SE71 -> give the form name -> utilities -> activate debugger.

There are four types

1. function EXIT
2. menu exit
3. SCREEN exit.
4. field exit.

these are the USER exits

There are four types

these are the user exits

FIRST of all tunning can be DONE In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunning, Before tunning U have to get the status of your database using Oracle UTILITY CALLED statpack , tkprof, then you should go for tunning.

First of all tunning can be done In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunning, Before tunning u have to get the status of your database using Oracle utility called statpack , tkprof, then you should go for tunning.

A CLUSTER table conatins DATA from mulitple DDIC tables. It stores data as a NAME value pair ( varkey, vardata).

A cluster table conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables. It stores data as a name value pair ( varkey, vardata).

advantages:

• view is used to retrieve the DATA very FASTLY from the DATABASE tables. 
• memory wastage is REDUCED. 
• faster than joins to retrieve the data from database tables.

disadvantages:

• view is not a container,it will not hold the data. 
• view memory is not permanent memory.

advantages:

disadvantages:

BAPI'S provide the standard interface to other applications APART from SAP and WITHIN differnt vesions of SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so doesn't DEPENDS on screen flow. BDC gets failed if we MAKE changes for screen changes through IMG customization.

BAPI'S provide the standard interface to other applications apart from SAP and within differnt vesions of SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so doesn't depends on screen flow. BDC gets failed if we make changes for screen changes through IMG customization.

LockObjects USED to synchornize ACCESS of SEVERAL users using same DATA.

LockObjects used to synchornize access of several users using same data.

Dispatcher recieves the request from client and assigns the request to ONE of the work process.
ROLL AREA: Each workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known as Role Area, which CONSISTS of User CONTEXT and session data. 
ABAP- Processor :is an interpretor which can execute logic

Dispatcher recieves the request from client and assigns the request to one of the work process.
Roll area: Each workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known as Role Area, which consists of User context and session data. 
ABAP- Processor :is an interpretor which can execute logic

WAS WEB application server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you are sitting at your office with a server which is in the SYSTEM and the other server is at the clients place you can GENERATE IDOC, intermidiate documents which carry the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC are interpretted by the system at the recieving end with the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system which is very DISTANT..then REMOTE login can be used this depends on the internet speed.

WAS web application server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you are sitting at your office with a server which is in the system and the other server is at the clients place you can generate IDOC, intermidiate documents which carry the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC are interpretted by the system at the recieving end with the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system which is very distant..then remote login can be used this depends on the internet speed.

Report is a excecutable program.
Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed VIA a transaction only. Dialog PROGRAMMING is USED for CUSTOMIZATION ofscreens.

Report is a excecutable program.
Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed via a transaction only. Dialog programming is used for customization ofscreens.

The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap EDITOR in place. In se38 you can go CREATE programs and view online reports and basically do all thedevelopmet of objects in this editor. In se80 (OBJECT navigator) there are additional features such as creating packages,module pool , function group ,classes, programs (where you can create ur programs) and BSP APPLICATIONS .

The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38 you can go create programs and view online reports and basically do all thedevelopmet of objects in this editor. In se80 (object navigator) there are additional features such as creating packages,module pool , function group ,classes, programs (where you can create ur programs) and BSP applications .