Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(a) Air – Gaseous solution

(c) Solution of H₂ in palladium 

a, b and d are liquid solutions whereas c is a solid solution.

(b) Camphor in nitrogen gas 

a, c and d arc solid solutions whereas b is gaseous solution.

Volume percentage is defined as the ratio of volume of solute in mL to the volume of solution in ml multiplied by 100.

Volume percentage = [(Volume solute (in mL)) / (Volume of solution in mL))] x 100

Ionic substances which crystallize out from their saturated aqueous solution with a definite number of molecules of water are called hydrated salts.

(d) 0.04 M

Molality = (Number of moles of solute) / (Weight of solvent (in kg) 

= (1.8/180) / 0.25

= 0.01 / 0.25

= 0.04 M

(b) A - 3, B - 4, C - 2, D - 1

Mass percentage is defined as the ratio of the mass of the solute in g to the mass of solution in g multiplied by 100.

Mass percentage = [(Mass of the solute (in g)) / (Mass of solution (in g))] x 100

Mass of KOH = 5.6g

No. of moles = \(\frac{5.6}{5.6}\) = 0.1 mol 

1. Volume of the solution = 500 ml = 0.5 L

2. Volume of the solution = 1 L

Molarity = (Number of moles of solute) / (Volume of soluation(in L) 

= \(\frac{0.1}{1}\) = 0.1 M

3. Volume of the solution = 1 L Molarity = M

Molarity = \(\frac{0.1}{1}\) M

Aquatic animals live more in cold regions because the solubility of oxygen is more in cold water (at low temperature). Therefore, aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water.

(c) A - 2, B - 4, C - 1, D - 3

Use of glycol as antifreezer in automobile is an important application of Colligative property.

Answer: 0.2 F

Formality = (Number of formula weight of solute) / (Volume of solution in litre)

\(=\frac{5.85}{58.5\times 0.5}\)

= 0.2 F

Answer: 0.25, 0.75

Mole fraction of ethanol = (Number of moles of ethanol) / (Total number of moles of ethanol and water)

\(\frac{0.5}{1.5+0.5}=\frac{0.5}{2.0}\) = 0.25

Mole fraction of water = \(\frac{1.5}{2.0}\) = 0.75

10% \(\frac{w}{v}\) means that 10 g of solute in 100 ml solution 

∴ Amount of iodopovidone in 1.5 ml = \(\frac{10g}{100\,ml}\times1.5\) ml = 0.15 g

Answer: 1%

The mass percentage of neomycin = ((Mass of neomycin sulphate) / (Mass of solution in g)) x 100

\(=\frac{0.3g}{30g}\times100\) = 1%

When pressure is increased at a constant temperature the solubility of gases in liquid increases

2 component(s) present in binary solution.

Aqueous solution: The solution in which water act as a solvent is called aqueous solution. In general, ionic compounds are soluble in water and form aqueous solutions more readily than covalent compounds. 

E.g. Common salt in water.

Non – Aqueous solution: 

The solution in which any liquid, other than water act as a solvent is called non-aqueous solution. Alcohols, benzene, ethers, etc., are used as non – aqueous solvents. 

E.g. Sulphur dissolved in carbon disulphide.

Answer: 20%

Volume percentage of benzoin = ((Volume of the benzoin) / (Volume of the solution in ml)) x 100

\(=\frac{10}{50}\times100\) = 20%

(a) homogeneous

(c) formaldehyde

There are three main factors which affects the solubility of a solute. They are 

1. Nature of the solute and solvent 

2. Temperature 

3. Pressure 

1. Nature of the solute and solvent : The nature of the solute and solvent plays an important role in solubility. Even though water is Universal solvent, all substances do not dissolve in water. Dissolution occurs when similarities exist between the solvent and the solute. 

Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvent like water and covalent compounds are soluble in non-polar solvents like ether, benzene, alcohol etc. 

2. Effect of Temperature : 

Solubility of solid in liquid : Generally solubility of a solid solute in a liquid increases with increase in temperature. 

In Endothermic process : Solubility increases with increase in temperature. 

In Exothermic process : Solubility decreases with increase in temperature.

Solubility of Gases in liquid : Solubility of gases in liquid decreases with increase in temperature. 

3. Effect of Pressure : Effect of pressure is observed only in the case of solubility of a gas in a liquid. When the pressure is increased, the solubility of a gas in liquid increases.

Fat is soluble in ether.

The number of components in a binary solution is 2

(d) sulphur in carbon-di-sulphide

(i) Aqueous solution : The solution in which water acts as a solvent is called aqueous solution. In general, ionic compounds are soluble in water and form aqueous solutions more readily than covalent compounds. 

Eg: Common salt in water, Sugar in water, Copper sulphate in water etc.. 

(ii) Non-Aqueous solution : The solution in which any liquid, otter than water, acts as a solvent is called nonaqueous solution. Solvent other than water is referred to as non-aqueous solvent. Generally, alcohols, benzene, ethers, carbon disulphide, acetone, etc., are used as nonaqueous solvents. 

Eg: Sulphur dissolved in carbon disulphide, Iodine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride.

1. In an exothermic process, the solubility decreases. When calcium oxide dissolves in water, an exothermic reaction takes place, and so the solubility of calcium oxide decreases 

2. In an exothermic process, the solubility decreases with the increase in temperature, as there is already an evolution of heat and it is observed. 

3. In an endothermic process, the solubility increases. The solubility of KNO₃ in water is an endothermic reaction and so solubility increases with the increase of temperature. 

4. At a given temperature, an increase in pressure increases the solubility of gas according to Henry’s law. e.g. (CO₂ in soft drinks)

(c) Henry’s Law

(b) Exothermic process

Water is the universal solvent

(a) Saturated solution

(I) Solubility of NH₄Cl increases with increase in temperature because it is an endothermic process.

(II) Solubility of NaOH decreases with increase in temperature because it is an exothermic process.

1. Homogeneous 

2. saturation 

3. decreases 

4. increases 

5. water 

6. Gas, Gas 

7. CS₂ (or) Carbon disulphide 

8. 80 g 

9. directly 

10. Hygroscopic

Carbon-di-oxide (CO₂) is dissolved in soft drinks.

A supersaturated solution is one that contains more solute than the saturated solution at a given temperature. 

E.g. 40 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of water at 25°C.

1. deliquescent

2. Unsaturated

3. Cloud

4. Homogeneous

5. four

6. Physical state