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• Minimum babbling during infancy
• Difficult in saying long or complex WORDS
• Repeated ATTEMPTS at pronunciation of words
• Stresses on CERTAIN words
• Excessive use of nonverbal forms for communication
• Distorting of vowel SOUNDS
• Omitting consonants at the BEGINNING and end of words
• Difficulty stringing syllables together

In an adult SCREENING test includes STANDARDIZED and non-standardized methods LIKE:

• To screen oral MOTOR function
• SPEECH production skills
• Comprehension and production of spoken and written language
• Cognitive aspects of communication

In an adult screening test includes standardized and non-standardized methods like:

Orofacial APRAXIA is a neurological condition that AFFECTS MOTOR movement and FUNCTIONING of facial muscles.

Orofacial Apraxia is a neurological condition that affects motor movement and functioning of facial muscles.

It is described as an individual's inability to initiate the MOVEMENT needed to make a speech. This difficulty may PERSIST DESPITE the FACT that there is no WEAKNESS in muscles.

It is described as an individual's inability to initiate the movement needed to make a speech. This difficulty may persist despite the fact that there is no weakness in muscles.

The field of speech-language PATHOLOGY involves the assessment, diagnosis and TREATMENT of communication disorders.

Speech-language pathologists WORK with adults and children with difficulties in the following main areas:

language comprehension, expressive language, social language and pragmatics, the PRODUCTION of speech sounds, phonation (voice), fluency, oral motor CONTROL and swallowing disorders.

The field of speech-language pathology involves the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of communication disorders.

Speech-language pathologists work with adults and children with difficulties in the following main areas:

language comprehension, expressive language, social language and pragmatics, the production of speech sounds, phonation (voice), fluency, oral motor control and swallowing disorders.

Aphasia: It is described as an individual's inability to understand or use of words DUE to brain injury or stroke

Apraxia: It is described as an individual's inability to initiate the movement NEEDED to make a speech. This DIFFICULTY may persist despite the fact that there is no weakness in MUSCLES.

Aphasia: It is described as an individual's inability to understand or use of words due to brain injury or stroke

Apraxia: It is described as an individual's inability to initiate the movement needed to make a speech. This difficulty may persist despite the fact that there is no weakness in muscles.

The causes for speech disorder can VARY, it may be:

• DEVELOPMENT disorders (e.g.; AUTISM)
• Genetic SYNDROMES ( Down syndrome)
• Illness
• Neurological disorders (Cerebral palsy)
• Hearing loss

The causes for speech disorder can vary, it may be:

To treat a PATIENT they use:

• Adaptive communication switches like infrared switches, sound switches, touch switches, etc.
• Sound measuring apparatus like an ECG or laryngograph
• Stroboscopes
• Computer and tablet and the whole lot of app to treat speech impaired patient
• Therapeutic voice synthesizers and augmentative communication devices
• Various SOFTWARE LIKES speech analysis software, language analysis software and SIGNAL analysis software
• Medical devices like multi-speech device KayPENTAX, video voice, TEXT to speech, etc.

To treat a patient they use:

TONGUE EXERCISES if it is with articulation LIKE the sound /r/. Have the TRAIN the tongue to move in different DIRECTIONS.

Tongue exercises if it is with articulation like the sound /r/. Have the train the tongue to move in different directions.

For COMMUNICATION among speech unable person, augmentative and alternative device is used. It decipher the signals made by hand, EYES, PICTURE, body language, etc. Augmentative and alternative communication includes both aided and UNAIDED system.

Aided system includes books and special computers, picture charts, etc. Unaided system includes gestures and signing. AAC methods may be personalized to meet each individual's NEEDS.

For communication among speech unable person, augmentative and alternative device is used. It decipher the signals made by hand, eyes, picture, body language, etc. Augmentative and alternative communication includes both aided and unaided system.

Aided system includes books and special computers, picture charts, etc. Unaided system includes gestures and signing. AAC methods may be personalized to meet each individual's needs.

Articulation disorder: It is a disorder caused due to difficulties producing or pronouncing SOUNDS, and the sounds may be added, substituted, OMITTED, added or DELETED by other words. For example, school becomes cool, and SPOON becomes thpoon

Phonological disorder: Phonological disorder is usually seen in children altering the structure of words or change in the sound pattern like "do" for "go" and "TUP" for "cup".

Articulation disorder: It is a disorder caused due to difficulties producing or pronouncing sounds, and the sounds may be added, substituted, omitted, added or deleted by other words. For example, school becomes cool, and spoon becomes thpoon

Phonological disorder: Phonological disorder is usually seen in children altering the structure of words or change in the sound pattern like "do" for "go" and "tup" for "cup".

The most rewarding part I THINK would be working with STROKE PATIENTS and seeing a lot of them recover. Those who weren't able to swallow at all or were on feeding tubes or those who couldn't SPEAK at all because of the stroke, it's really rewarding when they are able to get some of those capabilities back.

The most rewarding part I think would be working with stroke patients and seeing a lot of them recover. Those who weren't able to swallow at all or were on feeding tubes or those who couldn't speak at all because of the stroke, it's really rewarding when they are able to get some of those capabilities back.

PHONEMIC disorders are speech DISORDER that the individual has trouble PHYSICALLY producing certain SOUNDS. Usually, PERSON with phonemic disorders have trouble distinguishing sounds made by certain letters like all "c" or "t" s. With speech therapy, phonemic disorder can be improved, but to what percentage it depends upon individual case.

Phonemic disorders are speech disorder that the individual has trouble physically producing certain sounds. Usually, person with phonemic disorders have trouble distinguishing sounds made by certain letters like all "c" or "t" s. With speech therapy, phonemic disorder can be improved, but to what percentage it depends upon individual case.

• For the assessment, a nasometer is used to analyze acoustic ENERGY emitted through the oral and nasal cavity during the production of speech
• Aerodynamic assessment, measuring oral PRESSURE and airflow during speech, and the size of velopharyngeal GAP
• Nasopharyngoscopy- to assess the function of the velopharyngeal mechanism
• Assess velopharyngeal CLOSURE during speech and phonation using videofluroscopy and LATERAL cephalographs.

• Speech language pathologist maintains the record of patient
• Record of assessment is reported to the patient, family, caregivers or any concerned PERSON of the patient.
• Reports are circulated to the referral source and other professionals with written consent
• Documentation of type and SEVERITY of the communication, related DISORDER, associated CONDITIONS except screening information
• MAINTAINING privacy and security of documentation in compliance with the regulations of federal law
• It also includes summaries of previous services in accordance with all relevant legal and agency guidelines

I would SAY it is both an art and a science. My undergrad degree was a Bachelor of Arts, and much of the background learning I NEEDED was in arts classes like linguistics and psychology. I did need classes such as statistics and a small amount of math as WELL, THOUGH. The master's degree I received from UBC is a Master of Science, and the Department of Speech and HEARING Sciences is part of Rehabilitation Sciences in the Faculty of Medicine at UBC. In my every day job, I use my arts background in linguistics and psychology, as well as a highly analytical, clinical and scientific approach.

I would say it is both an art and a science. My undergrad degree was a Bachelor of Arts, and much of the background learning I needed was in arts classes like linguistics and psychology. I did need classes such as statistics and a small amount of math as well, though. The master's degree I received from UBC is a Master of Science, and the Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences is part of Rehabilitation Sciences in the Faculty of Medicine at UBC. In my every day job, I use my arts background in linguistics and psychology, as well as a highly analytical, clinical and scientific approach.

ARTICULATION disorder is referred to the inability of an individual to pronounce certain words, due to the deformations of oral parts LIKE palate, tongue, teeth, lips, facial nerves and muscles and sometimes respiratory system as well. Articulation disorder can be CORRECTED with speech therapy or in certain cases can be minimized by OPERATING surgeries.

Articulation disorder is referred to the inability of an individual to pronounce certain words, due to the deformations of oral parts like palate, tongue, teeth, lips, facial nerves and muscles and sometimes respiratory system as well. Articulation disorder can be corrected with speech therapy or in certain cases can be minimized by operating surgeries.

For speech RECOGNITION mainly there are three approaches they use:

• Acoustic PHONETIC APPROACH
• PATTERN Recognition Approach
• Artificial Intelligence Approach

For speech recognition mainly there are three approaches they use:

• People Skills
• Empathy
• Analytical MIND
• Good LISTENING skills
• Good logical REASONING
• Identifying Strength and weakness of the alternative solution
• Training and using INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS

PEOPLE skills, empathy, an analytical mind, a GOOD EAR for language, little-to-no squeamishness about peering into people's MOUTHS, and above all, a sense of humor

People skills, empathy, an analytical mind, a good ear for language, little-to-no squeamishness about peering into people's mouths, and above all, a sense of humor

Equipment used by SPEECH pathologist are:

• SOUND pressure METER
• SUCTION machine to treat a patient with SWALLOWING problem
• Flexible endoscope
• Passy Muir valves
• X-rays

Equipment used by speech pathologist are:

The lack of insurance COVERAGE and reimbursement for SPEECH and language related developmental delays and DISORDERS such as stuttering.

The lack of insurance coverage and reimbursement for speech and language related developmental delays and disorders such as stuttering.

DYNAMIC time warping is an algorithm used for MEASURING similarity between two sequences that may VARY in time or recognition. Dynamic time warping is used to compare different SPEECH pattern in AUTOMATIC speech recognition.

Dynamic time warping is an algorithm used for measuring similarity between two sequences that may vary in time or recognition. Dynamic time warping is used to compare different speech pattern in automatic speech recognition.

It is a disorder caused due to difficulties PRODUCING or pronouncing sounds, and the sounds may be ADDED, substituted, omitted, added or DELETED by other words. For EXAMPLE, school becomes cool, and spoon becomes thpoon.

It is a disorder caused due to difficulties producing or pronouncing sounds, and the sounds may be added, substituted, omitted, added or deleted by other words. For example, school becomes cool, and spoon becomes thpoon.

Phonological DISORDER is USUALLY SEEN in children altering the structure of words or change in the SOUND pattern like "do" for "GO" and "tup" for "cup".

Phonological disorder is usually seen in children altering the structure of words or change in the sound pattern like "do" for "go" and "tup" for "cup".

It is described as an INDIVIDUAL's inability to UNDERSTAND or use of words due to brain INJURY or STROKE.

It is described as an individual's inability to understand or use of words due to brain injury or stroke.