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A) Girolamo Fabrici – Veins in lungs

(C) Water transportation

Answer is (C) Arteries

Transpiration helps to keep the leaf surface at a lower temperature than the surrounding air.

The concentration of cell sap in the root hairs is more than that of soil water.

i) Transpiration is a process by which plants lose excess of water in the form of water vapour, which in turn returns to environment and comes down as rain. Forests have the highest rainfall due to transpiration. 

ii) If plants do not transpire, it affects rainfall.

Osmosis plays an important role in the absorption of water by root hairs.

The mechanism behind the absorption of water through root hairs in plants is Osmosis

1. The cell membrane of root hair is a semipermeable membrane. It allows the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration. 

2. Cell sap of root hair cells contain high concentration of ions and salts than the water present around it in the soil. 

3. As a result, water flows from the soil into cell sap of root hairs. 

4. From the root hairs water pass from cell to cell by osmosis through the epidermis, root cortex, endodermis and reach the root xylem.

Root hair: A thin hair-like outgrowth of an epidermal cell f a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the sou.

Water absorbed by roots is transported to all the parts of the plant by Xylem.

Xylem: It Is the water-conducting tissue in plants comprising b0th living and nonliving tissue.

1. The soil water is an extremely dilute solution of salts, more dilute than that of the cell sap in the root hair. 

2. Therefore water will pass into the vacuole of the root hair by osmosis. 

3. The entry of water dilutes the contents of the root hair vacuole so that it becomes weaker than its neighbour.

4. Therefore water passes into the neighbouring cell which in turn becomes diluted, finally water enters the xylem vessels. 

5. As there are vast numbers of root hairs and root cells involved, a pressure in the xylem vessels develops which forces the water upwards. 

6. This total pressure is known as root pressure which is responsible for movement of water in xylem. 

7. The water which passed into the xylem vessels forms a continuous system of tubes through root and stem into the leaves. 

8. The evaporation of water creates the main pull from above root pressure gives a variable and minor push from below.

In the root the xylem tissue is situated towards the exterior while in the stem it is arranged in bundles towards the center.

One-way walls that permit blood to flow in one direction were noticed in the veins of legs by Girolamo Fabrici (Ita.ly) in 1574.

William Harvey dissected the hearts of dead people and studied the valves between each atrium and its ventricle and noticed they were one-way valves.

1. Should not sit in the same position for long time. 

2. Should move legs frequently. 

3. Should sit in a up right position. 

4. Take low salt diet. 

5. Do exercise regularly. 

6. Protect themselves from extreme temperature changes.

The straw yellowish-colored fluid portion after the formation of the blood clot is serum. 

Vitamin K helps in the coagulation of blood.

Oak tree can transpire as much as 900 liters of water per day.

The amount of water that oak tree can transpire per day is 900 liters.

Thromboklnase: An enzyme liberated from blood platelets that convert prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot.

Cambium: A cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division resulting in secondary thickening.

1. Entangle: Cause to become twisted together with or caught in.
2. Serum: A protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates. 
3. Squash: Crush or squeeze with a force so that it becomes flat, soft, or out of shape. 
4. Tensile strength: The resistance of a material to breaking under tension. 
5. Oak: It is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus belongs to the family Fagaceae. Oakwood has great strength and hardness and is very resistant to insect and fungal attacks because of its high tannin content. 
6. Aphids: A small bug that feeds by sucking sap from plants.

The part through which the plants absorb water is Root hairs

A) Both a & b are true, b explains a

B) removal of bark with phloem

A) Both a & b are true

C) 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – a

Blood clotting normally occurs when there is damage to blood vessel. Platelets immediately begin to combine to the cut edges of the vessel and release chemicals to attract even more platelets. A platelet clot is formed and the external bleeding stops.

The rigid blood vessels are called arteries. 

They are 

1. The largest artery Aorta 

2. Pulmonary artery – which carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

The walls of the arteries are stiff/rigid. They are made up of muscle fibre and are elastic. When heart pumps blood into the arteries, the blood enters with a pressure into the arteries. Their walls will stretch and this enables the arteries to withstand the increase in the pressure without bursting.

To show that water is absorbed by the root hairs. Required material : Mustard seedlings, filter paper slide and cover slip, a drop of water, microscope, hand lens. 

Procedure: We need to germinate some mustard seeds. Examine some mustard seeds which have been grown on wet filter paper. Observe the mass of fine threads coming from the root by using hand lens. These are root hairs through which water enters the plant. 

Gently squash a portion of the root hair between the slide and cover slip in a drop of water and examine under a microscope. 

Note the thinness of the walls of the root hairs. The water enters the root hairs and passes inwards from cell to cell until it gets into the xylem vessels. Osmosis plays an important role in this. 

Observation: It is observed that water is present in the xylem vessels. 

Conclusion: The root hairs absorbs water with mineral salts into the transport tissue called xylem vessels by the process of osmosis.

Xylem is connected with transport of water in plants.

(B) Root pressure

(D) Level of water

i) Heart beat rate is equal to pulse rate.

ii) In the jogging muscles need more oxygen to produce high energy. To supply this oxygen heart beat is increased after jogging.