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Closed type of circulatory system: Blood supplies nutrients and flows in the blood vessels. e.g: Cephalopod mollusks, higher animals (e.g: Octopus).

The lymphatic system transports the tissue fluid into the main bloodstream.

The yellow coloured fluid that is left out after blood clotting is Serum

The vitamin which helps in clotting of blood K

(D) 3 – 6 minutes

1. What is coagulation? 

2. How does blood coagulate? 

3. What are the factors responsible for coagulation? 

4. What happens if coagulation occurs in blood vessels?

5. Which substance prevents coagulation of blood in blood vessels?

6. Which vitamin is required for coagulation of blood? 

7. What happens if coagulation of blood does not occur when we meet with accidents? 

8. Which cells present in blood help in coagulation of blood?

Correct option is (a) P and R

Airways can be useful to reach distant places, remote and dense forests and to reach those places which are not accessible easily by road.

Animals like elephants, mules and horses Eire used for transportation in mountainous forests.

Using water as a means of transport for transporting passengers and goods are called waterways. Water transportation has existed in India since ancient times. In the olden times, waterway was an important medium of transport when road and rail networks did not exist. It is cheaper to transport through waterway compared to roads and railways because no expense is incurred in construction and maintenance of waterways. There are two types of waterways in India. They are

1. Internal (or Inland) waterways and
2. Oceanic waterways.

Transportation has a very important contribution in social, economic and physical progress of the nation. Transportation makes the exchange of goods and people possible. It also helps to link distant places. National integration and processes like industrialization arid urbanization are made possible due to transportation. It brings the urban and rural people as well as people all around the world closer to each other.

The distribution of natural resources is uneven everywhere and so transport of goods among various parts of the world becomes very important. Better the transport system, better the economic, social and political stability of the country. Thus transportation is one of the yardsticks to measure the economic, social and political progress of the country.

Airway is the speediest and the costliest mode of transportation.

India Railway is the largest national institution.

Steps for maintaining road behavior, safety and solve the problem of traffic:

1. Students who do not have driving license should not drive. This will decrease some vehicles from the road. Do not overtake unless, it is absolutely necessary.
2. Two-wheelers like bicycles, scooters, etc. should be driven only on the left side of the road. They should not be driven on wrong sides.
3. Do not talk on cell phones (mobiles) while driving. If possible, show the sides, stop the vehicle on the left side of the road and then talk.
4. Vehicles such as ambulance and fire brigade should be given the priority to pass.
5. Do not create noise by unnecessary honking.
6. Follow traffic signals and do not jump them. Walk down to nearby places or use a cycle.
7. At night, use the light in dipper mode. Use high beam only when it is absolutely necessary.

Correct option is (b) Bhotia

There are two types of trade:

1. Internal trade
2. International Trade.

The highways that connect one state with other is called national highways. For example, National Highway No.8 (NH 8) connects Gujarat with Mumbai. Highways are extremely important for economic development of the nation. They are also a very safe means of transport. It is the central government who builds and takes care of the national highways.

National highways inter-connect state capitals, large industrial and commercial cities and major ports. These roads also connect India with neighboring countries like Myanmar, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China.

National Highway No.7 is the longest highway of the country. It extends from Varanasi in, Uttar Pradesh to Kanniyakumari iri Tamil Nadu. The Golden Quadrilateral is a national highways network which connects all the four metro cities of India namely Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. National Highways No. 27, 41, 47, 141, 147, etc. pass through Gujarat.

These numbers were changed by the Government of India in 2011. The length of national highways in the union territories namely Chandigarh, Puducherry and Delhi and state of Goa is more as compared to their population.

Next comes the states of Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, etc. The total length of national highways is less in states like Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat where there is more population.

Roads are the most basic and the most important transportation since ancient times. One can trace the existence of road network in India since the rule of Samrat Ashok and Chandragupta Maurya. Roads are complimentary to the railways, sea routes and air routes.

Some of the most important characteristics of roads are:

1. They have widespread network.
2. They assure safety of goods.
3. They save time and are cheap so saves money.
4. They can be used to transport anything and everything that can be thought of roads are the only link to connect goods, man and a region.

India has the third-largest road system in the world after United States of America and China. 

Indian roadways can be divided into:

1. Nation Highway,
2. State Highway,
3. District Roads,
4. Village (Approach)

Roads and Border Roads. Over and above these roads, India has also constructed roads connecting all major ports.

Airways are the speediest but at the same time costliest mode of transportation. Compared to all other means of transport, airways are capable to reach distant places, remote and dense forests and also to reach those places which are not accessible easily by road. Indian weather is quite favourable for airways. So, air transport of man and material takes place almost throughout the year. The airways have become quite popular due to increased demand of faster delivery of goods and transport of people.

In India, the service of airways was first started for airmail services i.e. transporting important documents, letters, small parcels, etc. between Allahabad and Naini. It was run by a private company. Today, Air India and several other private companies provide air transportation services for transporting both man and goods. The management of all the airports of India is done by the Airport Authority of India (AAI).

It manages 127 airports which include 15 international, 87 domestic and 25 civilian airport terminals. Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, etc. have both domestic and international airports. Pawan Hans Limited provides helicopter services to ONGC and to the government.

Indian Railways is the largest public sector organization and the largest national institution of India. With respect to size of operation, Indian Railways got first rank in Asia and second in the whole world.

Advantages of Railways:

India’s first railway line started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane. 

There are three types of railway in India:

(A) Broad Gauge,
(B) Meter Gauge and
(C) Narrow Gauge.

Out of the three, the Broad gauge has the highest capacity to bear load and allow running high power rail locomotives. So, although the meter gauge and narrow gauge railway tracks still exist, the government has converted most them into broad guage. This is a big achievement for Indian Railways. Having one single gauge helps to save a lot of time for transporting goods and passengers. This also saves quite a lot of money.

Railway network is widespread and strong in the states that have flat-plain regions, dense population, industrial development intensive agriculture and rich mineral fields. India has also started Metro Rails in large cities like Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Jaipur for travelling within the city. Metro Rail project work has also started between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar.

Mumbai also has two other forms of rail network namely the Local trains and the Monorail. Konkan Railways has laid down railway tracks through tunnels in the mountainous regions which were highly inaccessible. Indian Railways is considered to be one of the best railways in terms of time, safety and facilities it provides. Indian Railways has modernized very fast and process of modernization continues. The route between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari is the longest railway route in India.

Indian roadways can be classified into:

1. National Highway
2. State Highway
3. District Roads
4. Village (Approach) Roads and Border Roads.

(1) National Highways: The Highway that connects one state with other is called national highway. For example, National Highway No.8 (NH.8) connects Gujarat with Mumbai. Highways are extremely important for economic development of the nation. They are also a very safe means of transport. It is the central government who builds and takes care of the national highways.

National highways interconnect state capitals, large industrial and commercial cities and major ports. These roads also connect India with neighboring countries like Myanmar, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China. National Highway No. 7 is the longest highway of the country. It extends from Varanasi in Uttar

Pradesh to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. The golden Quadrilateral is a national highway network which connects all the four metro cities of India namely Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Nation Highway No. 27, 41, 47, 141, 147, etc. pass through Gujart. These numbers were changed by the Government of India in 2011.

The length of national highways in the union territories namely Chandigarh, Puducherry and Delhi and state of Goa is more as compared to their population. Next comes the states of Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, etc. The total length of national highways is less in states like Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat where there is more population.

(2) State Highways: The highways that connect major cities within the state are called state highways. They are important for trade and industries. These highways connect with all the districts and also with the national highway that pass through that state. The responsibility of construction and maintenance of these roads lies with the state government.

(3) District Roads: These roads connect villages and the main cities with the district headquarters as well as talukas with districts. The responsibility of construction and maintenance of these roads lies with the district panchayat. Earlier district roads of Gujarat were not metalled. But now most of them are converted into metalled roads.

(4) Village Roads: The construction and the maintenance of village roads is done by gram panchayat. Most of the village roads are ‘kachcha roads’ i.e. unmetalled and hence they cannot be used in the monsoon. These roads which connect the roads passing by the villages are unmetalled and so these are not useful in rainy season. The government under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana is trying to improve these roads and hence village transportation. Under this scheme, the government is making attempts to convert these roads into metalled roads.

(5) Border Roads: Border Road Organization (BRO) was established in 1960 to construct and maintain roads in the border area. These roads are extremely important for national security because they help in movement of defence personnel, equipment and food over and above allowing the movement of general public. BRO also constructs roads in inaccessible remote area, maintains them, clears the snow, landslides etc.

We can see the following types of roadways in India:

1. National Highway,
2. State Highways,
3. District Roads,
4. Village (Approach) Roads,
5. Border Roads,
6. Express Highways.

There was a road network of highways during the rule of Samarat Ashok and Chandragupta Maurya.

Railways are useful for carrying people and goods over short and long-distance. Compared to other means of transport, rail transport is cheap, quick, speedy, easy, far-reaching and convenient. Railways are also used during wars or natural calamities for the transportation of goods and people. Over and above this the railways have also started metro rail in many cities. Mumbai also has local trains and mono rials which save a lot of time, money and energy of people. Therefore, railways are the lifeline of India.

Expressways are also called Drut Gati’ Marg’ which means that vehicles can run on these roads at high speeds without any obstruction. Expressways have four or six lanes. Several flyovers and railway bridges are made on expressways so that people can drive without any obstruction. Ahmedabad – Vadodara Express Highway in Gujarat is one such expressway. One needs to pay toll-tax for using this highway.

Generally, broad gauge railway tracks are located in areas with dense population whereas narrow gauge railway tracks are located in areas with less population or where there is less need. During a rail journey, passengers or goods need to change the train due to the difference of gauges.

This consumes more time, money and also it becomes tedious. Out of the three gauges, the broad gauge has the highest capacity to bear load and allow running high power rail locomotives. Having one single gauge helps to save a lot of time for transporting goods and passengers. This also saves quite a lot of money. As a result, Indian Railways have mostly converted all the rail tracks into broad gauge.

India is a large country with varied topography. Much of India’s population lives in villages or remote and in accessible areas. India needs to connect all its parts of the country so that it can grow economically as well as socially. To connect such a huge country, requires a large network transport. Road route is a cheaper way to connect most of the regions of the country. Thus, India has developed a dense network of roadways.

There are three types of railways in India:

1. Broad Gauge,
2. Meter Gauge, and
3. Narrow Gauge.

Out of the three, the Broad gauge has the highest capacity to bear load and allow running high power rail locomotives. So, although the meter gauge and narrow gauge railway tracks still exist, the government has converted most them into broad gauge. This is a big achievement for Indian Railways. Having one single gauge helps to save a lot of time for transporting goods and passenger stable this also saves quite a lot of money.

Rivers, canals are used as waterways in states like West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Bihar in India.

Correct option is (a) Shamlaji

Konkan Railway has proved a good example of engineering skills by laying down railway tracks through tunnels in the mountainous region.

Border road organization was established in 1960.

Airport Authority of India (AAI) carries out the management of international, domestic and civilian airport terminals.

There are total 127 airports in India. Out of them, 15 are international airports, 87 are domestic airports and 25 are civilian airports.

Panvanhans Helicopter provides helicopter service, it provides helicopter services to O.N.G.C. and to the Government.

Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad etc. are important international airport of India.

1. True

2. False

3. True

4. True

5. False

(a) James Watt

1. Early in the evolution, multicellular animals have solved their problem of transport by dissolving majority of the required substances in water and then transporting to various body parts. Ex: Sponges to Heimenthes.

2. Later on the evolution, special fluids like blood and lymph have been developed for the transport of substances within the body. Ex: Insects. 

3. In primitive animals, necessary force for transport of these fluids was given by contraction and relaxation of body muscles. These fluids were circulated with in the body cavity. Ex: Earthworm. 

4. Later on evolution, for circulation of fluids a closed circulatory system was developed. This consists of heart, blood vessels and blood. Ex: Amphibians, reptiles, aves and mammals.

Cnidarians: An aquatic invertebrate animal of the phylum cnidaria, which comprises coelenterates.

Gastrovascular Cavity: Functions ¡n both digestion and distribution of nutrients and  particles to all parts of the body.

Nematyhelmenthes: A phylum including the nematodes and worms and sometimes the acanthocephalans, rotifers, gastrotrichs and marine, organisms.

Vascular bundles: It is part of the transport system in vascular plants. It is a strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.

(C) Echinodermata

(A) Cnidarians

C) 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – a

(D) Xylem, Phloem

1. The valves between each atrium and its ventricles are one way valves. They allow the blood to flow from atrium to the ventricles without any hindrance, back flow of blood is stopped. 

2. If there are no valves in the heart, blood flow will not be proper, heart can not pump the blood properly into the blood vessels.

Five blood vessels are attached to the heart. 

They are 

1. Aorta, 

2. Pulmonary artery, 

3. Pulmonary vein,

4. Superior venacava, 

5. Inferior venacava.

1. If the valves are absent in veins blood will not flow in unidirection and flows backward too. 

2. Blood will not be supplied to heart properly. 

3. Bulging of veins may takes place.

Valves and their positions in Human Heart:

1. The valve present in between right atrium and right ventricle is Tricuspid valve. 

2. The valve present in between left atrium and left ventricle is Bicuspid valve. 

3. The valve present at the region of pulmonary arota is called Pulmonary valves. 

4. The valves present at the region of systemic arota is called systemic valves.

Blood vessels attached to the heart, their positions and functions:

1. The blood vessels found in the walls of the heart are coronary vessels which supply blood to muscles of the heart. 

2. From the upper part of the left ventricle aorta arises it supplies oxygenated blood to the body parts.

3. From the upper part of the right ventricle pulmonary artery arises which supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs. 

4. The vein which is right side of the heart is superior venacava. 

5. The vein which is coming from the posterior part of the heart is inferior venacava which collects blood from posterior part of the body.

Valves present in human heart.