InterviewSolution
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InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 501. |
How do snails, seeds, bears, zooplanktons, fungi and bacteria adapt to conditions unfavourable for their survival ? |
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Answer» Snails undergous aestivation . Seeds adopt to unfavourable conditions by getting into the state of dormancy. Bears adopt to unfavourable conditions by hibernating and reducing their body metabolic activities by 75 % Zooplanktons adapt to unfavourable condtions by entering· into diapause while fungi adopt to unfavourable conditions by reducing their metabolic rate and by forming thick-walled spores. Bacteria adapt to unfavourable conditions by forming endospores. |
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| 502. |
(a) Taking an example of a small pond, explain how the four components of an ecosystem function as a unit. (b) Name the type of food chain that exists in a pond. |
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Answer» The four components of an ecosystem work in the following ways in a pond : 1. Productiyity : This is represented by the autotrophic phytoplanktons some algae and the floating and marginal plants found at the edges . 2. Energy flow : Represented by water in the pond with all the dissolved organic and inorganic substances, the solar energy and other climatic conditions that regulate the rate of function of the pond. The consumers are represented by the 200 planktons and bottom dwelling forms . 3. Decomposition : The decomposers are the fungi bacteria and flagellates abundant at the bottom of the pond. 4. Nutrient cycling : The pond ecosystem converts inorganic material into organic form using solar energy by the autotrophs . The autotrophs are eaten up by heterotophs , decomposition and mineralization of dead matter for reuse by autotrophy is done by decomposers. (b) The food chain that exists in a pond is a grazing food chain |
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| 503. |
State a difference between a gane and and allele. |
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Answer» Gene: It is a unit of inheritance and contains information required to express a particular trait in and organism . Allel: they are different forms of the same and code for a pair of contrasting traits . |
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| 504. |
When and Where does spermatogenesis occur in human male ? (b) Draw a diagram of a mature human male gamete. Label the following parts: acrosome, nucleus, middle piece and tail. (c) Mention the functions of acrosome and middle piece. |
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Answer» In testes, the immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperms by spermatogenesis that begin at puberty (c) Function of acrosome : A plasma membrane envelops the Whole body of sperm. The sperm head contains an elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered by a cap-like structure called acrosome. The acrosome is filled With enzymes that help fertilise the ovum. Function of middle piece : Middle piece contains a number of mitochondria, that provide energy for the motility of sperms. |
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| 505. |
Explain the steps in the formation of an ovum from an oogonium in humans. or " " Suggest and explain any three Assited Reproductive Technologies (ART) to an infertile couple. |
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Answer» With special techniques called assisted reproductive technologies, infertile couple could be assisted to have children. ART includes i) In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF): It is transfer of an ovum collected from a donot into the fallopian tube of another female for fertilisation and further development ii) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT): Ova from (female) and sperms from husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in laboratory. The Zygote with upto 8 blastomeres is then transferred into the fallopian tube. iii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): Here the sperm is directly injected into the ovum. |
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| 506. |
"It is possible that a species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time." Explain with the help of one example. |
| Answer» The trophic level represents a functional level, not a specific as such. A given species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time, for example, a sparrow is a primary consumer when it eats seeds, fruits, peas, and a secondary consumer when it eats insects and worms. | |
| 507. |
Explain three steps involved in polymerase chain reaction. |
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Answer» Three steps involved in polymerase chain reaction : `*` Denaturation : Typically at about `93-95^(@)`C for human genomic DNA. DNA are separated by heat denaturation. `*` Primer annealing : In this step primer is attached to the complementary strands on the single stranded DNA. `*` DNA synthesis : DNA polymerase extends the primers and forms double stranded DNA. |
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| 508. |
What happens to an individual when regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued ? What characteristics, manifest in the individual under such a situation ? |
| Answer» When a regular does of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued it leads to anxiety, shakiness, nausea and swating. This is called the withdrawl syndrome the symptoms of which can be severe and life threatening. | |
| 509. |
Make a list of three household products along with the names of the micro-organisms producing them. |
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Answer» 1. Curd `" "`: Lactobacillus 2. Bread`" "` : Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. Swiss cheese : Propionibacterium Sharmanii. |
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| 510. |
(a) Hiv and Hepatitis-B are STDs. Mention the two other ways by which they can be transmitted to a healthy person. (b) Why is early deterction of SRD essential ? Wha can it lead to otherwise ? Explain. |
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Answer» (a) These diseases can be transmitted to a healthy person in the following ways : 1. Unsafe blood transfusion. 2. From infected to foetus. (b) Early detertion of STD is essential for timely cure. Otherwise this can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PID), aboprtions or even cancer of the reproductive tract. |
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| 511. |
Draw the structure of `XeF_(2)` molecule. |
| Answer» See Q 4 set I (D.B-2011) | |
| 512. |
What is the difference between luyoiphobic sol and luyophilic sol? |
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Answer» Lyophilic soles : are formed by simple mixing of dispersion medium with substance like gum straches .They ar reversible sols Lysophlic sol are prepered only by special method as they are not prepared by simple mixing of substances with dispersion medium .They are irreversible sols. |
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| 513. |
Body centered cubic lattice has Z=2 |
| Answer» Body centered cubic lattice has Z=2 | |
| 514. |
Write the name of the monomers used for getting the following polymer (i) Bakelite (ii) Neoprene |
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Answer» (i) Bakelite : Phenol and for formaldehyde (ii) Neophrene : Chloroprene |
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| 515. |
Why green plants are not found a certain depth in the ocean ? |
| Answer» Because sunlight obviously cannot penetrate beyond a certain depth in the ocean. | |
| 516. |
How do you prepare : (i) `k_(2)MnO_(4) from MnO_(2)`? (ii) `Na_(2)Cr_(2)O_(7) from NaCrO_(4)`? (b) Account for the following : (i) `Mn^(2+)` is more stable then `Fe^(2+)` towards oxidation to + 3 state. (ii) The enthelpy of atomization is lowest for Zn in 3d series of the transition elements. (iii) Actinoid elements show wide range of oxidation states. |
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Answer» (i) `K_(2)MnO_(4)` can be prepared from pyrolusite `(MnO_(2))`. The ore is fused with KOH in the prsence of either atmopheric oxygen or an oxidising agrant,such as `KNO_(3) or KClO_(4)` to given `K_(2)MnO_(4)` . `2MnO_(2) + 4KOH+ O_(2) to 2K_(2)MnO_(4)+2H_(2)O` (ii) `Na_(2) Cr_(2)O_(7)` can be prepared from `Na_(2)CrO_(4)` in the following way: For the preparation ltbtgt of solution dichromate is acidified with sulphuric acid to give a solution from which orange sodium dichromate, `Na_(2)Cr_(2)O_(7).2H_(2)O` can be crystallised . Balanced equation for above reactions is as follows : `2Na_(2)underset("Yellow")(CrO_(4))+2H^(+)toNaunderset("Orange")(Cr_(2))O_(7) + 2Na^(+) + H_(2)O` (b) (i) Electronic configuration of `Mn^(2+) is [Ar]^(18) 3d^(5)` Electronic configuration of `Mn^(2+)is [Ar]^(18) 3d^(5)` . lt is known that half-filled and fully-filled orbitals are more stable . Therefore , Mn in `.^(+2)` state has a stable `d^(5)` configuration. Therefore, `Mn^(2+)` shows resistance to oxidation of `Mn^(3+)`. Also, `Fe^(2+) has 3d^(6)` configuration and by losing one electron, its configuration changes to more stable `3d^(5)` configuration. Therefore, `Fe^(2+)` gets oxidised to `Fe^(3+)` easily. The extent of metallic bonding an element undergoes, decides the enthalpy of atomisation. The more extensive the metallic bonding of an element, the more will be its enthalpy of atomisation. Zinc only form metallic bonding but no d-d overlapping Whereas in other metals, both metallic as well as covalent bonding involve, enthalpy of atomisation is lowest for zinc. (iii) Actinides exhibit larger oxidation states because of very small energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s sub-shells . The energies are calculated on the basis of (n + 1) rule. The (n+ 1) values of the three orbitals are : 5f = 5 + 3 = 8 6d = 6 + 2 = 8 7s = 7 + 0 = 7 Since, all the values are almost same, therefore all orbitals can involved in bonding resulting in larger oxidation number for actionids. |
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| 517. |
How do organisms like fungi, zooplanktons and bears overcome the temporary short-lived climatic stressful conditions? Explain. |
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Answer» Fungi : They form thick-walled spores which help them survive in unfavourable conditions. On availability of suitable environment, these germinate. Zooplankton : Under unfavourable conditions, these species in lakes and ponds enter diapause, a stage of suspended development. Bears : In extreme low temperature, they escape winter time, i.e., they hibernate |
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| 518. |
What is ground wave propagation ? |
| Answer» Ground wave propagation : It is a mode of wave propagation in which the ground has a strong influence on the propagation of signal waves from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna. | |
| 519. |
Unpolarized light is incident on a plane surface of glass of refractive index `mu` at angle `i`. If the reflected light gets totally polarized, write the relation between the angle `i` and refractive index `mu`. |
| Answer» Correct Answer - `mu = tan ip` | |
| 520. |
Two nuclei have their mass numbers in the ratio of `1:3`. The ratio of their nuclear densities would be |
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Answer» Since the nuclear density is same for all nuclei `rho_(1) : rho_(2) = 1 : 1` |
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| 521. |
State the use of Biodiversity in modern agriculture. |
| Answer» Biodiversity is a source of hybrids, GM plants, biopesticides, organic farming, biofertiliser, improved varieties of plants, disease resistant plants. | |
| 522. |
What is biofortification ? Mention the contribution of Indian Agricultural Research Institute towards it with the help of any two examples. |
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Answer» Biofortification : Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier facts is the most practical means to improve public health. Breeding for improved nutritional quality is undertaken with the objectives of improving : (i) Protein content and quality (ii) Oil content and quality (iii) Vitamin content and (iv) Micronutrient and mineral content. The IARI, New Delhi has also released several vegetable crops that are rich in vitamins and minerals e.g. Vitamin-A : Enriched carrots, spinach, pumpkin. Vitamin-C : Enriched spinach and batthua, and protein enriched beans-broad, label, French and garden peas. |
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| 523. |
Why are adolescents especially advised not to smoke ? How does smoking affect the functioning of the body ? |
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Answer» Adolescents are advised not to smoke for the following reasons : 1. Smoking paves way for ward drugs. 2. Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, throut and bronchitis and emphysema smoking increase carbon monoxide content in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound oxygen. |
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| 524. |
Although a prokaryotic cell has no defined nucleus yet DNA is not scattered throughjout the cell Explain |
| Answer» Prokaryotic cells do not have a well defined nucleous but DNA is not scattered throughout the cell DNA is held by some protein in a region termed as nucleoid prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma memebrane and a cell wall | |
| 525. |
How did a citizen group called friends of arcatat marsh arcata california usa help to improve water quality of the marchland using integrated waste water treatment ? Explain in four steps. |
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Answer» Waste water including sewage can be treated iun an integrated manner by utilising amix of a artifical and natural processes (b) To combat tis an innovative approach was taken and the biologists develop[ed a sreies of six connected marshes over 60 hectares of marshland (c ) Approp[riate plants algae becteria and fungi were seeded in to this area which neutralize absorb and assimilate the pollutants .Hence as the water flows through marshes it gets purified natureally (d) The marshes also constitues a santuary with a high level of biodiverisity in the form of fishes animals and birds |
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| 526. |
Explain the process of sewage water treacment before it can be discharged into natural water bodies . Why is this treatment essential ? |
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Answer» Primary treatment - Primary treatment of sewags is done to remove large objects like polythene bags and other floating objects . The sewage is passed through through 2-8 cm screening bars and wire meshes of reducing pores . The sewage is passed through grit chamber and then it is allowed to go to the primary setting tank , the suspended particles settle down in two to three hours , it is called sludge . the rest flows for secondary treatment. Secondary treatment - It is also called biological treatment . It consists of large aeration tanks , which agitate the primary effluent and help microbial growth. It reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of the effuent This is passed into settling tank where it sediments as activated sludge . The sludge is passed into anaerobic Sludge digesters. Here , the bacteria digest the sludge anaerobically and release gases like methane , hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide . After this the effuent is released into the water bodies. This treatment is essential to control pollution in natural water bodies , to check water borne diseases/ pathogenic organism . |
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| 527. |
(i) Describe the characteristics a cloning vector must possess. (ii) Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane ? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made competent to take up recombinant DNA from the medium? |
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Answer» A cloning vector must have the following characteristics : (a) ori or origin of replication (b) Selectable marker, which helps is identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. (c) Cloning site or recognition site for the restriction enzyme to recognise. (ii) DNA is a hydrophilic molecule, therefore it cannot pass through the cell membrane. The bacterial cells can be made competent by treating them with a specific concentration of a divalent ion like calcium. The cells are then incubated on ice followed by a heat shock by placing them briefly at `42^@` C and then putting back in ice. |
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| 528. |
Why is europium (II) more stable than cerium (II) ? |
| Answer» Europium (II) has electronic configuration `Eu^(2+)[Xe]4f^(7)5d^(@)=Eu^(2+)` while cerium (II) has electronic configuration ` Ce^(2+) = [Xe]4f^(2)5d^(@)."In" Eu^(2+)`, subshell is half filled and 5d- subshell is empty. Since half filled and completely filled electronic configuration are more stable, `Eu^(2+)` ions is more stable than `Ce^(2+)` in which neither 4f subshell nor 5d subshell is half filled or completely filled. | |
| 529. |
Looking at deteriorating air quality because of air pollution in many cities of the country the citizen are very much worried and concerned about their helath .The doctors have declared health emergency in the cities where the air quality is very severley poor. (a) Mention any two major cuses of air pollution (b) Write any two harmful effect of air pollution to plants and humans. |
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Answer» (a) Two causes of air pollution: (i) Burning of fossil fuels (ii) smoke released from vehicles (iii) industrial effluents (iv) smoke stacks of thermal power plants (b) Harmful effects of air pollution : (i) It affects respiratory system of human and of animals (ii) It also reduces growht and yeild of crops and cause premature death of plants (c ) (i) Encouraging public transprot i.e buses and using CNG instead of diesel (ii) Planting more trees to curb pollution |
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| 530. |
It is established that RNA is the first genetic material. Explain giving three reasons. |
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Answer» RNA is first genetic material because- (a) Many evidences suggest that essential life processes such as metabolism, translations, splicing, etc. evolved around RNA. (b) RNA used to act as genetic material as well as catalyst. Many important biochemical reactions in living systems are catalysed by RNA. (c) RNA being catalyst is highly unstable. |
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| 531. |
Describe the onter - relationship between productivity , gross primary productivity and net productivity. |
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Answer» Primary production is defined as the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis . It is expressed in terms os g -2 yr-1 od r (Kcal m-2 ) Yr-1 to compare the productivity of different ecosystems . it can be divided into gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) . Gross primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis. A considerable amount of GPP is utilised by plants in respiration .Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses (R ) is the net primary productivity (NPP). ltbrlt GPP-R=NPP Net primary productivity is the available biomass for the consumption to heterophs. |
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| 532. |
Given below are some humen organs, Identify one primary and one secondary lymphoid organs : |
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Answer» The primary lymphoid organs is thymus. tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs. |
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| 533. |
Name any two secondary lymphoid organs in a human body and state the function of any of them. |
| Answer» The secondary lymphoid organs include spleen and lymph nodes. Secondary lymphoid organs provide the site for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen which then proliferate to become effector cells. | |
| 534. |
(a) Name the enzyme responsible for the transcription of tRNA and the amino acid the initiator tRNA gets linked with. (b) Explain the role of initiator tRNA in initiation of protein synthesis. |
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Answer» (a) RNA polymerase in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase III in Eukaryotes is responsible for transcription of tRNA. Initiator tRNA gets linked with methionine in eukaryotes and formulated methionine in prokaryotes. (b) The initiator tRNA, which is charged with amino acid methionini, reaches the smaller subunit of ribosome. Its anticodon UAC recognises the codon AUG on m RNA and binds by forming complementary base pairs. The large subunit of ribosome joins the smaller subunit and initiates translation. |
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| 535. |
Identify the logic gate whose output equals 1 when both of its inputs are 0 each. |
| Answer» NOR Gate or NAND Gate. | |
| 536. |
Explain the different steps involved during primary treatement phase of sewage. |
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Answer» The primary phase of sewage treatment involves physical removal of particals by filtration and sedimentatin. Different steps - Initially ,floating debrids of sewage water is removed by sequential filtration Then , grit (soil+ small pebbles ) is removed by sedimentation. The remaining solid particles, which have settld down, form the sludge while the supernatant forms the effluent . Effluent is then taken for secondary tratment . |
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| 537. |
What is mutualism ? Mention any two examples where the organisms involved are commercially exploited in agriculture. |
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Answer» Mutualism is a relationship between the organisms of two species in which both organisms are benefited. Example - See Q .8 ,. Set-I Delhi Board - 2015 |
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| 538. |
(a) Explain the process of spermatogenesis in humans. |
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Answer» (1) It takes in the seminferus tubules of the testes by the repeated division of spermtogonia in male. (2) Spermatogenesis starts at the age of pubertu due to significant increases in the secretion of gonadotropi9n releasing hormone. These are of two types luteininzing hormone fullicle stimulting hormone. (3) It occurs in four stages spermatogensis`to` primary spermatocytes `to 1^(st)` meiotic division ` to ` secondary sepermatocytes `to 2^(nd)` meiotic dividion` to ` sepermatids `to` differentiation ` to ` spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis involves the maturation of spermatids in to sperms. Primary spermatocytes give rise to four spermatozoa. |
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| 539. |
(i) List any four evidences of evolution, (ii) The four evidences of evolution are as follows : |
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Answer» (i) The four evidences of evolution are as follows : (i) Fossils. ltbtgt (ii) Homology (Divergent evolution ) (iii) Analogy (convergent evolution) (iv) Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given functing. Homology : For example, forelimbs of bast, whales and human beings have similar anatomical structure as all of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges but perform different functions. This is divergent and the structures are homologous. Homology points to a shared ancestry. |
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| 540. |
Explain the mechanism of sex determination in birds .How does it differ from that of human beings? |
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Answer» In birds sex determination is of ZW -ZZ type In this tyhpe of homogametic and have ZZ sex chromosomes and females are heterogametic with ZW pair of sex chromosomes `{:(Parents:, male ,X,female),(,ZZ,,,Zw),(Gametes:,(Z)(z),(Z)(W)),(T_(1):,female, male):}` Where as in humans the chromosomal mechanism of sex determination is XX-XY type .The human male is heterogametic and have XY sex chromosomes and human female is homogametic with XX sex chromosomes. |
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| 541. |
What is adaptive radiation ? When can adaptive radiation be referred to as convergent evolution ? Give an example. |
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Answer» The proce·ss of evolution that starts from a single point and radiates in different directions is called adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation can be referred to as convergent evolution if more than one adaptive radiation occurs in an isolated geographical area. Example : Australian marsupials and placental mammals show convergent evolution. Australian marsupials evolved from a single ancestor and placental mammals exhibit similarities with their corresponding marsupials such as placental wolves and Tasmanian wolves. |
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| 542. |
Medically it is adivised to all young mothers that breastfeeding is the best for their newborn babies .Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer |
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Answer» Yes I do agree with the fact that breastfeeding is the best for newborn babies . Mammary galnds start producing milk at the end pregnancy .The milk produced during the initial few days and lactation is called COLOSSTRUM which contains several antibodies It helps in developing resistance for newborn baby .It helps the baby fight of viruses and bacteria .Thus breast milk is packed with disese fighting substance that protect form illness. |
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| 543. |
Write advantages of bee keeping. |
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Answer» The various advantages of keeping the ecosystem healthy are as follows: Healthy ecosystem is the base for a wide range of economic, environmental and aesthetic goods and services. The products of ecosystem processes are named as ecosystein services, as they are of great help to the organisms living within an ecosystem. Healthy forest ecosystem PUrify air and water. It also mitigates droughts and floods and cycles nutrients. Healthy ecosystem I generates fertile soil and provides wild life habitat. Maintenance ofbiodiversity is also an important . aspect of healthy ecosystem. It also provides aesthetic, cultural and spiritual values. |
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| 544. |
Bee keeping practice is a good income generating industry. Write the different points to be kept in mind for successful bee keeping. Write the scientific name of the most common Indian species used for the purpose. |
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Answer» Apiculture of Bee keeping is the maintenance of hives of honey bees for the production of honey. Bee keeping require some specialised knowledge : (i) Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees. (ii) Selection of suitable location for keeping the bee hives. (br) (iii) Catching and hiving of group of bees. (iv) Management of beehives during different seasons. (v) Handling and collection of honey and of beewax. The most common Indian bee species used is Apis lndica. |
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| 545. |
List four benefits to human life by eliminating the use of CFCs. |
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Answer» Benefits of elimination of CFC,s are : (i) Balance between production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. (ii) Health risks. (iii) Pollution prevention. (iv) Global warming. |
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| 546. |
Suggest two practices giveng one example of each , that help protect rare or threatened species. |
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Answer» Two practices to help protect rare or threatned species : (i) Ex - situ conservation : Gene Bank. (ii) In - situ conservation : Biosphere reserveation : Biosphere reserve , wildlife sanctuaries .national parks. |
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| 547. |
(a) Write the percentage of land area that was covered by forests by the end of the last century. (b) Describe any two practices that led to deforestation. (c) State the consequences of deforestation. (d) Suggest a method to overcome deforestation. |
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Answer» (a) About 30 per cent of the land of India was covered by forests. (b) `CO_(2)` concentration in the atmosphere because trees that could hold a lost of carbon in their biomass are lost with deforestation. (c) Loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction, disturbs hydrological cycle, causes soil erosion and may lead to destrification in extreme cases. (d) Reforestation is the process to restoring a forest that once existed but was removed at some point of time in the past. Planting of trees with due consideration to biodiversity. |
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| 548. |
Using IUPAC norms write the formulae for the following: (a) Potassium trioxalatoaluminate (III) (b) Dichloridobic (ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) |
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Answer» (a) `K[Al(o x)_(3)]^(x)" "(b)[CoCl_(2)(en)_(2)]` `x=3+(-2)xx3=x=-3` Formulae: `K_(3)[Al(o x)_(3)]` |
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| 549. |
Answer the following questions: (i) Why are vitamin A and vitanmin C essential for us? (ii) What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide? |
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Answer» (i)Vitamin A is required for growth and vision in human beings and increase resistance to disease Vitamin C: It increases the resistacne of body to wards disease maintain healthg skin and heps cuts and abrasions to heal properly (ii) A nucleoside consists of a netirogenouss base covalently attached to a sugar (ribose or deoxyrobose) but without the phosphate group. A mucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base a sugar (ribose or deoxuyribose) and one to three phosphate groups Nucleoside = sugar + Base Nucleotide =Sugar +Base +Phosphate |
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| 550. |
Which component of starch is a branched polymer of `alpha-`glucose and insoluble in water ? |
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Answer» Starch is a polymer of `alpha`-glucose that has two components, namely amylose and amylopectin. Out of these, amylopectin insoluble in water and constitutes about 80-85% of starch. |
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