1. Necessity is indeed the mother of invention. When areas in and around Leh began to experiencewater shortages, life didn't grind to a halt. Why? Because Chewang Norphel, a retired civilengineer in the Jammu and Kashmir government came up with the idea of artificial glaciers.2. Ladakh, a cold desert at an altitude of 3,000-3,500 metres above sea level, has a low averageannual rainfall rate of 50mm. Glaciers have always been the only source of water. Agriculture is completely dependent on glacier melt unlike the rest of river/monsoon-fed India. But over the years with increasing effects of climate change, rainfall and snowfall patterns have been changing, resulting in severe shortage and drought situations. Given the severe winterconditions, the window for farming is usually limited to one harvest season. 3. It is located between the natural glacier above and the village below. The one closer to thevillage and lowest in altitude melts first, providing water during April/May, the crucial sowing season. Further layers of ice above melt with increasing temperature thus ensuring continuous supply to the fields. Thus, farmers have been able to manage two crops instead of one. It costsabout 1,50,000 and above to create one. 4. Fondly called the “glacier man”, Mr. Norphel has designed over 15 artificial glaciers in andaround Leh since 1987. In recognition of his pioneering effort, he was conferred the PadmaShri by President Pranab Mukherjee, in 2015. 5. There are few basic steps followed in creating the artificial glacier. 6. River or stream water at higher altitude is diverted to a shaded area of the hill, facing north,where the winter sun is blocked by a ridge or a mountain range. At the start of winter/November, the diverted water is made to flow onto sloping hill face through distribution channels. Stone embankments are built at regular intervals which impede the flow of water, making shallow pools and freeze, forming a cascade of ice along the slope. Ice formation continues for 3-4 months resulting in a large accumulation of ice which is referred to as an “artificial glacier”. On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer the questions: The most appropriate sub-heading to para 6 of the passage is:

1. Necessity is indeed the mother of invention. When areas in and arou

1.	1. Necessity is indeed the mother of invention. When areas in and around Leh began to experiencewater shortages, life didn't grind to a halt. Why? Because Chewang Norphel, a retired civilengineer in the Jammu and Kashmir government came up with the idea of artificial glaciers.2. Ladakh, a cold desert at an altitude of 3,000-3,500 metres above sea level, has a low averageannual rainfall rate of 50mm. Glaciers have always been the only source of water. Agriculture is completely dependent on glacier melt unlike the rest of river/monsoon-fed India. But over the years with increasing effects of climate change, rainfall and snowfall patterns have been changing, resulting in severe shortage and drought situations. Given the severe winterconditions, the window for farming is usually limited to one harvest season. 3. It is located between the natural glacier above and the village below. The one closer to thevillage and lowest in altitude melts first, providing water during April/May, the crucial sowing season. Further layers of ice above melt with increasing temperature thus ensuring continuous supply to the fields. Thus, farmers have been able to manage two crops instead of one. It costsabout 1,50,000 and above to create one. 4. Fondly called the “glacier man”, Mr. Norphel has designed over 15 artificial glaciers in andaround Leh since 1987. In recognition of his pioneering effort, he was conferred the PadmaShri by President Pranab Mukherjee, in 2015. 5. There are few basic steps followed in creating the artificial glacier. 6. River or stream water at higher altitude is diverted to a shaded area of the hill, facing north,where the winter sun is blocked by a ridge or a mountain range. At the start of winter/November, the diverted water is made to flow onto sloping hill face through distribution channels. Stone embankments are built at regular intervals which impede the flow of water, making shallow pools and freeze, forming a cascade of ice along the slope. Ice formation continues for 3-4 months resulting in a large accumulation of ice which is referred to as an “artificial glacier”. On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer the questions: The most appropriate sub-heading to para 6 of the passage is:
Answer» River FORMATION WATER for irrigation Glaciers Formation of an ARTIFICIAL Glacier Solution : Formation of an Artificial Glacier.

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A protein is a large, complex macromolecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are 15-25% nitrogen and an equal amount of oxygen, and are present in and vital to every living cell. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. As a matter of fact, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism furthermore, they are responsible for catalyzing and regulating the body chemistry. yte, before frederick sanger one of only two people to ever receiver two Nobel prizes in the same category little was known about proteins and the sequence of their amino acid chains Frederick sanger graduated with a doctorate in biochemistry from st. John's college in 1943, where he had spent three years resear4ching the metabolism of the amino acid lysine. yet, it wasn't until his work with insulin that sanger differentiated himself in the field of chemistry. His first true accomplishment occurred when he successfully determined the complete amino acid sequence of the two polypeptide chains of bovine insulin A and Bin the early 1950s. His research proved that proteins have a defined chemical composition, and he ultimately concluded that every protein had a unique sequence. In 1958, sanger wasawarded the Nobel prize in chemistry for showing howamino acids link together to form insulin and therefore, providing the tools for scientists to analyze any protein inthe body. Much later, after his retirement, he would describe himself as just a chap who messed about in a lab." Four years later, sanger took a position as the head of the protein chemistry Division on the midical research council, where he began to work on the sequencing of ribonucleic acid. He developed methods for separating ribonucleotide fragments generated with specific nucleases which triggeree the discovery of formylmethionine tRNA. responsible for initiating protein synthesis bin bacteria. yet his earlier work with insulin helped him to form and deliberate on ideas of how DNA codes for proteins When he turned to sequencing DAN-the blue print like molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms -sanger collaborated with alan coulson to publish the plus and Minus Technique, " a sequenceing procedure he developed to determine the order of the chemical bases adenin, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which spell out the genetic code for all living things. When he devised a more efficient method for readint the molecular letters that make up the genetic code in 1977, he christened it the Sanger Method." The " sanger method" allows long stretches iof DNA to be rapidly adn accurately sequenced, which earned him his second Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1980. He employed his invention to decipher the sixteen thousand letters of mitochondria. More significantly, this method eventually allowed scientists to decode the three biollion letters of the human genetic code, givng secienc the ability todistinguish between normal and abnormal genes. In the sam way, sanger's wrom directly contributed to the development of biotechnology drugs like human growth hormone. In 1986, the celebrated chemist accepted an order of Merit. Shortly after, he helped open te sanger institue outside of cambridge, which is now one of the world's largest genomic research centers sanger died in November 2013, his obituary documented his supereme modesty in an autobiographical account of himself as academically not brilliant. " At any rate, sanger research prompted the decoding of the human genome. (Q) 26. sanger's quote in lines 37-38(" just lab" ) has a tone best described as
A protein is a large, complex macromolecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are 15-25% nitrogen and an equal amount of oxygen, and are present in and vital to every living cell. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. As a matter of fact, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism furthermore, they are responsible for catalyzing and regulating the body chemistry. yte, before frederick sanger one of only two people to ever receiver two Nobel prizes in the same category little was known about proteins and the sequence of their amino acid chains Frederick sanger graduated with a doctorate in biochemistry from st. John's college in 1943, where he had spent three years resear4ching the metabolism of the amino acid lysine. yet, it wasn't until his work with insulin that sanger differentiated himself in the field of chemistry. His first true accomplishment occurred when he successfully determined the complete amino acid sequence of the two polypeptide chains of bovine insulin A and Bin the early 1950s. His research proved that proteins have a defined chemical composition, and he ultimately concluded that every protein had a unique sequence. In 1958, sanger wasawarded the Nobel prize in chemistry for showing howamino acids link together to form insulin and therefore, providing the tools for scientists to analyze any protein inthe body. Much later, after his retirement, he would describe himself as just a chap who messed about in a lab." Four years later, sanger took a position as the head of the protein chemistry Division on the midical research council, where he began to work on the sequencing of ribonucleic acid. He developed methods for separating ribonucleotide fragments generated with specific nucleases which triggeree the discovery of formylmethionine tRNA. responsible for initiating protein synthesis bin bacteria. yet his earlier work with insulin helped him to form and deliberate on ideas of how DNA codes for proteins When he turned to sequencing DAN-the blue print like molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms -sanger collaborated with alan coulson to publish the plus and Minus Technique, " a sequenceing procedure he developed to determine the order of the chemical bases adenin, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which spell out the genetic code for all living things. When he devised a more efficient method for readint the molecular letters that make up the genetic code in 1977, he christened it the Sanger Method." The " sanger method" allows long stretches iof DNA to be rapidly adn accurately sequenced, which earned him his second Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1980. He employed his invention to decipher the sixteen thousand letters of mitochondria. More significantly, this method eventually allowed scientists to decode the three biollion letters of the human genetic code, givng secienc the ability todistinguish between normal and abnormal genes. In the sam way, sanger's wrom directly contributed to the development of biotechnology drugs like human growth hormone. In 1986, the celebrated chemist accepted an order of Merit. Shortly after, he helped open te sanger institue outside of cambridge, which is now one of the world's largest genomic research centers sanger died in November 2013, his obituary documented his supereme modesty in an autobiographical account of himself as academically not brilliant. " At any rate, sanger research prompted the decoding of the human genome. (Q) 27. as used in line 67, the word" employed" most closely means
A protein is a large, complex macromolecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are 15-25% nitrogen and an equal amount of oxygen, and are present in and vital to every living cell. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. As a matter of fact, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism furthermore, they are responsible for catalyzing and regulating the body chemistry. yte, before frederick sanger one of only two people to ever receiver two Nobel prizes in the same category little was known about proteins and the sequence of their amino acid chains Frederick sanger graduated with a doctorate in biochemistry from st. John's college in 1943, where he had spent three years resear4ching the metabolism of the amino acid lysine. yet, it wasn't until his work with insulin that sanger differentiated himself in the field of chemistry. His first true accomplishment occurred when he successfully determined the complete amino acid sequence of the two polypeptide chains of bovine insulin A and Bin the early 1950s. His research proved that proteins have a defined chemical composition, and he ultimately concluded that every protein had a unique sequence. In 1958, sanger wasawarded the Nobel prize in chemistry for showing howamino acids link together to form insulin and therefore, providing the tools for scientists to analyze any protein inthe body. Much later, after his retirement, he would describe himself as just a chap who messed about in a lab." Four years later, sanger took a position as the head of the protein chemistry Division on the midical research council, where he began to work on the sequencing of ribonucleic acid. He developed methods for separating ribonucleotide fragments generated with specific nucleases which triggeree the discovery of formylmethionine tRNA. responsible for initiating protein synthesis bin bacteria. yet his earlier work with insulin helped him to form and deliberate on ideas of how DNA codes for proteins When he turned to sequencing DAN-the blue print like molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms -sanger collaborated with alan coulson to publish the plus and Minus Technique, " a sequenceing procedure he developed to determine the order of the chemical bases adenin, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which spell out the genetic code for all living things. When he devised a more efficient method for readint the molecular letters that make up the genetic code in 1977, he christened it the Sanger Method." The " sanger method" allows long stretches iof DNA to be rapidly adn accurately sequenced, which earned him his second Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1980. He employed his invention to decipher the sixteen thousand letters of mitochondria. More significantly, this method eventually allowed scientists to decode the three biollion letters of the human genetic code, givng secienc the ability todistinguish between normal and abnormal genes. In the sam way, sanger's wrom directly contributed to the development of biotechnology drugs like human growth hormone. In 1986, the celebrated chemist accepted an order of Merit. Shortly after, he helped open te sanger institue outside of cambridge, which is now one of the world's largest genomic research centers sanger died in November 2013, his obituary documented his supereme modesty in an autobiographical account of himself as academically not brilliant. " At any rate, sanger research prompted the decoding of the human genome. (Q) 28. The primary purpose of lines 69-76 (More. .. hormone" ) is to
A protein is a large, complex macromolecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are 15-25% nitrogen and an equal amount of oxygen, and are present in and vital to every living cell. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. As a matter of fact, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism furthermore, they are responsible for catalyzing and regulating the body chemistry. yte, before frederick sanger one of only two people to ever receiver two Nobel prizes in the same category little was known about proteins and the sequence of their amino acid chains Frederick sanger graduated with a doctorate in biochemistry from st. John's college in 1943, where he had spent three years resear4ching the metabolism of the amino acid lysine. yet, it wasn't until his work with insulin that sanger differentiated himself in the field of chemistry. His first true accomplishment occurred when he successfully determined the complete amino acid sequence of the two polypeptide chains of bovine insulin A and Bin the early 1950s. His research proved that proteins have a defined chemical composition, and he ultimately concluded that every protein had a unique sequence. In 1958, sanger wasawarded the Nobel prize in chemistry for showing howamino acids link together to form insulin and therefore, providing the tools for scientists to analyze any protein inthe body. Much later, after his retirement, he would describe himself as just a chap who messed about in a lab." Four years later, sanger took a position as the head of the protein chemistry Division on the midical research council, where he began to work on the sequencing of ribonucleic acid. He developed methods for separating ribonucleotide fragments generated with specific nucleases which triggeree the discovery of formylmethionine tRNA. responsible for initiating protein synthesis bin bacteria. yet his earlier work with insulin helped him to form and deliberate on ideas of how DNA codes for proteins When he turned to sequencing DAN-the blue print like molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms -sanger collaborated with alan coulson to publish the plus and Minus Technique, " a sequenceing procedure he developed to determine the order of the chemical bases adenin, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which spell out the genetic code for all living things. When he devised a more efficient method for readint the molecular letters that make up the genetic code in 1977, he christened it the Sanger Method." The " sanger method" allows long stretches iof DNA to be rapidly adn accurately sequenced, which earned him his second Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1980. He employed his invention to decipher the sixteen thousand letters of mitochondria. More significantly, this method eventually allowed scientists to decode the three biollion letters of the human genetic code, givng secienc the ability todistinguish between normal and abnormal genes. In the sam way, sanger's wrom directly contributed to the development of biotechnology drugs like human growth hormone. In 1986, the celebrated chemist accepted an order of Merit. Shortly after, he helped open te sanger institue outside of cambridge, which is now one of the world's largest genomic research centers sanger died in November 2013, his obituary documented his supereme modesty in an autobiographical account of himself as academically not brilliant. " At any rate, sanger research prompted the decoding of the human genome. (Q) 29. It is most likel tha tone of the " other" countries that has the most Nobel prize winners has a precentage of the total number of prize winners in what range?
A protein is a large, complex macromolecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are 15-25% nitrogen and an equal amount of oxygen, and are present in and vital to every living cell. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. As a matter of fact, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism furthermore, they are responsible for catalyzing and regulating the body chemistry. yte, before frederick sanger one of only two people to ever receiver two Nobel prizes in the same category little was known about proteins and the sequence of their amino acid chains Frederick sanger graduated with a doctorate in biochemistry from st. John's college in 1943, where he had spent three years resear4ching the metabolism of the amino acid lysine. yet, it wasn't until his work with insulin that sanger differentiated himself in the field of chemistry. His first true accomplishment occurred when he successfully determined the complete amino acid sequence of the two polypeptide chains of bovine insulin A and Bin the early 1950s. His research proved that proteins have a defined chemical composition, and he ultimately concluded that every protein had a unique sequence. In 1958, sanger wasawarded the Nobel prize in chemistry for showing howamino acids link together to form insulin and therefore, providing the tools for scientists to analyze any protein inthe body. Much later, after his retirement, he would describe himself as just a chap who messed about in a lab." Four years later, sanger took a position as the head of the protein chemistry Division on the midical research council, where he began to work on the sequencing of ribonucleic acid. He developed methods for separating ribonucleotide fragments generated with specific nucleases which triggeree the discovery of formylmethionine tRNA. responsible for initiating protein synthesis bin bacteria. yet his earlier work with insulin helped him to form and deliberate on ideas of how DNA codes for proteins When he turned to sequencing DAN-the blue print like molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms -sanger collaborated with alan coulson to publish the plus and Minus Technique, " a sequenceing procedure he developed to determine the order of the chemical bases adenin, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which spell out the genetic code for all living things. When he devised a more efficient method for readint the molecular letters that make up the genetic code in 1977, he christened it the Sanger Method." The " sanger method" allows long stretches iof DNA to be rapidly adn accurately sequenced, which earned him his second Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1980. He employed his invention to decipher the sixteen thousand letters of mitochondria. More significantly, this method eventually allowed scientists to decode the three biollion letters of the human genetic code, givng secienc the ability todistinguish between normal and abnormal genes. In the sam way, sanger's wrom directly contributed to the development of biotechnology drugs like human growth hormone. In 1986, the celebrated chemist accepted an order of Merit. Shortly after, he helped open te sanger institue outside of cambridge, which is now one of the world's largest genomic research centers sanger died in November 2013, his obituary documented his supereme modesty in an autobiographical account of himself as academically not brilliant. " At any rate, sanger research prompted the decoding of the human genome. (Q) 30. What is the probablitiy that a randomly selected Nobel Prize winner from the set of winners from Germany and the United states will be from Germany?

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