A quantum is defined asthe minimum amount of any physical entityinvolved in an interaction. For example, a photon is a single quantum of light.

Photon:

1)A photon is a tiny light particle that comprises waves of electromagnetic radiation.

2)James Maxwellobserved photons are just electric fields traveling through space.

3)Photons haveno charge and no resting mass.

4)It travels at thespeed of light.

Theenergy of Photonis given by:

E = hν

Where,

h is Planck's constant,and

νis the frequency of the Electromagnetic wave associated with the photon

h = 6.626 070 15 x 10-34J Hz-1

Positrons:

• Positron, also calledpositive electron, positively charged subatomic particlehaving the same mass and magnitude of chargeas the electron and constitutingthe antiparticleof a negative electron.
• The first of the antiparticles to be detected, positrons were discovered byCarl David Anderson.

Phonons:

• The thermal vibrations resulting from the thermal energy of the substances are called phonons.
• They can't absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation.

Optical phonons:

• The quantum of the lattice vibration in opposite directions are called optical phonons.
• The optical phonons are observed for the crystals containing multiple atoms as a basis such as NaCl, GaAs, ZnO, etc.

PhantomLoading:

• It is the phenomenon in which the appliances consume electricity even when they turn off.
• The phantom loading is used for examining the current rating ability of the energy meter.
• The actual loading arrangement will waste a lot of power.
• The phantom loading consumes very less power as compared to real loading, and because of this reason, it is used for testing the meter.