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The productivity of wheat per hectare increased from 851 kg to 3075 kg. for this, it was called the “wheat Revolution”.

Correct Answer is: (c)2424

Correct Answer is: (b) Punjab

Tea, tobacco, hot spices, dry fruits, oil seeds, etc.

(a) October 2,1975

Tea industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry, floriculture and horticulture industry are directly dependent on agriculture.

2101 kg per hectare.

The Regional Rural Banks were set up along with the establishment of 5 banks on October 2,1975. They provide loans to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans etc.After a few years, their number increased to 196, and after their merger in 2005, their number has declined to 56 at present. Their contribution in total institutional credit was 11.6 per cent in 2013-14. Out of the total loans, 90% were provided to the weaker sections of rural area.

NABARD provides two types of refinance assistance : 

1. It provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks. 

2. NABARD provides long term loans to state government for cooperating towards cooperative credit institutes.

At the time of Independence, the share of commercial banks in agricultural credit was very less. It was only 0.9 per cent in 1950^51. In order to increase the contribution of commercial banks in agricultural credit, 14 major banks were nationalized in 1969. In 1980,6 more commercial Banks were nationalized. Along with this, these banks were directed that they would provide 40% of their total loans to primary sectors, such as-Agriculture, small scale industries, small businesses, etc. In the year 2013-14, their contribution in agricultural credit was 71.50%.

Agriculture is the main basis of transportation system, since mostly, agricultural products are transported by rail and road transport. In addition to this, when agricultural yield is good, the purchasing power of fanners increases, which make them demand industrial products, and as a result, the progress of industry is encouraged.

Agriculture has been important in India in context to industrial development. Our major industries are supplied raw materials from agriculture, i.e. tea industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry, floriculture and horticulture industry are directly dependent on agriculture. Other than this, rice beating, processing of fertilizers, making of soaps are such industries, which are also indirectly dependent upon agriculture.

65% of India’s population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The major means of livelihood for most of the population is agriculture and its allied activities, such as- fish farming, poultry, animal husbandry, etc. as significant employment opportunities exist there. But their average income is quite low as compared to nonagricultural sectors.

Under consolidation, the farmers are provided land at a single place in their villages in place of land scattered as various places.

Even after so many years of Independence, only 44.9% land has been provided with irrigation facilities, and the remaining 53.1% depends upon rainfall. This shows that India still lacks in irrigation facilities, due to which agricultural productivity is still low.

The government should implement land reforms, make appropriate use of agricultural inputs, provide credit and distribution facilities and implement appropriate price policy for crops.

National Bank For Agricultural and Rural Development- NABARD was established in July 1982 on the recommendations of the CRAFICARD committee, whose chairman was B. Shivaraman. The Agricultural Refinance Corporation established in 1963 by the Reserve Bank of India was renamed as Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) in 1975.

Role of NABARD in rural credit system :

1. NABARD is the highest institution for rural credit. 

2. It provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks. 

3. This bank is responsible for coordination, integration and control of all functions related to agricultural and rural sector. 

4. NABARD provides short term loans for seasonal agricultural activities. 

5. NABARD provides medium term loans to cooperative banks and regional rural banks. 

6. NABARD provides long term loans to the state government for cooperating towards cooperative credit institutes. 

7. NABARD maintains a research and development fund in order to encourage agricultural and rural development programmes.

The structure of he ‘dings in India is small, due to which expense is more but production is less. Almost 8% holdings are present in the form of marginal holdings.

The sub division and fragmentation of holdings in the country took place due to various legal, social, economic and demographic reasons. The role of law of succession, excessive pressure of increasing population, disintegration of joint families, leasing practice and the role of moneylenders is main in this regard. Therefore, the land was divided into smaller parts.

The maximum limit of holding was fixed by the government. The sub-division and fragmentation of holdings in the country took place due to various legal, social, economic and demographic reasons. To resolve the problem of sub-division and fragmentation, the consolidation of holdings was done. Consolidation implied providing farmland at one place to the farmer instead of fields scattered around places in the village. 

In 2010-11, fixation of holdings and their percentage was done according to the following table:

Correct Answer is: (d) 67%

To fulfill its finance-related requirements, NABARD takes loans from Indian Government, World Bank, Reserve Bank of India and from various national and inter national institutions. Other than this, by issuing guaranteed bond and debentures, the resources of finance can be succumbed. And when there is requirement, it can also take help of RIDF.

Second Green Revolution/Agricultural Development without Pollution : A conference was held in December 2006 in New Delhi for deliberation on second green revolution whose theme was “Knowledge Agriculture”. This revolution was believed to be capable of facing the challenges of continuous agricultural development and world trade organization. 

The following attempts were taken under this revolution :

1. In order to achieve growth in agricultural production, it has been linked to all agricultural products like food grains, animal husbandary, pisiculture etc. and has been implemented for all of these. This is why, it is termed as “Rainbow Revolution”. 

2. Processing of agricultural produce for value addition and to develop them as drinking beverage industries was emphasized. 

3. Emphasis was laid on strengthening the agricultural infrastructure. Improvement of availability of agricultural finance, arranging cold storage and dry storage facility for storage of agricultural produce, arrangement for marketing of agricultural produce by rapidly strengthening them through improvement in transportation facilities, developing wholesale markets, improving communication facilities etc. 

4. In order to provide crop protection to the farmers, all the crops and agricultural processes were included in National Crop Insurance scheme. 

5. The eleventh five year plan laid more emphasis on second green revolution so that the trageted growth rate of agricultural development (4%) could be achieved, whereas actually, 3.3% growth rate was attained.

National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development- NABARD was established in July, 1982 on the recommendations of the CRAFICARD committee, whose chairman was B. Shivaraman. The Agricultural Refinance Corporation established in 1963 by the Reserve Bank of India was renamed as Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) in 1975. 

NABARD provides two types of financial assistance :

1. It provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks. 

2. NABARD provides long term loans to the state government for cooperating towards cooperative credit institutions.

Agricultural scientist Dr. Norman E. Borlaug.

National Food Security Mission.

National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development.

The use of high yielding variety of seeds was done on 18.90 lakh hectares of land in 1966-67, that increased to 783.50 lakh hectares in 1998-99.

In Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, etc.

Irrigated- 44.9%, non- irrigated- 53.1%.

We divide modes of irrigation into three main categories :

• Irrigation through canals : 24.6 per cent of net irrigated land area was irrigated by canals in the year 2010-11. Canal irrigation is mainly done in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and states of south India. 
• Irrigation through ponds : Irrigation through ponds is done in southern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, etc. Ponds contribution in the irrigation of 3.1 % of the net irrigated area in 2011 -12.
• Irrigation through wells : Wells include surface wells and tube wells. Irrigation is done through wells mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana. Their contribution in net irrigated area was 61.4% in 2011 -12, which in the maximum.

Taichung Native.

The highest contribution in net irrigated area is that of wells and tube wells. In 2010- 11, their contribution rose to 783.50 lakh hectares from 61.4 per cent in 2010-11.

Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and western India.

Merchants, money lenders, relatives, landlords, etc.

• Productive Loans : Those loans taken and used for productive activities like buying fertilizers, seeds, agricultural implements, bullocks, making permanent improvement in land. 
•  Unproductive Loans Those loans taken and used for unproductive activities like- for marriage, death-feast, other social customs, litigation etc.

1. The greatest effect of green revolution was on wheat, but the green revolution was ineffective for crude grains, pulses and oil seeds. 

2. The effect of green revolution remained restricted to some regions only, which started the process of unbalanced development in agricultural development. 

3. The use of commercial crops increased. 

4. Only educated and prosperous farmers could reap the benefits of new agricultural strategy.

First stage of green revolution is called the stage of centralization. It was limited to crop of wheat and rice. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop, and it remained centralised to Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and western India. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop.

Second stage : A group of 5 crops was included in this stage. This included wheat, rice, millets, barley and maize. The programme was implemented in other parts of the country, and so it is also called the ‘stage of decentralisation’. The emphasis was given on ‘dry farming’ in this.

First stage of green revolution is called the stage of centralization. It was limited to crop of wheat and rice. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop.

Dr. M.S.Swaminathan.

The use of pesticides was 24.3 thousand tons in 1970-71, which increased to 50.58 thousand tons in 2011-12.

During the green revolution, there was a huge growth in use of fertilizers. Their use was 66000 tons in 1952-53, which increased to 239.6 lakh tons in 2013-14.

In India, was traditional agriculture was done through bullock carts, oxen, horses, ponds etc., due to which both production and productivity were less.

The projects under which agricultural command area is greater than 10,000 hectares are called small irrigation projects.

The projects under which agricultural command area is between 2000 hectares and 10,000 hectares are called small irrigation projects.

The use of machines and equipment in agriculture, which changes the traditional form of agriculture into a modem form.

The green revolution in India began with the Kharif crop of 1966, when the Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi and agricultural minister Mr. C. Subramaniam spoke about the adoption of a new strategy.

After 1978-79, irrigation projects were divided into 3 parts- 

• Minor irrigation : Agricultural command area is less than 2000 hectares. 
• Medium irrigation project : Agricultural command area is from 2000 hectres to 10000 hectares. 
• Major irrigation project : Agricultural command area is more than 10000 hectares.

Agricultural production and productivity depend upon the Agricultural Inputs. The main food grain of India is rice, and wheat is on the second place. Different tendencies were found in the productivity of various crops. Between 1950-51 and 2013-14, wheat production increased the most and it increased 15 times (from 64 lakh tons to 959 tons). In non-food grains, oilseed production recorded an approximate increase of almost 5 times, while in the same period, cotton production increased 12 times. For all the food grains, per hectare productivity increased from 552 kg per hectare in 1950-51 to 2101 kg per hectare in 2013-14 which was a result of the new agricultural policy adopted in the decade of 70s.