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Gola is not the variety of Awala .

we make use of plants and animals

• Most of the farmers are economically weak. 
• These farmers cannot market their production on their own. 
• At these places, farmers bring their produce and sell to the traders. 
• Hence, the system of Agricultural produce market committee is established at taluka level.

For our basic needs of food and clothing, we make use of plants and animals.

• Running a poultry on commercial basis requires a lot of care. 
• For this scientific methods are employed. 
• Areas in big cities provide a ready market for this occupation. 
• Hence poultry occupation is generally located in big cities.

1. Agriculture is the main occupation of people in India.

2. People who work on farms are called Farmers.

We obtain honey and wax from Beekeeping.

In agriculture, cultivation of crops is considered to be the main and the most important occupation.

The method adopted for drying depends largely on the character of the plant, that is to say whether the plant is glabrous, succulent or not succulent, hardy or delicate in nature. 

(a) Air drying - Air drying flowers is one of the easiest methods of preservation and gives plants a crisp look that lasts for years. It is the oldest and easiest drying technique. No special equipment is needed. The stems of flowers and their foliage are tied and hung upside down. However, it is one of the longest drying methods. It usually takes three to four weeks for the flowers to dry completely. The flowers are hanged upside down so that the stem remains straight. If they are hanged with right side up, they would bend over and the result will be dried flowers with distorted stems. 

(b) Press drying: One of the most popular methods for drying flowers is to put them under pressure, to remove the moisture out while leaving the color of the flowers and structure intact. The easiest method is placing them in heavy books and allow for drying. Flower presses can also be used. Unglazed paper, such as newsprint or an old telephone book, is best for pressing 

(c) Drying by embedding in dessicants : 

A is simply a substance with a high affinity for water which can be used as a drying agent. Embedding the flowers in a granular, desiccating material is probably the most commonly used method Most well known desiccant is silica gel and borax The container must be kept closed during the drying process. After 4-14 days, depending on the thickness of the flower, the flower will be dry.

Basis of difference: 

BORON 

Boron is absorbed by plants as boric acid (H₃ BO₃ ). 

Functions of boron: 

1. Boron is responsible for cell wall formation and stabilization, lignification and xylem differentiation. 

2. It plays an important role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. 

3. It imparts drought tolerance. 

4. It facilitates transport of potassium in guard cells and also aids in stomatal opening. 

5. Nodule formation in legumes 

Deficiency symptoms of Boron: 

1. Deficiency Symptoms are observed on the terminal buds or youngest leaves. 

2. Flowering and fruit development are restricted. 

3. Sterility and mal formation of reproductive organs. 

4. Thickened and curled leaves.

5. Discoloration, cracking or rotting of fruit, tubers or roots 

6. Internodes become shorter and give a rosette appearance. 

7. Boron deficiency symptoms occur as internal cork of apple, top sickness of tobacco, heart rot of sugarbeet, etc. 

MOLYBDENUM 

Molybdenum is absorbed by plants as molybdate (MoO₄). 

Functions of Mo: 

1. Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by the molybdenum containing enzyme nitrogenase. 

2. Nitrate is reduced by the nitrate reductase enzyme present in the cytoplasm by the transfer of electrons from molybdenum to nitrate 

3. It affects the formation of pollens, viability of pollens and development of anthers. 

4. It is involved in the protein synthesis. 

Deficiency symptoms of Mo: 

1. Flower formation is inhibited. 

2. Chlorotic mottlings between the veins on old or middle leaves. 

3. Reduce activity of symbiotic and non-symbiotic N fixation. 

4. In case of cauliflower, molybdenum deficiency symptom is called as whip tail.

Functions of nitrogen: 

(a) Nitrogen is an essential component of several metabolically active compounds and it plays vital role in plant metabolism. 

(b) Nitrogen is an integral part of chlorophyll, which harvest solar energy through photosynthesis process. 

(c) As a constituent of nucleic acids, it transfers genetic information and regulates cellular metabolism of amino acids and proteins. 

Deficiency of nitrogen: 

(a) Plants containing less than 1 % nitrogen are considered deficient in nitrogen. 

(b) Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency first appear in the older leaves as nitrogen mobilize from older to young leaves. A pale yellow chlorosis develops near the tip of the leaf blade and the chlorosis advances towards the base in V- Shape pattern along the leaf margins until the whole leaf blade turns yellow. The leaf turns from yellow to brown and necrosis occurs at the leaf tip. 

(c) Nitrogen deficient plants show stunted growth and produce less flowers and shrivelled grains. 

(d) The nitrogen deficient plants have slender and woody stems due to the buildup of excess carbohydrates. 

(e) Example: In cauliflower, young leaves turn pale yellow and old leaves become orange. In the case of coffee, Veins becomes yellow and new leaves are very small. 

Functions of phosphorus: 

(a) Phosphorus plays important function as a structural component of the cell membrane system, chloroplast and mitochondria. 

(b) Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acids, nucleoproteins, phospholipids, co-enzymes, energy rich adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 

(c) It plays vital role in energy transfer, metabolic processes, transformation of sugars and starch and physiological processes like photosynthesis. 

(d) It is essential for cell division, stem and root growth, fruit and seed development. 

Deficiency symptoms of phosphorus: 

The phosphorus concentration below 0.1% in plants causes deficiency and the plants exhibit deficiency symptoms. 

(a) Phosphorus deficient plants develop poor root system and the plants remain stunted. 

(b) Since phosphorus ismobile in plants and at times of deficiency, phosphorus mobilizes from older leaves to new leaves or active meristematic regions. The older leaves develop characteristic symptoms of blue-green colouration starting from the leaf tip to the base. The colour changes to reddish brown in the later stages. The leaves may be malformed and contain small necrotic spots which are dead tissues. 

(c) Under the condition of severe deficiency, the plants develop spindly growth and reddish purple colour is observed in the nodes and internodes which shows formation of anthocyanin.

A lawn can be defined as the green carpet for a landscape. It is a basic feature for any type of garden. In a home garden, lawn improves the appearance of the house, enhances its beauty, increases conveniences and usefulness thus adding monetary value to the house. The lawn provides a perfect setting for a flower bed, a border, or a shrub. Besides the material value, a lawn has its spiritual value, too. A lawn is the source of charm and pride and reduces tension of the mind after a day’s hard work in the materialistic world.

(1) Corn flakes

(2) Bread 

(3) Wheat flour 

(4) Cakes/ Pastries 

(5) Cookies / Biscuit 

(6) Milled Dal 

(7) Sooji/Rava 

(a) Field capacity: The field capacity of soil describes the maximum amount of water that a soil will retain after free drainage. This situation usually exists one to three days after the soil has been thoroughly wetted by irrigation or rain. The field capacity is the upper limit of available moisture range in soil moisture and plant relations. The soil moisture tension at field capacity varies from soil to soil, but it generally ranges from 1/10 to 1/3 atmospheres. At field capacity, the micro pores are filled with water and the large soil pores are filled with air. 

Permanent wilting point: The permanent wilting point is the soil water content at which plants can no longer obtain enough moisture to meet transpiration requirements and remain wilted unless water is added to the soil. At the permanent wilting point, the water film is held tightly around the soil particles so much so that the roots in contact with the soil cannot remove the water at a sufficiently rapid rate to prevent wilting of the plant leaves. It is considered equivalent to the water held by the soil against an applied pressure of 15 bars.

(b) Irrigation scheduling is defined as the frequency with which water is to be applied based on needs of the crop and nature of the soil. Irrigation scheduling is a decision making process involving when to irrigate and how much of water to apply. Irrigation scheduling may also be defined as scientific management techniques of allocating irrigation water based on the individual crop water requirement under different soil and climatic condition, with an aim to achieve maximum crop production per unit of water applied over a unit area in unit time. The objectives of irrigation scheduling are as follows: 

1. High water – use efficiency 

2. High crop productivity 

3. Low irrigation cost 

4. Minimal damage to soil ecosystem 

5. Minimal weed menace 

6. High fertilizer-use efficiency 

Critical stage approach 

The approaches to irrigation scheduling include direct and indirect approach. Critical stage approach is an indirect approach to irrigation scheduling. Irrigation may be scheduled according to the physiological stages. The growth period of an annual crop can be divided into four growth stages. 

Initial stage : Sowing to 10% ground cover 

Crop development stage : 10 to 70% ground cover 

Mid-season stage : Flowering to grain setting stage 

Late season stage : Ripening to harvesting stage 

Certain physiological stages are critical at which there should not be moisture stress. These stages are called as critical stages of crop growth. Water supply should be ensured at these stages to get high yield. The critical crop growth stages of few crops are as follows:

(c) Drip irrigation is one of the latest methods of irrigation. Drip irrigation involves application of water near the plant roots at short intervals through a network of piping system. It allows an irrigator to limit watering closely to the consumptive use of the plants. The crop yields are higher by adopting this method on account of increased water use efficiency. The water conveyance and application losses are minimized in this irrigation method. It is suitable for water scarcity and salt affected soils. Drip irrigation is highly suitable to wide spaced and high value crops like coconut, grapes, lime, banana, vegetables, mango, pomegranate, etc. 

Components of drip irrigation system: 

1. A drip irrigation system consists of a pump or overhead tank, main line, submains, laterals and emitters. The mains, sub-mains and laterals are usually made of black PVC (poly vinyl chloride) tubing. 

2. The main line delivers water to the sub-mains and the sub-mains to the laterals. 

3. The emitters which are attached to the laterals distribute water for irrigation. 

4. Other components include pressure regulator, filters, valves, water meter, fertilizer application components, etc., 

Pump : 

The pump creates the pressure necessary to force water through the components of the system. Centrifugal pump operated by engines or electric motors are commonly used. The laterals may be designed to operate under pressures as low as 0.15 to 0.2 kg/cm2 and as large as 1 to 1.75 kg/cm² . 

Chemical tank 

A tank may be provided at the head of the drip irrigation systems for applying fertilizers, herbicides and other chemicals in solution directly to the field along with irrigation water. 

Filter 

It is an essential part of drip irrigation system. It prevents the blockage of pipes and drippers/emitters. The filter system consists of valves and a pressure gauge for regulation and control. 

Emitters  

Drippers are provided at regular intervals on the laterals. The drippers allow water to trickle out at very low rates. The amount of water dripping out of each emitter in a unit time will depend on the pressure and size of the opening. The water coming out of the emitters is almost at atmospheric pressure. 

Field capacity: The field capacity of soil describes the maximum amount of water that a soil will retain after free drainage. This situation usually exists one to three days after the soil has been thoroughly wetted by irrigation or rain. The field capacity is the upper limit of available moisture range in soil moisture and plant relations. The soil moisture tension at field capacity varies from soil to soil, but it generally ranges from 1/10 to 1/3 atmospheres. At field capacity, the micro pores are filled with water and the large soil pores are filled with air.

The food and Drug Administration (FDA) has defined food additive as a substance or a mixture of substances, other than the basic food stuff, which is present as a result of any aspect of production, processing, storage or packaging, it comprises of preservatives, antioxidants and many others. 

According to FDA “Chemical preservative is any substance which is capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food or masking any of the evidence of any such process or neutralizing the acid generated by any such process. But does not include salt, vinegar, sugar, spices or oils extracted from spices.

a. The components of Integrated Pest management are as follows: 

• Cultural Control 
• Natural Control 
• Host Plant Resistance 
• Pest Surveillance 
• Physical methods 
• Mechanical Control 
• Chemical Control 
• Biological Control 
• Legal control 

b. Mechanical method of pest management envisages use of mechanical devices and manual forces for the destruction of pests. Different life stages of the insects are killed by manual or mechanical forces. 

Examples for use of manual force:

1. Hand picking of caterpillars 

2. Sieving and winnowing for red flour beetle. 

Examples for use of mechanical force: 

1. Use of tillage implements for exposing the soil borne insects. 

2. Use of mechanical traps like rat traps for rat exclusion. 

Examples for Mechanical exclusion: 

1. Banding with grease on mango trunk to prevent mealy bug 

2. Wrapping the pomegranate fruits for controlling fruit borer. 

Advantages of mechanical method of pest management: 

1. Low cost of equipment 

2. High technical knowledge and skill are not required. 

Limitations of mechanical method of pest management: 

1. Labour intensive 

2. Limited application 

c. Biological control 

The study and utilization of parasitoids, predators and pathogens for the regulation of pest population densities is called as biological pest control. The techniques adopted for biological control are as follows: 

1. Conservation and encouragement of indigenous natural enemies 

2. Introduction of natural enemies into a new locality 

3. Mass culturing and release of natural enemies to increase its population. 

Parasitoids as a biocontrol: 

Parasitoid is an insect parasite of an arthropod which is parasitic in immature stages and adults are free living. e.g. 

1.Trichogramma chilonis on the eggs of sugarcane internode borer, cotton bollworm. 

2. Chelonus blackburni on the eggs of cotton spotted bollworm. 

Predators as a biocontrol: 

Predator is a free living organism throughout its life. Predator kills its prey. The predator is usually larger than its prey. 

e.g. 1.Lady bird beetle (Coccinella septumpunctata) against aphids (pest). 

2. Reduviid bug (Rhinocoris fuscipes) against cotton American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) 

(a) Categories of fruit processing units 

According to Fruit Products Order (1955) of the Govt. of India, the fruit processing units are categorized as under depending upon the installed capacity and requirement of minimum area for processing (Table 1). 

Table 1: Categorization of fruit processing units and requirement of area.

(b) Cold Chain Scheme:- Launched by Govt. of India to provide integrated cold chain and preservation infrastructure facilities without any break from the farmer’s field to the consumer. It covers pre-cooling facilities at production sites, reefer vans, mobile cooling units as well as value addition centres which includes infrastructural facilities like Processing, Multi-line Processing or Collection Centres, etc. for horticulture and other allied agricultural produce.

Vermicomposting sometimes called ‘vermiculture’, ‘composting with worms’ or ‘worm composting’, is a modified and specialised method of composting - the process that uses earthworms to eat and digest farm wastes and turn out high quality compost.

Main objective of packaging the processed foods are 

(i) It helps in safe and ease in transportation, storages, marketing and distribution of produce. 

(ii) It provides physical protection to processed food as well as from microorganisms and adverse weather condition. 

(iii) It can also be used to advertise the product.

Vermicomposting is the process of turning organic debris into worm castings. The worm castings are very important to the fertility of the soil. The castings contain high amounts of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. Castings contain: 5 times the available nitrogen, 7 times the available potash, and 1 ½ times more calcium than found in good topsoil 

Advantages of vermicompost 

• Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients. 
• Provides excellent effect on overall plant growthVermicompost is free flowing, easy to apply, handle and store and does not have bad odour. 
• It improves soil structure, texture, aeration, and waterholding capacity and prevents soil erosion. 
• Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed seeds etc. 
• Vermicompost minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases. 
• It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil.

Correct Answer is: (a) Sikkim

Blue green algae or cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. They make a substantial contribution in the nitrogen economy of crop production. The predominant genera of nitrogen fixing BGA are Anabaena, Nostoc, Calothrix and Tolypothrix. Blue green algae are recommended for lowland rice. In submerged rice fields, BGA is applied one week after transplanting at rate of 10 Kg /ha and the field is flooded with 2.5 to 5 cm deep water.

When farming is done using all vestal matter mixed in the soil, it is called organic farming.

The green revolution fulfilled our aspirations by changing India from a food importing to a food exporting nation which involved greater use of synthetic agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides with adoption of nutrient-responsive, high-yielding varieties of crops. However, the achievement was at the expense of soil health and environment and to the harm of the well-being of the people. Hence, a natural balance needs to be maintained at all cost without affecting the soil health as well as getting higher crop yields and quality of products for ever increasing population. Thus, organic farming is a potential alternative to conventional agriculture which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible relies upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection.

It is the art and science of rearing honey bees, maintaining and manipulating honeybee colonies (hives), which could be for collecting honey and beeswax, or for pollinating crops, or for the purpose of selling bees to other beekeepers.

Cities and metropolis are densely populated. The most common problem is air, dust and noise pollution. Trees with their huge canopy minimize these pollutions by filtering dust and absorption of gaseous pollutants. Parks and tree canopies help reduce noise, stress , blood pressure and improves quality of life of people living around it.

Spawn is the mycelium of mushrooms growing in its substratum and prepared for the purpose of propagating mushroom production. In other words it is defined as a medium impregnated with mushroom mycelium that serves as the “seed” for mushroom cultivation.

Method of pre-cooling : 

i. Room cooling 

ii. Forced air cooling 

iii. Hydrocooling 

iv. Vacuum cooling 

v. Package icing 

Description any two: 

(i) Room cooling: It is low cost and slow method of cooling. In this method, produce is simply kept into a cool room and cool air is allowed to circulate. 

Advantages: 

(a) Produce can be cooled and stored at the same room thus saves on handling costs. 

(b) No extra cost for pre-cooling equipment. 

(c) Suits for crops, which are marketed soon after harvest. 

Disadvantages: 

(a) It is too slow method of cooling 

(b) Space requirements for room cooling are more as compared to storage, thus loss of storage capacity. 

(c) Excessive water is lost from the produce due to slow cooling. 

Horticulture crops suitable for rooms cooling are: 

Potato, onion, apple and citrus 

(ii) Forced-air cooling: Forced air-cooling is mostly used for wide range of horticultural produce and it is fastest method of pre-cooling. Forced air-cooling pulls or pushes air through the vents/holes in storage containers. In this method uniform cooling of the produce can be achieved. 

Advantages: 

(a) Fast method of pre cooling 

(b) Suitable for wide range of highly perishable commodities.

(c) Uniform cooling, if containers are properly aligned. 

Horticultural produce suitable for forced air cooling are: 

Grapes, Berries, Pears, Peach, Oranges, Strawberries tomato, and other tropical and subtropical fruits. 

(iii) Hydrocooling : The use of cold water is an old and effective cooling method used for quickly cooling a wide range of fruits and vegetables before packaging. This method of cooling not only avoids water loss but may even add water to the commodity. 

Advantages : 

(a) Less energy is used as compared to forced air cooling. 

(b) Moisture loss does not take place. 

Disadvantages : 

(a) Most of the packages don’t tolerate wetting. 

(b) Wax layer of some fruits like pear, plum, apple are removed by using spray type of hydrocooler Horticultural produce suitable for hydrocooling are: Mango, peach, asparagus etc. 

(iv) Vacuum cooling: Vacuum cooling take place by water evaporation from the product at very low air pressure. In this method, air is pumped out from a larger steel chamber in which the produce is loaded for pre-cooling. Removal of air results in the reduction of pressure of the atmosphere around the produce, which further lowers, the boiling temperature of its water. As the pressure falls, the water boils quickly removing the heat from the produce. 

Advantages : 

(a) Packed produce can be cooled if the pack allows moisture transfer. 

(b) Fast and uniform cooling takes place. 

(c) Most energy efficient method. 

Disadvantages : 

(a) High initial capital cost 

(b) Produce losses more moisture To overcome the more loss of water from the produce, 

(v) Package-icing: In some commodities, crushed or flaked ice is packed along with produce for fast cooling. However, as the ice comes in contact with the produce, it melts, and the cooling rate slows considerably. The ice keeps a high relative humidity around the product. Package ice may be finely crushed ice, flake ice or slurry of ice. Liquid icing distributes the ice throughout the container, achieving better contact with the product. 

Precaution: Packaged icing can be used only with water tolerant, non-chilling sensitive products and with water tolerant packages (waxed fiberboard, plastic or wood). 

Storage and upkeep of fruits and vegetables are most important post harvest activity. Zero energy cool chamber (ZECC) is a low cost alternative to store horticulture produce. This is an on-farm storage chamber, for fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers to extend their marketability. The zero energy cool chamber can be constructed easily with materials like brick, sand, bamboo, khashkhas/straw, gunny bag etc. The chamber can keep the temperature 10-15⁰C cooler than the outside  temperature and maintain about 90% relative humidity. It is most effective during the dry season. 

Reason for popularity in rural areas 

Due to lack of sufficient storage and processing facilities in rural areas, considerable amount of fruits and vegetables are being spoiled after harvest. The spoilage of fruits and vegetables can be controlled by reducing the storage temperature and increasing relative humidity. Refrigerated cold storage is considered to be the best for storing fruits and vegetables, but this method is not only highly energy intensive, but also requires huge capital investment. Besides, it is not suitable for on-farm storage in rural areas, where the producer would like to store the commodities only for a couple of days in order to make it sufficient quantities before carrying them to nearest market. Considering acute energy shortage and inadequate cold storage facilities in rural areas, low cost "Zero Energy Cooling Chamber" is very popular for short term on farm storage of perishable farm produce. Also they are easy to build out of locally available materials, such as brick, sand, bamboo, straw, and gunny bags and can be constructed by an unskilled person and no mechanical or electrical energy is needed for its functioning.

The entire tertiary sector has not grown in importance because of the following reasons: 

Peculiarity of skills in the tertiary sector: Highly-educated and skilled professionals only are able to get employment. Other engage themselves in low-paid jobs. 

High incomes: Higher incomes are available for the top-level administrative jobs only. Lowpaid jobs do not attract employment.

No job security: Large number of workers are casual with irregular and low incomes barely to sustain livelihoods.

Tea, coffee, fruits, vegetables, coconut, etc.

Intensive subsistence farming produces only food crop for sustaining the high population and domestic animals. It is characterized by small land holdings which are cultivated by the farmer and his family using simple tools and more labour. Often farming is further intensified by the use of fertilizers and artificial irrigation. This type of farming is mainly observed in areas with high population pressure on land.

One of the main reasons why intensive subsistence farming is still flourishing in India today is the existence of small land holdings and a lack of alternative sources of livelihood. In rural backward areas, owing to ‘right of inheritance’, land holdings have reduced in size with the subsequent division in the later generations. Farmers tend to utilize these small plots for the maximum output which has led to intensive farming where the yield per unit area is high.

Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in areas of high density of population, where pressure of population is high on agricultural land. 

The following are the three features of this type of farming. 

It is labour-intensive farming. 

High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher , production. 

Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land. 

Farmers take maximum output from the limited land. 

Farmers do not have any alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.

i. Greenhouse

ii. traditional

iii. primitive

iv. market

This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

• It is labour-intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
• This type of farming is practised in the states of U.P., Haryana, Bihar, etc.
• Though the ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive generations has rendered landholding size uneconomical, the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood.

Shifting cultivation is practised in the tropics in densely forested areas or hilly tracts.

every year a new area is chosen for cultivation

Climate, manpower, deterioration of environment, economic and managerial problems are the major issues faced by the plantation farming.

(a) Farm size in plantation farming is 40 hectares or above.

(b) Plantation farming is practised in hilly tracts, so use of machines is not possible.

Hence, plantation farming needs skilled and experienced labour.

i. (a) Intensive.

ii. (b) Use of animals, implements, machines and manpower.

iii. (d) In India factors like climate, soils, water, etc. are conducive.

iv. (c) Population is growing and there are agro-based industries.

(i) Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming. 

(ii) Farm size is 40 hectares or above. 

(iii) As plantation agriculture is practised in hilly tracts of tropical regions, use of machines are not possible hence local manpower is used. 

(iv) This is a single crop cultivation practice. 

(v) Only commercial crops like tea, rubber, coffee, coconut, cocoa, spices, etc. are planted. 

(vi) This type of farming requires large scale capital investment. 

(vii) Major issues faced are climate, manpower, deterioration of environment, economic and managerial problems. 

(viii) Plantation farming is practised in India and other South Asian countries, Africa, South and Central America.

Varanasi to Kanyakumari.

The crops which are grown between the intervening periods of Rabi and Kharif are called Zaid crops: 

cucumber, watermelon, melon, fodder and vegetables are included in it.

Apricots and walnuts are horticultural crops and are mostly grown in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh in India.

Zaid crops refer to those crops grown in the summer season that falls between the harvesting of kharif crops and sowing of rabi crops. Two examples of zaid crops include watermelon and cucumber.

Kerala is famous for the plantation crop rubber. It is the leading rubber plantation state in India. It accounts for 92 per cent of the country's total natural rubber production.