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Primitive subsistence farming.

Most favourable soil pH value for Rice crop is 6.5.

(d) All of these

Favourable soil's pH value for sugarcane crop  is 6.0-7.5 .

Training methods for Apple plant are Cordon system and Palmeta system

Process of adaptability for crops is a part of Evolution and Natural selection

(d) All of these 

Drip irrigation involves application of water near the plant roots at short intervals through a network of piping system. It allows an irrigator to limit watering closely to the consumptive use of the plants. The crop yields are higher by adopting this method on account of increased water use efficiency. The water conveyance and application losses are minimized in this irrigation method. It is suitable for water scarcity and salt affected soils. Drip irrigation is highly suitable to wide spaced and high value crops like coconut, grapes, lime, banana, vegetables, mango, pomegranate, etc. 

Components of drip irrigation system: 

1. A drip irrigation system consists of a pump or overhead tank, main line, submains, laterals and emitters. The mains, sub-mains and laterals are usually made of black PVC (poly vinyl chloride) tubing. 

2. The main line delivers water to the sub-mains and the sub-mains to the laterals. 

3. The emitters which are attached to the laterals distribute water for irrigation. 

4. Other components include pressure regulator, filters, valves, water meter, fertilizer application components, etc.,

Pump 

The pump creates the pressure necessary to force water through the components of the system. Centrifugal pump operated by engines or electric motors are commonly used. The laterals may be designed to operate under pressures as low as 0.15 to 0.2 kg/cm² and as large as 1 to 1.75 kg/cm² . 

Chemical tank 

A tank may be provided at the head of the drip irrigation systems for applying fertilizers, herbicides and other chemicals in solution directly to the field along with irrigation water. 

Filter 

It is an essential part of drip irrigation system. It prevents the blockage of pipes and drippers/emitters. The filter system consists of valves and a pressure gauge for regulation and control. 

Emitters 

Drippers are provided at regular intervals on the laterals. The drippers allow water to trickle out at very low rates. The amount of water dripping out of each emitter in a unit time will depend on the pressure and size of the opening. The water coming out of the emitters is almost at atmospheric pressure.

(d) All of these 

b. Mixed cropping

Sugar is accumulated in sugar crops (a) Root  and  (b)  Stem. 

West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

Biennials is not classification of crops on the basis of season .

The process of turning and loosening of the soil is called ploughing.

In Nepanagar of Madhya Pradesh.

Sowing of seeds by scattering over a large area is called broadcasting of seeds.

Method of mass contact is Tours.

Nitrogen in oil-cake is 2.0 – 7.0%.

There was a field in my native place. The farmer would water the field leaving the water pipe on the field. Lot of water would be wasted. But now the same farmer waters the field using sprinkler irrigation method. As a result there is no wastage of water, any more.

Major factors hampering the growth of food processing sector and holding it back. a) Comprehensive national level policy on food processing sector b) Availability of trained manpower and Cost effective food machinery & packaging technologies.

Example of contact herbicide is Kock.

(a) Drip and Sprinkler irrigation is used in many orchards across the konkan region of Maharashtra.

(b) Wells & tube wells are other methods used on large scale.

1. Harvesting the crop either manually or with the help of machines.

2. Supplementing the crop with organic or chemical fertilizers for proper growth of the crop.

3. Protect the crop from animals, birds, insects and diseases.

4. Proper Irrigation to get good crop.

5. Ploughing the land to grow crops.

6. Sowing the seeds to raise a crop.

Rabi weed is  Agremone maxicana.

It is process by which sufficient quantity of water is supplied to the crop and plants through canals, wells, tube wells and reservoirs.

Chemical pesticides have proven harmful to various other species in the ecosystem that could be beneficial. However, plant based biopesticide are devoid of these effects. Example neem leaves , seed kernels and neem extracts Moreover Bio-pesticides are preferred over chemical pesticides for the following reasons: no harmful residues; target specific and safe to beneficial organisms like pollinators, predators, parasites etc.; growth of natural enemies of pests is not affected, environmental friendly and cost effective.

Due to physical effect of lime on soil is Increase in Infiltration or percolation.

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants.

(d) None of these 

 All of these

Cultivation of two or more crops on the same field at the same season is called mixed cropping. 

Eg: Growing jower with toorda.

Type of cropping system is  Rachna and  Aparna .

Disease of Groundnut crop is Tikka disease.

Botanical name of wheat is Triticum aestivum.

Rubber plays a crucial role in the Indian economy. It provides the principal raw material for manufacturing over 35000 varieties of products ranging from toy balloons to giant size tires. It provides employment to a sizeable population in its agricultural sector, and a sizeable number makes their living from processing, transporting and marketing rubber goods. Rubber plantations thus contribute substantially to economic prosperity in rubber growing areas. The Indian rubber goods manufacturing industry heavily depends on natural rubber which accounts for 80% of the total raw material.

The conditions that are required for rubber cultivation are as follows –

a) Climate – It grows well in hot and humid climates with the long dry season being unfavourable for its cultivation.

b) Soil – Loamy soils are favoured for rubber cultivation.

c) Landform – Gently rolling plain lands free from waterlogging that is below an altitude of 400 meters is ideal for rubber cultivation.

d) Demand – Presence of a ready market is a major factor for the rapid growth of natural rubber production in the country.

e) Labour – The cultivation is not labour intensive.

f) Capital – a High investment of capital is necessary due to preparation, maintenance and a long gestation period of rubber plants.

Two important states for rubber plantation include Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Kerala accounts for most of the rubber plantations in India and major districts include Kottayam, Quilon, and Kozhikode.

Cultivation of a single crop on a large scale with an organization similar to industrial production is called plantation agriculture. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops. Tea is an important plantation crop in Assam.

Lentils which are a type of pulse crops, under the leguminous crop type, is known as ‘poor man’s meat’ as it has high protein along with high dietary fibre but low fat. Lentils are also packed with a variety of minerals. Examples of lentils include green gram, yellow gram, orange gram, black gram, and Bengal gram.

subtype of market gardening

result of urbanization and the ready markets available in urban centres

• During fishing, different types of fish and other aquatic organisms get caught in the fishing nets.
• Separating them becomes a major task.
• All organisms do not fetch the same price. Due to the above factors specific type of fish species are reared separately.

Warn, Roha, Rawas, Kolambi are reared in fish farms.

For geographical conditions required for the growth of tea. 

The following are the geographical conditions required for the production of sugar cane.

•  It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. 
• It needs hot and humid climate with temperature of 21°C to 27°C. 
• It requires annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm. 
• It can grow on a variety of soil. 

Agriculture is an the art of tilling the land to raise the crops for the benefit of food for the man and fooder for the animals.

Water collects in low areas during monsoon. After that, when the land gets dry, farming is done on it which is called dry farming.

The production of crops for the purpose of Domestic consumption and not for commercial use is called “Subsistence Farming”.

It is practised by tribals under this system former clear patches of forest to grow the crops later people migrate to another parts of forest for their activities like cultivation of crops, hunting fishing etc.

Jowar, bajra, ragi, oil seeds are the important dry farming crops.

The growing of a cell or tissue or an organ in an artifical aseptic and nutritive medium is called “Tissue culture”.

Propagation of Banana by Suckers and Tissue culture technique.