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501.

Question : What is meant by non-biodegradable waste ? Identify biodegradable waste from the following: Empty packet of chips, empty bottle of mineral water, empty paper box of sweets, empty tin of a cold drink.

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Solution : Substances that do not BREAKDOWN by biological PROCESS are called non-biodegradable WASTE.
Empty paper BOX of sweets is biodegradable.
Discussion
502.

Question : What is meant by high blood pressure (Hypertension) ?

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Solution :When the blood PRESSURE RISES above the normal RANGE 120/80 mm of Hg, the conditionis termed HIGH blood pressure.
Discussion
503.

Question : What is meant by heredity ?

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SOLUTION :Heredity. It is DEFINED as the TRANSMISSION of characters from parents to offspring or from one generation to the successive GENERATIONS of living beings.
We observe in our daily life that similarities tend to be GREATEST between members of a family-between the offspring of parents. Children tend to resemble parents, even grandparents and persons of earlier generations. The similarities are not due to coincidence but rather due to inheritance or heredity.
Discussion
504.

Question : What is meant by gene flow ?

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Flating of genes
Exchange of GENETIC material
Melting of genes
None of the above

ANSWER :B
Discussion
505.

Question : What is meant by garbage management ?

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Solution : Proper disposal of the WASTE in such a manner that it does not cause any DAMAGE to the ENVIRONMENT is called garbage management
Discussion
506.

Question : What is meant by five types of 'R' (5-R's) to save the environment ? Explain.

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Solution :Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose and Recycle are the five R.s of environment PROTECTION.
(1) Refuse means say No to things that we don.t need. Refuse to buy products that can harm human BEINGS and the environment. STOP the use of plastic carry bags, pesticides, CFCs, etc.
(2) Reduce means less use of resources and save those. Switch off the fans and lights when not in use. Reduce the wastage of water, food and other items.
(3) Reuse means use things again and again. e.g., instead of throwing away used envelopes, reverse it and use it again. The plastic bottles in which you buy various food-items like jam or pickle can be used for storing things in the kitchen.
(4) Repurpose means a product can no more be used for the original purpose, use it for some other useful purpose. e.g., Cracked crockery or cups with broken handles can be used to grow small plants and as feeding vessels for birds.
(5) Recycle means making new products from the old, used ones. e.g., recycle used paper, plastic bags, glass material and metals like tins, cans, foils, etc.
Discussion
507.

Question : What is meant by excretion and osmoregulation ?

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Solution :The process involved inremoval of toxic substance and wastes from BODY is termed as excretion . The process of maintaining the rightamount of WATER and PROPER ionic balance in thebody is termed OSMOREGULATION .
Discussion
508.

Question : What is meant by excretion?

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Solution :Excretion : Due to metabolism several harmful excretory products are formed, the process of removing toxic waster from the body is CALLED excretion.
Formation of urine involves four STAGES :
1) Glomerular filtration, 2) Tubular reabsorption, 3) Tubular secretion and, 4) Formation of concentrated urine (or)formation of hypartonic urine.
1) Glomerular filtration :
a) Blood flows from renal artery to glomerulus through afferent arteriole.
b ) Filtration of blood OCCURS in glomerulus.
c) Glomerular filtrate is also known as primary urine which almost equal to blood in chemical composition except the presence of blood cells.
2) Tubular Reabsorption :
a) The primary urine passes into proximal convoluted tubule.
b) Useful substances like glucose , AMINO acids, sodium chloride, potassium ion,bicarbonate ion , and 75 % of water are reabsorbed into peritubular network.
3) Tubular secretion :
a) After reabsorption in proximal convoluted region (PCT) the urine travels through the loop of Henle into distal convoluted tubule.
b) Here some other wastes like extra SALT ions of `K^(+), Na^(+), Cl^(-)` and `H^(+)` secretes from peritubular capillaries into distal convoluted tubule which are surrounded by peritubular network.
4) Formation of concentrated urine :
a) 75 % of water coritent of the nephric filtrate is reabsorbed in the region of proximal convoluted tubule and 10 % of water passes out of filtrate through osmosis in the area of loop of Henle.
b) Concentration of urine takes place in the area of collecting tubes in the presence of hormone called vasopressin. The hormone is secreted only when concentrated mine is to be passed out.
Discussion
509.

Question : What is meant by electric current? Name and define its SI unit. In a conductor electrons are flowing from B to A. What is the direction of conventional current? Give justification for your answer.

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SOLUTION :A steady CURRENT of 1 ampere flows through a conductor. Calculate the number of ELECTRONS that flows through any section of the conductor is 1 second (charge on electron `1.6 xx 10 ^(-19)` Coulomb)
Electric current: The amount of charge Q flowing through a PARTICULAR area of cross section in unit time "t. is called clectric current, ie., Electrict current, `I = Q//t`
SI unit of electric current is ampere One ampere of current is that current which flow when or.e coulomb of electric charge tlowing through a particular area of cross scction of the conductor is one second, i.e, `1A = 1 CS^(-1)`
The direction of conventional current is A to B, ie., opposite to the direction of flow of electrons. In a metal, flow of electrons CARRYING negative charge constitucs the current.
Direction of flow of electrons given the direction of electronic current by convention, the direction of flow of positive charge is taken the direction of flow of positive charge is taken as the direction of conventional current charge
= q = ne
For q = 1 Coulomb
`(1C)/(1.6xx10^(-19)C)= (10^(19))/(1.6)= 6.25xx10^(18)` electrons
Discussion
510.

Question : What is meant by characteristics ?

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SOLUTION :It is the detail of APPEARANCE or behaviour, in other words, a particular form or a particular FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE: Four limbs of human beings is a characteristic and that PLANT can perform photosynthesis is also a characteristic.
Discussion
511.

Question : What is meant by assimilation of food ?

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Solution :Assimilation meansutilisation of foodfor release of ENERGY, building up new tissues and REPAIR and REPLACEMENT of WORM out tissues.
Discussion
512.

Question : What is meant by abscission ? Name phytohormone involved in it.

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Solution :Premature FALL of leaf and fruit is CALLED abscission.Abscisic ACID.
Discussion
513.

Question : What is Mars 2020 Astrobiology ?

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Solution :NASA is developing the MARS 2020, Astrobiology to investigate an astrobiogicallyrelevent ancient environment on Mars, its surface geological processes and the possibility of past life on Mars and PRESERVATION of biosignatures within ACCESSIBLE geological materials.
Discussion
514.

Question : What is lymph node ?

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Solution :A LYMPH NODE is speicalised structure in lymphatic vessel concerned with the FILTRATION of foreign BODIES by the lymphocytes.
Discussion
515.

Question : What is locus ?

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SOLUTION :Site of GENE (allele) on a CHROMOSOME is called LOCUS.
Discussion
516.

Question : What is locus?

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SOLUTION :Each gene is PRESENT at a specific POSITION on a chromosome called its LOCUS.
Discussion
517.

Question : Write about layering. Give example.

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Solution :(1) Stems that from roots while attached to the parent plants are called layers . Propagating the plants in this METHOD is layering.
(2) A branch of the plant with at least one node is BENT TOWARDS the ground and a part of it is covered with moist soil leaving the tip of the branch exposed above the ground.
(3) After sometime, new roots develop from the part of the branchburried in the soil.
(4) The branch is then CUT off from the parent plant , later in develops roots and grows to BECOMES a new plant. Ex: Nerium.
Discussion
518.

Question : What is it advantage for the testes to be situated in the scrotal sac outside the main body cavity? Can you thick of one disadvantage ?

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SOLUTION :N//A
Discussion
519.

Question : What is indicated by the given figure ? a.Budding in yeastb.Formation of pseudopodia in amoebac.Binary fission in amoebad.Cyst-formation in amoeba

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BUDDING in YEAST
Formation of pseudopodia in amoeba
Binary fission in amoeba
Cyst-formation in amoeba

Answer :A::B
Discussion
520.

Question : What is included in environment?

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SOLUTION :Environment includes MANY BIOTIC,ABIOTIC,natural and artificial factors.
Discussion
521.

Question : What is implantation ?

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Solution :The ATTACHMENT of embryo to the WALL of uterus, with the help of placenta, is called IMPLANTATION.
Discussion
522.

Question : What is implantation?

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SOLUTION :The process of attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine WALL (endometrium) is CALLED implantation. The blastocyst (fertilized egg) reaches the uterus and gets implanted in the uterus. The fertilized egg becomes implanted in about 6 to 7 days after fertilization.
Discussion
523.

Question : What is hypophysis ?

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Solution :The LOWEST cell of the suspensor is CALLED HYPOPHYSIS
Discussion
524.

Question : Define:- Hypertension

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Solution :The CONDITION, where a prolonged or CONSTANT ELEVATION of blood PRESSURE exist is CALLED the hypertension (High blood pressure)
Discussion
525.

Question : What is hymen?

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Solution : It is a THIN fold of mucous MEMBRANE which partly CLOSES the external vaginal opening in the unmarried GIRLS.
Discussion
526.

Question : What is hydropower and hydropower electricity?

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SOLUTION :Earth is covered with 71% of water. The technique to harness the water energy, from the flowing water is called the hydropower.
The electrical energy is DERIVED from water flow and water FALLING from a height. In hilly areas, there is CONTINUOUS flow of water in large amounts falling from high slopes. The electricity produced from flowing water is called hydropower electricity.
Discussion
527.

Question : What is hybridiration? Explain the hybridiration experiment.

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Solution :The process of CROSSING two or more types of plans for bringing their desired characters together into one progeny hybrid is called hybridization Hybridization is creating genetic Variation to get improved varieties.
Hybridization Experiment: Triticale is the FIRST man-made cereal bybridinis obtained by crossing wheat (Triticum durum , 2n = 28) and rve (Secale cereal. `2n=14)`. The hybrid is sterile `1( 2n=21)`. Then thehromosome number is doubled using colchicine and it becomes a HEXAPLOID triticale `(2n =42)`. The cycle of CROP raising and selection continues till the plants with the desired characters are finally obtained
Discussion
528.

Question : What is heterotrophic nutrition ?

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Solution :It is the PROCESS in which organisms obtain the food needed for their SURVIVAL from other organisms . All organisms other than gree PLANTS and some bacteria survive on HETEROTROPHIC nutrition .
Discussion
529.

Question : What is green revolution?Who is the "Father of Green Revolution?

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Solution :Green Revolution is the process of increasing food production through high YIELDING crop VARIETIES and modern agricultural TECHNIQUES in under DEVELOPED and developing nations. Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, an AMERICAN agronomist is the Father of Green Revolution"
Discussion
530.

Question : What is G_(0) (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?

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Solution :CELLS which ENTER a STAGE where they are Metabolically active but no LONGER proliferate.
Discussion
531.

Question :What is gestation?

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Solution :The period of development of FOETUS in the uterus TILL birth is called gestation. It is of 9 MONTHS duration (.e., 280 days or 40 weeks from the first day of the LAST menstrual cycle) in human beings.
Discussion
532.

Question : What is germination of a seed?

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Solution :The seed forming a NEW plant as a result of continuous mitotic CELL division is called germination.
Discussion
533.

Question : What is geothermal energy ?

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SOLUTION :The heat energy which can be exploited from the steam trapped in ROCKS near the hot springs is CALLED geothermal energy.
Discussion
534.

Question : What is genetics ?

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SOLUTION :Genetics. It is that branch of science which DEALS with study of HEREDITY (inheritance of characters) and variations. It deals with inborn characteristics of the organisms. Genetics also deals with inborn differences between offsprings of family and related organisms.
Genes are carriers of characters and PRESENT on CHROMOSOMES. Mendel is considered as "Father of genetics".
Discussion
535.

Question : What is genetic drift ? How genetic drift provides diversity without any adaptation ?

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Solution :Genetic drift : Refer to point 9 to Gist of the Chapter..
A colour variation arises during reproduction in the population of red beetles. There is one beetle is blue in colour. This beetle can pass the colour on to its progeny, so that all its progeny beetles are blue.

Crows can see blue as well as red beetles in the green leaves of the bushes and THEREFORE can eat them. INITIALLY in the population, as it expands, there are a few blue beetles, but most are red. An elephant comes by and stumps on the bushes where the beetles live. This kills most of the beetles. Few blue beetles SURVIVE by chance among the red beetle population. Blue colour has no adaptive value as in case of green colour. The beetle population slowly expands again but now there are mostly blue beetles in the population.
This blue colour change gave no survival advantage, it was simply a matter of accidental survival of beetles of one colour (blue) that changed the common characteristic of the resultant population.
An accident can change the frequency of some genes in a population, EVEN if they GIVE no survival advantage. Genetic drift provides diversity without any adaptation.
Discussion
536.

Question : What is genetic drift?

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Solution : The ELIMINATION of the genes of certain traits when a SECTION of a species population migrates or dies due to natural CALAMITY. It alters the gene FREQUENCY of the remaining population.
Discussion
537.

Question : What is gene ? What is nature of gene ?

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Solution :GENE. Term gene was COINED by Johansen (1900). A hereditary determiner specifying a biological function, a unit of inheritance (DNA) located in a fixed PLACE on the chromosome is called gene.
Mendel considered EVERY character as unit which is controlled by a factor presently called gene. Chemically gene is a segment of DNA which controls one character and physically is a part of chromosome.
Discussion
538.

Question : What is gene? OR Inheritance/ herdity is possible because of a certain factor present in organisms. What is this factor?

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Solution :Gene consists of a linear segment of DNA in the chromosome and is the UNIT of inheritance. It TAKES PART in EXPRESSING a particular character.
Discussion
539.

Question : What is gene according to molecule structure ?

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Solution :A SECTION of DNA that provides information for one PROTEIN is called GENE for the protein.
Discussion
540.

Question : What is Gastrulation?

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Solution :The transformation of blastula into GASTRULA and the formation of primary germ layers (ECTODERM, MESODERM and ENDODERM) by rearrangement of the cells is called gastrulation.
Discussion
541.

Question :What is Gamma garden?

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Solution :In GAMMA garden or atomic garden, a type of induced mutation breeding, where radioactive sources, particularly gamma RAYS from Coball-60 or Caesium-137 are used to induce desirable mutations in CROP plants.
Discussion
542.

Question : What is gametogenesis?

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Solution :Formation of sperms in testes and OVA in ovary is CALLED GAMETOGENESIS.
Discussion
543.

Question : What is funeral of unfertilised egg?

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Solution :MENSTRUATION is also CALLED FUNERAL of egg SINCE it is not fertilised
Discussion
544.

Question : What Is fragmentation?

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SOLUTION :Fragmentation or clonal fragmentation in multicellular or colonial ORGANISMS is a FORM of asexual REPRODUCTION or cloning in which an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develops into matured, fully GROWN individual that is a clone of the original organism.
Discussion
545.

Question : What is formed by interdependent organisms to each other for their nutrition?a. Biosphereb. Food chainc. Ecosystemd.Environment

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BIOSPHERE
FOOD CHAIN
ECOSYSTEM
Environment

Solution :Food chain
Discussion
546.

Question : What is food chain ? How does the study of food chain in an area or habitat help us ? Give an example of four-step food chain operating in a large lake.

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Solution :Food chain is the sequence of different organisms through which energy in the form of food is transmitted in different TROPHIC levels.
The study of food chains HELPS us to understand
(i) The energy TRANSFER through organism.
(ii) Ecological balance in a habitat,
(iii) Harmful human activities and DISRUPTION in ecological balance. An example of food chain in a lake :
Phytoplankton `to` Zooplankton `to` Small fish `to` Large fish
Discussion
547.

Question : What is food pressure ?

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The PRESSURE of blood on the hear muscles
The pressure of flow of blood EXERTED on the WALLS of arteries and veins
The pressure of blood on the walls of veins only
The pressure of blood on the walls of arteriesonly

Answer :D
Discussion
548.

Question : What is flower ? Explain reproductive parts of flower and types of flowers on the basis of it.

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Solution :Flower is the reproductive organ in flowering plants (angiosperms).

Parts of a flower : Sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. Among these stamens and pistils are reproductive parts.
Stamens : It is a male reproductive part. It consists filament and an anther.
Anther produces pollen grains that are YELLOWISH in colour.
Pistil : It is PRESENT in the centre of a flower and is the female reproductive part. It is made up of three parts : (1) Ovary : BOTTOM swollen part, (2) Style : middle elongated part and (3) Stigma : terminal sticky part.
The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell.
Types of flowers on the basis of reproductive parts are as follows :
(1) Unisexual flowers : When flower contains either stamens or pistil, it is called unisexual flower. e.g., PAPAYA, watermelon.
(2) Bisexual flowers : When flower contains both stamens and pistil, it is called bisexual flowers. e.g., HIBISCUS, mustard, datura.
Discussion
549.

Question : What is fertilisation ?

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Solution :The process of FUSION of male gamete with a female gamete to form ZYGOTE is TERMED as fertilisation.
Discussion
550.

Question : What is fertilization?

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Solution :The fusion and union of male and female GAMETES to FORM a zygote is called FERTILIZATION.
Discussion