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701.

Question : What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young embryo ?

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Solution :Soon after implantation, uterine wall THICKENS and a SPECIAL tissue placenta is formed. This is a DISC embedded in the uterine wall. It contains villi on the embryo side of the tissue. On mother.s side are blood spaces which surround villi. This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. The waste products generated by the embryo also get removed as they are transferred into mother.s blood.
Discussion
702.

Question : What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young embryo?

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Solution :The uterine lining is thickened every MONTH to support the growing embryo. After fertilization, placenta is developed which SERVE to provide nutrition and OXYGEN to developing embryo from the mother.s blood. It is a disc embedded in the uterine WALL and contains villi on the embryo.s side of the tissue while blood spaces surrounding the villi are PRESENT on mother.s side. Waste products of developing embryo are removed by transferring them into the mother.s blood through the placenta.
Discussion
703.

Question : What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur ?

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Solution :(i) If the EGG is not fertilised, it lives for about one day.
(ii) Since the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg
(iii) THUS its lining becomes thick and spongy.
(IV) This would be required for NOURISHING the embryo if fertilisation had taken place.
(v) Now, however, this lining is not needed any longer.
(vi) So, the lining slowly breaks and COMES out through the vagina as blood and mucous.
(vii) This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known as menstruation.
(viii) It usually lasts for about two to eight days.
Discussion
704.

Question : What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?

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Solution :During TRANSPIRATION, the movement of (Potassium) ions, in and out of the guard cells, causes the OPENING and closing of stomate. When the water moves inside the guard cells, causing them swell up and become turgid, making the STOMATA OPEN. When guard cells cause water to move out of the cell, make guard cells shrunk, and the stomata pore closes.
Discussion
705.

Question : What can you as an individual do to reduce your consumption of the various natural resources ?

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Solution :At an individual level, I will do FOLLOWING activities that can HELP to reduce the consumption of the various natural resources:
`implies` Switch off electric APPLIANCES when not in use.
`implies`Turn off tap when not in use.
`implies`MINIMUM use of auto-vehicles.
`implies`No WASTAGE of food.
`implies`No wastage of paper.
`implies`Say no to plastic.
Discussion
706.

Question : What are zooplanktons ?

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Solution :Aquatic animals which are microscopic, free FLOATING and depend upon phytoplanktons for their FOOD are CALLED ZOOPLANKTONS
Discussion
707.

Question : What are villi ?

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SOLUTION :Finger-like projections PRESENT on the inner lining of small INTESTINE are CALLED villi .
Discussion
708.

Question : What are Vibrissae?

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Solution :In Rabbit, from each SIDE of upper lip a tactile hairs or WHISKERS PRESENT, which are called VIBRISSAE.
Discussion
709.

Question : What are unisexual and bisexual flowers ? Give examples.

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Solution :UNISEXUAL flowers. If a flower has only MALE parts or FEMALE part, it is CALLED unisexual flower. For EXAMPLE flower of pappaya. Bisexual flowers. If a flower has both the male and female sex-organs, it is called bisexual flower. For example - flower of rose.
Discussion
710.

Question : What are two kinds of pollination ? Which one is more beneficial for plants ?

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SOLUTION :Kinds of pollination :
1. Self pollination. It is the transfer of POLLEN from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower of the same plant.
2. Cross-pollination. It is the transfer of pollen from the ANTHERS of FLOWERS of the one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant. Cross-pollination is beneficial for plants as it allows more and more variation to be generated.
Discussion
711.

Question : What are two major functions of DNA ?

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SOLUTION :Replication and expression of genetic INFORMATION in the FORM of polypeptide (Protein).
Discussion
712.

Question : What are trophiclevels ? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it .

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Solution :Each STEP in a food chain constitutes a trophic LEVEL . Example :
`UNDERSET("(Trophic level I)")("Grass") to underset("(Trophic level III)") ("Deer") to underset("(Trophic level III)")("Lion")`
Discussion
713.

Question : What are transgenic organisms?

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SOLUTION :Plants or animals EXPRESSING a MODIFIED endogenous gene or a foreign gene are called transgenic ORGANISMS.
Discussion
714.

Question : What are three basic causes that has brought criticisms about large dams projects ?

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Solution : Criticisms about large dams PROJECT ADDRESS three problems :
(1) Social problems - Construction displaces large number of tribals and local peasants WITHOUT proper compensation and rehabilitation.
(2) Economic problems - Projects need lot of MONEY without the GENERATION of proportionate benefits.
(3) Environmental problems - Construction of a dam causes deforestation and loss of biodiversity.
Discussion
715.

Question : What are those organisms called which bear both the sex organs in the same individiual. Give one example of such organism.

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Solution :ORGANISMS bearing both the sex organs in the same individual are called bisexual. Example, HYDRA, MUSTARD.
Discussion
716.

Question : What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno deficiency virus takes place ?

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Solution :AIDS virus is present in urine, tears, saliva, breast milk and VAGINAL SECRETIONS. The virus is transmitted by the infected patient, who comes in CONTACT with blood of a healthy person. HIV/ AIDS is not transmitted by touch or any physical contact. It SPREADS through contact of body fluids or blood. HIV is generally transmitted by
(a) Sexual contact with infected person.
(b) Use of contaminated needles or syringes.
(c) By the transfusion of contaminated or infected blood or blood products.
(d) From infected MOTHER to her child through placenta.
Discussion
717.

Question : What are the various methods of vegetative propagation? Discuss any one method with example.

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Solution :The various methods of vegetative propagation are:
(i) cutting, (ii) layering,
(iii) grafting, (iv) tissue culture.
Layering: In layering, roots are induced on the stem of a rooted plant. When roots develop, that part of stem is detached from the parent plant and grown in the soil. Layering is of TWO types:
(i) Mound layering: A LOWER branch of a rooted plant is bent and buried into the MOIST soil. The tip of the branch should remain above the ground. In a few days, the buried part of the branch develops roots. It is now cut off from the parent plant and grown in the soil as a new plant. This method is used in the propagation of grapevine, strawberry, raspberry, jasmine, etc.
(ii) Air layering: This method is used in plants like crotons whose branches cannot be bent and buricd in the soil. The stem is girdled, i.e., a ring of bark is REMOVED and then it is covered with a moist moss or cotton and enclosed in a POLYTHENE bag. After a few days, roots emerge from this region and branch is cut off from the parent plant. It can now be planted in the soil as a new plant. This method is used in rose, rubber plant, guavas, pear, apple, mangoes, etc.
Discussion
718.

Question :What are the various evidences in favour of evolution?

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Solution :The FOLLOWING are the various evidence in favour of evolution:
(i) Homologous organs: Organs with a common basic structural design but with different functions are said to be homologous organ. For EXAMPLE, forelimbs of a frog, lizard, bird and man.
The forelimbs of man are used for grasping, of lizard for running, of frog for propping up and bird for flying. They have different functions but have same structural pattern.

(ii) Analogous organs: The analogous organs have different basic structure but perform similar functions. For example, the wing of insects and the wing of birds, have a totally different anatomy and origin but they perform the same function of flying in air.

(iii) EVIDENCES from FOSSILS: The fossils also provide evidences for evolution. For example, the fossil Archaeopteryx looks like a bird but it bears a number of other features, which are found in reptiles. This observation provides a clue that birds have evolved from reptiles.
Discussion
719.

Question : What are the various processes that take place in the duodenum?

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Solution :Processes that take place in the duodenum are:
(i) Bile emulsifies the fat molecules present in the food into small GLOBULES.
(ii) The PANCREATIC ENZYME trypsin starts DIGESTING the proteins and the pancreatic amylase BREAKS down the starch.
(iii) Bile juice secreted by the liver and bicarbonate ions are secreted by the duodenal wall which makes the medium alkaline.
Discussion
720.

Question : What are the various components of blood ? State their function

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Discussion
721.

Question : What are the universal rules of nomenclature ? What does ‘Linn.’ Refers to in Mangifera indica Linn ?

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SOLUTION :‘Linn.’ indicates that the SPECIES was first DESCRIBED by Linnaeus.
Discussion
722.

Question : What are the units of heredity ?

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Solution :GENES or FACTORS or determinants are units of heredity.
Discussion
723.

Question : What are the types of nerve fibres?

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Solution :The two types of nerve fibres, BASED on the presence or absence of MYELIN sheath are,
(a) Myelinated nerve fibre: The axon is COVERED with myelin sheat.
(b) Non-myelinated nerve fibre: The axon is not covered by myelin sheath.
Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres FORM the white matter and grey matter of the brain.
Discussion
724.

Question : What are the types of consumers? What are the criteria for their classification?

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Solution :(i) Consumers are classified as primary consumers secondary consumers and top level consumers,etc.
(ii) These TYPES DEPENDS on the FOOD they eat or PREY they feed on.
Discussion
725.

Question : What are the two types of tumors?

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Solution :(a) Benign tumours or Non-malignant tumours: REMAIN confined in the ORGAN affected and do not spread to other parts of the body.
(B) Malignant tumours: Mass of proliferating cells, which GROW very rapidly invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues.
Discussion
726.

Question : What are the two main methods of reproduction ?

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SOLUTION :ASEXUAL and SEXUAL.
Discussion
727.

Question :What are the treatment of cancer and the preventive measures for cancer?

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Solution :The treatment of cancer involves the following methods:
(a) Surgery: Tumours are removed by surgery to prevent further spread of cancer cells.
(B) Radiation therapy: Tumour cells are irradiated by lethal doses of radiation while protecting the surrounding normal cells.
(C) Chemotherapy: It involves the administration of anticancerous drugs, which prevent cell division and are used to KILL cancer cells.
(d) Immunotherapy: Biological response modifiers like interferons are used to activate the immune system and help in destroying the tumors.
PREVENTIVE measures for cancer:
(a) Cancer control programmes should focus on primary prevention and early detection.
(b) To prevent lung cancer, tobacco smoking is to be avoided.
(c) Protective measures to be taken against exposure to toxic pollutants of industries.
(d) EXCESSIVE exposure to radiation is to be avoided to prevent skin cancer.
Discussion
728.

Question : What are the three types of methods used for birrh control (or regulating child birth)? Give one example of each type.

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SOLUTION :N//A
Discussion
729.

Question : What are the three main parts of script editor?

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Solution :The script editor has THREE main PARTS:
• Script area: Where you build scripts.
• Block MENU: Where you choose the categoryof blocks (programming statements) to USE.
• Block palette: Where you choose the blockto use.
Discussion
730.

Question : What are the symptoms

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Solution :Vomitting, Nausea, SPEECH DIFFICULTY, BLEEDING from the EAR, Numbness and etc.
Discussion
731.

Question : What are the structures involved in the protection of brain?

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Solution :Brain is covered by three connective tissue membrane or meninges.
(a) Duramater, which is the OUTERMOST thick fibrous membrane.
(b) Arachnoid membrane, which is the middle thin vascular membrane providing web like cushion.
(c ) Piamater, which is the inner most, thin delicate membrane richly supplied with BLOOD. MENINGEAL MEMBRANES protect the brain from mechanical injury.
Discussion
732.

Question : What are the steps will you adopt for better waste management ?

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REDUCE the AMOUNT of WASTE formed
reuse the waste
recycle the waste
all of the above

Solution : all of the above
Discussion
733.

Question : What are the steps to be taken to conserve coal and petroleum resources?

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Solution :(a) If electricity is saved, it will INTURN REDUCE the use of coal.
(b) Using bicycles for COVERING SHORT distances instead of using cars, scooters or motorcycles
(c) Using pressure cooker can reduce the consumption of kerosene and LPG, during cooking food.
(d) Solar cooker and solar heaters can be used wherever POSSIBLE.
(e) Motor vehicles should be designed with fuel efficient engines to increase efficiency and also to reduce pollution.
Discussion
734.

Question : What are the sources of solid wastes? How are solid wastes managed?

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Solution :Solid wastes mainly include municipal wastes, hospital wastes, industrial wastes and e-wastes, etc. The solid wastes are dumped in the soil, which results in LANDSCAPE pollution. Solid-waste management involves the collection, treatment and proper disposing of solid material that is discarded from the household and industrial activities.
Methods of solid wastes disposal:
(i) Segregation: It is the separation of different type of waste materials like BIODEGRADABLE and non-biodegradable wastes.
(ii) Sanitary landfill: Solid wastes are dumped into low lying areas. The layers are compacted by trucks to ALLOW settlement. The waste materials get stabilised in about 2-12 months. The ORGANIC matter undergoes decomposition.
(iii) INCINERATION: It is the burning of non-biodegradable solid wastes (medical wastes) in properly constructed furnace at high temperature.
(iv) Composting: Biodegradable matter of solid wastes is digested by microbial action or earthworms and converted into humus.
Discussion
735.

Question : What are the sources of e-waste? What are the environmental impact of e-wastes?

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Solution :E-wastes are called electronic wastes, which includes the spoiled, outdated, non-repairable electrical and electronic devices. These wastes contain toxic metals like lead, cadmium, chromium and mercury, and also contains iron, copper, silicon, aluminium and gold, which can be recovered. The sources of e-wastes are:
(a) Electronic device: Computers, laptops, mobile phones, PRINTERS, MONITORS, televisions, DVD players, calculators, toys and sport equipments.
(b) HOUSE hold electrical appliances: Refrigerators, washing machine, microwave OVEN, mixer, grinder and water heater, etc.
(c) Accessories: Printing cartridges, batteries and chargers.
Environmental impact of e-wastes:
• Disposal of any kind of electrical and electronic devices without knowledge can become the land fill and water pollutants.
• Electronic equipments contain many heavy metals such as lead and cadmium that can cause severe soil and groundwater pollution.
• E-waste dumping yards and the places, nearby are POLLUTED and cause severe health hazard.
Discussion
736.

Question : What are the significance of fertilization and the post fertilization changes?

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SOLUTION :Significance of fertilization:
(a) It stimulates the ovary to develop into fruit.
It helps in development of NEW characters from two different individuals.
Post-fertilization changes:
(a) The ovule DEVELOPS into a seed.
(b) The integuments of the ovule develop into the seed COAT.
(c) The ovary enlarges and develops into a fruit.
Discussion
737.

Question :What are the secretions of alpha and beta cells of Islets of Langerhans?

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Solution :ALPHA CELLS secrete Glucagon and BETA cells secrete INSULIN.
Discussion
738.

Question : What are the qualities of an ideal source of energy?

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SOLUTION :It should be POLLUTION FREE and should not LEAVE any RESIDUE.
Discussion
739.

Question :What are the problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes that we generate ?

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Solution : (i) Non-biodegradable pesticides and fertilisers run off with rain water to water BODIES, cause water pollution and affect the soil by making it EITHER acidic or alkaline.
(ii) Some of the non-biodegradable pesticides like DDT enter the food chain and cause BIOMAGNIFICATION in HUMANS and other animals.
Discussion
740.

Question : What are the physical changes that resulted in the upright posture in the course of evolution of human?

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SOLUTION :(i) Developed STRONGER and straighter legs with feet suited more for walking.
(ii) They STARTED using their hands for grasping and for various purposes.
(iii) The pelvic girdle changed into a broad basin like STRUCTURE to support the trunk.
(iv) Changes in the pelvic girdle and associated MUSCLES.
Discussion
741.

Question : What are the phases of menstrual cycle? Indicate the changes in the ovary and uterus.

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Solution :The four phases of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE are:
(a) Menstrual or Destructive phase
(B) Follicular or Proliferative phase
(c) OVULATORY phase
(d) Luteal or secretory phase
EVENTS of menstrual cycle and changes in ovary and changes in uterus.
Discussion
742.

Question : What are the objectives for replacing non-conventional energy resources from conventional energy resources?

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SOLUTION :(a)Non-conventional energy RESOURCES can be replenished quickly.
(b) Hydrocarbons are FORMED over a period of thousands of years, when the remains of dead plants and animals are BURIED inside the Earth.
(c) Burning coal and oil results in air pollution.
(d) Conserve fossil fuels, using ALTERNATE source of energy, when possible.
(e) Wise utilization of non-renewable natural resources.
Discussion
743.

Question : What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?

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Solution :The conditions necessary for AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION are sunlight, chlorophyll, CARBON DIOXIDE and water. The byproducts of autotrophic nutrition are water and oxygen.
Discussion
744.

Question : What are the necessar conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what areits by-products?

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Solution :Autotrophic nutrition or photosynthesisis a PROCESS by which organic food is MANUFACTURED from inorganicraw materials. The basic requirementsfor the photosynthetic process are chlorophyll, CARBON DIOXIDE, water and LIGHT. Duringthisprocessoxygenandwater are produced as by-products.
Discussion
745.

Question : What are the methods used by plants to get ridof excretory products ?

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SOLUTION :Plants do not PRODUCE nitrogenouswastes like urea and uric acid. They produce waste productscalled secondary metabolites. Alkaloids,tannins, aromaticoils, resin, gums are afew EXAMPLES of secondary metabolites. The other wastes of plant metabolism are mentioned below along with the mechanism in whichthey are eliminated :
(i)Plants produce carbon dioxide as wastes during respiration. Oxygen is released as a by product during photosynthesis . Both these are eliminated throughminute openingscalled stomata .
(ii)Excess amount of WATER is removed in the formof vapour by the process called transpiration.
(iii)Waste products stored in leaves is eliminated alongwith falling leaves .
(iv)Some waste products like gums and resins are deposited in oldxylem tissue which become non-fuctional .
(v) Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them throughroots.
(iv)Bark consists of dead cells which is PEELED off periodically. Tannins and otherother wastes are deposited in the bark.
Discussion
746.

Question : What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?

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Solution :To get rid of excretory products, plants use the following ways:
(i) The plants get rid of gaseous waste products through STOMATA on leaves and lenticels in STEMS.
(ii) The plants get rid of stored solid and liquid WASTES by shedding of leaves, peeling of bark and felling of fruits. (iii) The plants also secrete wastes in the form of gums and resins. (iv) Plants also excrete some waste substances through roots into the soil around them.
(v) Excess of WATER is eliminated by the process of TRANSPIRATION.
(vi) In living cells, many cytoplasmic wastes are shifted to cellular vacuoles.
Discussion
747.

Question : What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products ?

Answer»

Solution :Excretion in Plants
1. Excess of water passes out during transpiration.
2. Plants get rid of dead tissue as a measure to eliminate waste.
3. Waste products may be stored in cellular vacuoles.
4. Waste products may be stored in leaves which fall off.
5. Resins and gums are stored in old xylem.
6. Plants also excrete wastes into SOIL.
7. Aquatic plants lose their waste products by DIFFUSION into the water .
Discussion
748.

Question : What are the methods to conserve the forest?

Answer»

Solution :(a) Afforestation: Planting and protecting trees which help in restoration of green cover are called afforestation programme. Destruction of trees should be avoided.
(B) SOCIAL forestry programme: Active participation of the public and utilization of COMMON land, to produce firewood, fodder and timber for the benefit of the rural community.
(c) FOREST CONSERVATION through Laws: Adopting laws and policies, to conserve and protect forests through National Forest Policy,
Discussion
749.

Question :What are the male and female gonads in human beings? Mention their functions.

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Solution :The male gonads in human beings are a pair of testes. The testis lies in a sac OUTSIDE the abodominal cavity called scrotum. The function of testis is to regulate the production of sperms and secretion of male HORMONE, TESTOSTERONE. The female gonads in human beings are pair of ovaries located in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys. The ovaries perform DUAL functions of:
(i) production of female hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
(II) production of female gamete ovum/ova.
Discussion
750.

Question : What are the major causes and contributing factors for heart disease?

Answer»

Solution :Hypercholesterolemia (High blood cholesterol) and high blood pressure (Hypertension) are the major CAUSES and contributing factors for HEART disease.
HEREDITY (family history), diet rich in saturated fat and cholesterol, obesity, INCREASING age,cigarette smoking, emotional stress, SEDENTARY lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity are some of the causes.
Discussion