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801.

Question : What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?

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Solution :Transport system in human beings consists of heart, blood and blood VESSELS. (i) Heart: The muscular organ which pumps and receives the blood. (ii) Blood: It is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of (a) plasma, (b) RBC, (c) WBC and (d) blood platelets. Plasma transports food, CO2 as nitrogenous wastes in DISSOLVED form. RBCs transports respiratory gases and hormones. WBCs protect the body from infections and platelets prevent the loss of blood at the time of injury by forming blood clots. (iii) Vessels: They are subdivided into: Arteries: CARRIES blood from heart to DIFFERENT body parts. Veins: Transport blood towards heart from various body parts.Capillaries: Exchange of materials between blood and living cells through tissue fluid.
Discussion
802.

Question : What are the components of the transport system in human beings ? What are the functions of these components ?

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Solution :The main components ofthe transport system in human beings are the heart, BLOOD and blood vessels.
• Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from the VARIOUS body parts and sends this IMPURE blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
• Blood helps in the transport of oxygen, NUTRIENTS, Co, and nitrogenous waste.
• The blood vessels (arteries, veins and CAPILLARIES) carry blood either away from the heart to various organs or from various organs back to the heart.
Discussion
803.

Question : What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?

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SOLUTION :The COMPONENTS of the TRANSPORT system of HIGHLY organised plants consists of xylem and phloem.Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.
Discussion
804.

Question : Whatare the components of the transport system in highly organised plants ?

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Solution :The transport system consists of xylem and phloem.
Xylem whichhave vessels and tracheids to transport water and MINERALS from root to other parts of theplant.
Phloem whichconsists of sieve tubes, sieve cellsand companion cells transport FOOD from LEAVES to storage organsand other parts of theplant.
In xylem, the transport isunidirectional i.e., from root upward whilein phloem, it is bidirectional .
Discussion
805.

Question : What are the common features between all the respiratory organs? Explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange between tissues and blood.

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Solution :Common features between all the respiratory organs are:
(i) All the respiratory organs have large surface areas to get enough oxygen.
(ii) All the respiratory organs are thin-walled for easy diffusion of gases and substances.
(iii) All the respiratory organs (like skin, lungs, GILLS) have a rich supply of blood for TRANSPORTING respiratory gases.
The mechanism of gaseous exchange between tissues and blood is as follows: (i) The blood reaching the tissues has higher concentration of oxygen than in the cells so it gets diffused into the cells.
(ii) The carbon dioxide, which is FORMED in the cells, gets accumulated in higher concentration as compared in the blood, so it easily DIFFUSES into the blood.
(iii) The blood with `CO_(2)` TAKES this gas to the lungs, from where it is expelled out during exhalation.
Discussion
806.

Question : What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?

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SOLUTION :i] Menarche - BEGINNING of menstruation
ii] Development of breasts
iii] Appearance of pubic hair
IV] Appearance of underarm hair
v] Oily skin
vi] PIMPLES
Discussion
807.

Question : What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty ?

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Solution :Changes at the time of PUBERTY. These changes occur under the influence of hormones FSH (Follicle stimulating HORMONE) and estrogen.
(1) Growth of breast and external GENITALIA.
(2) Darkening of nipple skin.
(3) Broadening of pelvis.
(4) Growth of pubic and AXILLARY hair.
(5) Increase in subcutaneous fat.
(6) Initiation of MENSTRUATION and ovulation.
Discussion
808.

Question :What are the causes of variations?

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Solution :FOLLOWING are the CAUSES of variations:
(i) Dual PERCENTAGE: Offsprings inherit some features from mother and some from father, hence no OFFSPRING will exactly RESEMBLE to either of the parent or each other.
(ii) Mutation in gene or chromosomal pattern also causes variations.
Discussion
809.

Question : What are the causes of inbuilt tendency of variations ?

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Solution :1. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2. ERRORS in DNA copying.
Discussion
810.

Question :What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?

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Solution :Mechanical barriers like condom PREVENT the SPERMS from reaching the egg. Thus it is an effective METHOD to avoid pregnancy. It ALSO PREVENTS transmission of infections during sexual act.
Discussion
811.

Question : What are the basic events in evolution?

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Solution :A gradual genetic change in a group of LIVING BEINGS to PRODUCE new forms brought about by changes in DNA during reproduction are the BASIC events in evolution.
Discussion
812.

Question : What are the basic differences between male and female germ cell?

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
813.

Question : (a) What is stage? (b) What are the agents of soil erosion?

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Solution :High velocity of wind, air currents, FLOWING water, land slide, HUMAN activities such as deforestation, farming and mining, and overgrazing by cattle are the agents of soil EROSION.
Discussion
814.

Question : What are the advantages of watershed management ?

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Solution :The ADVANTAGES of watershed management:
(1) It emphasises scientific conservation of soil and water in order to increase biomass PRODUCTION.
(2) The main objective is to develop primary resources of land and water.
(3) To produce secondary resources of plants and animals for use in a manner, which will not cause ecological IMBALANCE.
( 4 ) Watershed management increases the production and income of watershed community.
(5) It also mitigate DROUGHTS and flood.
(6) It increases the aquatic LIFE present downstream of the dam and reservoirs.
Discussion
815.

Question : What are the advantages of using mechanical barriers during the sexual act?

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Solution :BENEFITS of using mechanical barriers during sexual act are:
i] It creates a barrier so that sperm does not REACH the egg, thus it avoids unwanted pregnancy.
ii] USE of barriers also protects a PERSON from sexually TRANSMITTED diseases as gonnorhea, AIDS, etc.
Discussion
816.

Question :What are the advantages of using biogas?

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SOLUTION :The advantages of using biogas are as follows:
(a) It burns without smoke, causing less pollution.
(b) It is an excellent way to get rid of organic wastes like bio-waste and sewage material.
(c) Left over SLURRY is a good manure rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.
(d) It is safe and convenient to use.
(E) It can REDUCE the amount of GREEN house gases emitted.
Discussion
817.

Question : What are the advantages of nuclear energy ?

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Solution :The advantages of nuclear energy are:
(1) It produces much more energy than the other conventional SOURCES. For EXAMPLE, the fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of CARBON from coal.
(2 ) As compared to the space required to harness hydro energy, THERMAL energy, etc. less space is required to harness nuclear energy.
Discussion
818.

Question : What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction ?

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Solution :(i) The offspring exhibit diversity of CHARACTERS as the fusing gametes come from two DIFFERENT and sexually distinct individuals.
(ii) Meiosis during gametogenesis provides opportunities for NEW combination of GENES.
Discussion
819.

Question : What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker ? Are there places where solar cookers would have limited utility ?

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Solution :
`rarr` Yes, the place where Sun shine/solar ENERGY is INSUFFICIENT, the UTILITY of solar cooker would be limited. ALSO on a rainy and cloudy day solar cooker cannot WORK.
Discussion
820.

Question : What are the advantages and disadvantages to build dams?

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Solution :Advantages of dams:(1) Storage of adequate water ensure the water supply to CROP FIELD round the year for IRRIGATION.
(2) The water from dams is used to generate electricity.
(3) To stop the flow of rain water to sea and help to control flood to some extent.
( 4 ) Canal systems leading from the dams can transfer large amounts of water over great DISTANCE i.e., to semi-arid and arid regions.
Disadvantages of dams :( 1 ) Poor tribals loose their habitat.
(2) Agricultural land is submerged.
(3) Large ecosystem is LOST.
(4) There is no equitable distribution of water.
Due to it, people close to the source grow water intensive crops like rice, sugarcane, etc. while people farther downstream do not get any water.
Discussion
821.

Question : What are the adaptations of leaf for photosynthesis?

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Solution :(a) Leaves provide LARGE surface AREA for maximum light absorption.
(b) Leaves are arranged at RIGHT angles to the light source in a way that causes overlapping.
(c) The extensive network of veins enables quick transport of substances to and from the mesophyll cells.
(d) Presence of numerous stomata for GASEOUS exchange.
(e) The chloroplasts are more in number on the upper surface of leaves.
Discussion
822.

Question : What are the adaptations of a leaf photosynthesis ?

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Solution :Leaves are best SUITED for photosynthesis because :
(a)Leaves are flattened organs which provides more SURFACE are for maximum ABSORPTION of sunlight.
(b) They are green because of large number of chlorophasts present which have chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis .
(c)Stomata on LOWER epidermis help in exchange of gases but also reduces TRANSPIRATION as not present on upper epidermis .
(d)Large number of veinsfor good conduction of water and also food.
Discussion
823.

Question : What are target organs ?

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SOLUTION :The hormones, which ANRE PRODUCED in minute QUANTITIES, ACT on specific organs which are called as target organs.
Discussion
824.

Question : What are synthetic auxins? Give examples.

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Solution :Artificially synthesized AUXINS, which have the properties like auxins are called as synthetic auxins. eg. 2,4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic acid, Indole-3-Propionic Acid, alpha- NAPHTHALENE Acetic Acid (NAA), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy Acetic acid) are some of the synthetic auxins.
Discussion
825.

Question : What are structural isomers? Name the first member of alkanes that shows structural isomerism.

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SOLUTION :COMPOUNDS with IDENTICAL molecular formula but different structures are CALLED structural isomers.
Discussion
826.

Question : What are spores?

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Solution :Spores are unicellular asexual REPRODUCTIVE structures PRODUCED in SPORANGIA.
Discussion
827.

Question : What are sporangia?

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Solution :Sporangia are ASEXUAL reproductive STRUCTURES which produce SPORES.
Discussion
828.

Question : What are sexually transmitted diseases (STD) ?

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Solution :The sexual ACT is a connection of bodies of two individuals. So, many diseases can be transmitted through sexual act.
BACTERIAL infections : Syphilis, gonorrhoea very intimate
VIRAL infections : Warts, HIV-AIDS
Using a CONDOM during sexual act HELPS to prevent transmission of many such infections to some extent.
Discussion
829.

Question : What are sexually transmitted diseases? List two examples of each disease caused due to (i) bacterial infection and (ii) viral infection. Which device or devices may be used to prevent the spread of such diseases?

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Solution :DISEASES which are transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person due to unsafe sex are called sexually transmitted diseases.
TWO examples:
BACTERIAL disease: Gonorrhoea and syphili
s VIRAL disease: WARTS and AIDS
Preventive measures: Use of condoms or similar coverings.
Discussion
830.

Question : What are secondary metabolites ?

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Solution :1) The materials which do not REQUIRE for normal growth and development are called secondary metabolites. These are the by-PRODUCTS of plants. eg: Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc. THOUGH plants produce these chemicals for their own use man found the usage of these chemicals for own benefits. They are generally coloured and fragrant.
2) Alkaloids : These are nitrogenous by- products and poisonous. These are stored in different parts of the plants. Common alkaloids in plants and their uses are given in the table.

3) Tannins: Tannins are carbon compounds. These are stored in different parts of the plant and are deep brown in colour. Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines. e.g. Cassia, Acacia.
4) Resin: Occur mostly in Gymnosperms in specialized passages called resin passages . . These are used in varnishes. e.g. Pinus.
5) Gums: Plants like Neem, Acacia oozes out a sticky substance called gum. When branches are cut. The gum swells by ABSORBING WATER and helps in the healing of damaged parts of a plant. Gums are economically valuable and used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food, etc.
6) Latex: Latex is a sticky, milky white substance secreted by plants. Latex is stored in latex cells or latex vessels. From the latex of Hevea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of bio-diesel.
7) Modern chewing gum originally made of chick natural latex from plant.
Discussion
831.

Question : What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon? Write the structure of the simplest hydrocarbon ?

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Solution :The hydrocarbon in which VALENCY of carbon is saturated hydrocarbon. The valencies of all the atoms are satisifed by double or TRIPLE bonds between them are called unsaturated hydrocarbon. The SIMPLEST hydrocarbon is methane.
`H-UNDERSET(H)underset(|)OVERSET(H)overset(|)C- H`
Discussion
832.

Question : What are satellite?

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SOLUTION :Some of the chromosomes have an ELONGATED knob-like APPENDAGE at ONE end of the chromosome, known as satellite.
Discussion
833.

Question :What are Rh antibodies?

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Solution :`Rh^(-)` NEGATIVE PERSONS do not have Rh ANTIGEN on the surface of RBC. Antibodies DEVELOPED against this Rh antigen is CALLED Rh antibodies.
Discussion
834.

Question : What are Receptors? Write a short note on Receptors.

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Solution :Sensory projections are called Receptors on the DORSAL SIDE, there are five pairs of EYES on the first five SEGMENTS. Annular receptors are LOCATED in each Annulus and segmental receptors are located on the first annulus of each segment.
Discussion
835.

Question : What are receptors ? State the example, location and function of different receptors in human body.

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Solution :A specialised structure in human BODY that receives external stimuli is called receptor.
`RARR` These receptors are located in our SENSE ORGANS. TYPES of receptors are as follows :
Discussion
836.

Question : What are receptors ? Name the receptors that are located innose.

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SOLUTION :Sense ORGANS are CALLED receptors
Nose `to` Ofactory receptory
Discussion
837.

Question : What are receptors ? Name the receptors that are located intongue, nose.

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Solution :Sense ORGANS are called RECEPTORS
Tongue `to` GUSTATORY receptors
Discussion
838.

Question : What are psychotropic drugs ?

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Solution :The drugs which ACT on the brain and alter the behaviour, CONSCIOUSNESS, POWER of THINKING and PERCEPTION, are called Psychotropic drugs. They are also called Mood altering drugs.
Discussion
839.

Question : What are plasmids ?

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SOLUTION :The SMALL CIRCULAR DNA, OUTSIDE the genomic DNA of BACTERIA.
Discussion
840.

Question : What are plant hormones' ?

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SOLUTION :These are CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES which HELP in controland COORDINATION of plants.
Discussion
841.

Question :What are phytoplanktons ?

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Solution :AQUATIC PLANTS which are microscopic, FREE FLOATING and act as producers in the aquatic ecosystem are called phytoplanktons.
Discussion
842.

Question : What are peristaltic movements?

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Solution :The CONTRACTION and expansion movements of the walls of FOODPIPE are CALLED PERISTALTIC movements. This movement pushes the food in forward DIRECTION in the alimentary canal.
Discussion
843.

Question : What are oxysomes?

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Solution :The inner mitochondria membrane bear MINUTE regularly SPACED, TENNIS racket SHAPED particlescalled Oxysomes, which INVOLVE in ATP synthesis.
Discussion
844.

Question : What are outside raw materials used by living organism ?

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Solution :Outside raw materials used by living organism
1. Food. It is the source of energy .
2. Oxygen. Required for breaking down of carbon BASED molecules to liberate energy in the body.
3. WATER. It is required for proper DIGESTION of food and other FUNCTIONS in the body.
Discussion
845.

Question : What are outside raw materials used by an organism ?

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Solution :NUTRIENTS, WATER and oxygen are the RAW materials obtained from an exterior source. These raw materials enable the organism to PERFORM various lifeactivitiesessential for their survival. Plants also use `CO_(2)`light energy and WATERTO carry out photosynthesis .
Discussion
846.

Question : What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

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SOLUTION :Outside raw materials provide ENERGY to ORGANISMS to maintain their BODY processes. They are needed to prevent damage and break-down in the body.
Discussion
847.

Question : What are Okazaki fragments?

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Solution :The short SEGMENTS of DNA are called OKAZAKI fragments.
Discussion
848.

Question : What are nuclear pores? State their function.

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SOLUTION :Minute pores present in the NUCLEAR envelope, provide passage for movement of RNA and proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm.
Discussion
849.

Question : What are non-green plants? Give an example.

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Solution :The plants, which do not have the GREEN pigment, CHLOROPHYLL and so they cannot prepare their FOOD independently are called non-green plants. Eg. Orchids LACK Chlorophyll.
Discussion
850.

Question : What are non-conventional energy resources? What does it include?

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Solution :The energy resources available in unlimited amount in nature and they can be renewed over a short period of TIME, inexpensive and can be harvested continuously is called the nonconventional energy resources. The non-conventional energy resources includes biofuel, bio mass energy, GEOTHERMAL energy, WATER energy (HYDRO electric energy and tidal energy), SOLAR energy, wave energy and wind energy.
Discussion