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18701.

Question : Define the term inflorescence. Explain the basis for the different types inflorescence in flowering plants.

Answer»

SOLUTION :For ANSWER SEE section-A, Q. No. 12
Discussion
18702.

Question : Define the term Enolation.

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Solution :In glycolysis, at step nine, 2 - phosphglycerate is DEHYDRATED into phospho enol pyruvate by the enzyme enolase. As a result, an enol group is FORMED WITHIN the molecule. This PROCESS is called ENOLATION.
Discussion
18703.

Question : Define the termdiffusion.

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Solution :The net MOVEMENT of MOLECULES from a region of their higher CONCENTRATION to a region of their LOWER concentration ALONG a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is attained.
Discussion
18704.

Question : Define the term bionergetics.

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SOLUTION :The STUDY of energy transformations involved in chemical REACTIONS in living CELLS.
Discussion
18705.

Question : Define dendroclimatology.

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SOLUTION :Dendroclimatologyis a branchof dendrochronologywithconstructingrecordsof pastclimatesand climaticeventsbyanalysis of TREE growthcharacteristics, ESPECIALLY growthrings .
Discussion
18706.

Question : What does bioassay mean?

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Solution :Bioassay means TESTING of substances for their activity in causing a GROWTH response in a living PLANT or its part.
Discussion
18707.

Question : Define the term ‘Respiratory substrate’.

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Solution :The ORGANIC SUBSTANCES which is catabolished or brokendown enzymatically in CELLULAR respiration for releasing ENERGY.
Discussion
18708.

Question : Define the diagram.

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SOLUTION :Movement of GENES through gametes or movement of individuals in (immigration) and out (emigration) of a population is referred to as GENE flow. It can be a strong agent of evolution.
Discussion
18709.

Question : Define the Hypogynous flower

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SOLUTION :HYPOGYNOUS FLOWER : A flower possesing a SUPERIOR OVARY.
Discussion
18710.

Question : Define the Hormone gland

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SOLUTION :HORMONES are INFORMATIONAL MOLECULES secreted by ENDOCRINE glands.
Discussion
18711.

Question : Define the following terms zygomorphic

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Solution :Zygomorphic: When a flower can be divided into similar TWO VERTICAL HALVES only in ONE plane e.g. pea.
Discussion
18712.

Question : Define the following terms superior ovary

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Solution :Superior oyary: When the VARIOUS WHORLS of a flower are arranged below the OVARY, the carpel occupies the highest POSITION and other floral parts are bome below it, then the ovary is said to be superior and flower is called hypogynous.
Discussion
18713.

Question : Define the following terms placentation

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SOLUTION :Placentation: It REFERS to the ARRANGEMENT of ovules on placenta within the OVARY.
Discussion
18714.

Question : Define the following terms perigynous flower

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Solution :Perigynous FLOWER: When gynoccium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are LOCATED on the RIM of thalamus almost at the same level, it is CALLED perigynous flower e.g. PLUM.
Discussion
18715.

Question : Define the following terms epipetalous stamen

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Solution :Epipetalous STAMEN: When the STAMENS are attached to petals the CONDITION is called epipetalous e.g. PETUNIA, Brinjal.
Discussion
18716.

Question : Define the following terms and giove their location. (a) Parkinjefiber (b) Bundleof His.

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SOLUTION :(a) Parkinje Fibres : they are musculature diffusing EXCITATION from AV NODE to walls of VENTRICLES.
(b) Bundle of his : A group of SPECIAL fibres produced from AV node.
Discussion
18717.

Question : Define the following terms aestivation

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Solution :Aestivation: It is the ARRANGEMENT of PETALS in a flower bud in RESPECT to ONE ANOTHER.
Discussion
18718.

Question : Define the following terms actinomorphic

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Solution :Actinomorphic: When a flower can be divided into TWO similar vertical HALVES in more than ONE PLANE e.g. Petunia
Discussion
18719.

Question : Define the following terms : (a) Aestivation (b) Placentation (c) Actinomorphie (d) Zygomorphic (e) Superior ovary (f) Perigynous flower (g) Epipetalous

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Solution :(a) AESTIVATION : The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.
(b) Placentation : The arrangement of ovules in ovary is known as placentation.
(c) Actinomorphic : Actinomorphic flowers can be DIVIDED into two radial HALVES by any radial plane passing through its centre.
(d) Zygomorphic : Zygomorphic flowers are those flowers which can be divided into two SIMILAR halves by a single vertical plane, e.g. pea and beans.
(e) Superior ovary : Superior ovary flowers are those flowers in which thalamus becomes CONE shaped and ovary is arranged at the top. Such ovary is called superior ovary and the flower is called Hypogynus e.g. Dhatura, China rose.
( f ) Perigynous flower : If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of a flower are located on the rim of thalamus almost at the same level, it is called perigynous. Such ovary is said to be half interior e.g. plum, rosc, peach.
(g) Epipetalous stamen : When stamen are associated with petals it is called epiperalous ein. Dhaturo.
Discussion
18720.

Question : Definitions / Explanation: Hormone

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SOLUTION :Chemicals which are SYNTHESIZED by ductless gland, SECRETED and transported by blood are CALLED HORMONES.
Discussion
18721.

Question : Definitions / Explanation: Exocrine glands

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Solution :Secretion of the GLANDS transported by specific duct to the target ORGAN, such glands are CALLED exocrine glands.
Discussion
18722.

Question : Define the following: (a) tidal volume (b)vital capacity.

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SOLUTION :(a) Tidal volumeis amount of air inhaled or exhaled inonebreath in a normaladult person. It is about 500 ml.
(B) Vital CAPACITY .See Answer no. 5 (i) Two marks each- STATE BOARD Questions.
Discussion
18723.

Question : Definitions / Explanation: Endocrine glands

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Solution :Chemicals SYNTHESIZED by glands are directly poured into the BLOOD to reach target ORGAN. Such glands are CALLED endocrine gland.
Discussion
18724.

Question : Define the following: (a) Exocrine gland , (b) Endocrine gland, (c ) Hormone

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SOLUTION :(a) Exocrine GLANDS
Glands that discharge secretions into ducts are known as exocrine glands. Sebaceous gland in the skin, salivary galnd in the buccu cavity, etc. ectopic collections of sebaceous glands in oral cavity are celled Fordyce granyles are examples of exocrine glands.
(b) Endocrine Glands
Glands that do not discharge their secretions into ducts are knwn as endocrine glands . Instead, these glands discharge their secretions DIRECTLY into the blood. Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, etc. are examples of endocrine glands.
(c) Hormones
Hormones are chemicalmessenger that REGULATE physiological processes in living organisms. They act upon specific cells/tissues/organs which are CALLED target cells/tissues/organs
Discussion
18725.

Question : Define the Exocrine gland

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SOLUTION :GLAND with duct is known as EXOCRINE gland.e.g. SALIVARY GLANDS
Discussion
18726.

Question : Define the Endocrine gland

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SOLUTION :Gland without DUCT is KNOWN as ENDOCRINE gland.eg.pituitary
Discussion
18727.

Question : Define the Bilateral symmetry in animalswith an example.

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Solution : BODY DIVIDES into two IDENTICAL left and right HALVES. E.g. arthropods.
Discussion
18728.

Question : Define the Acoelomate animals in animalswith an example.

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Solution : body CAVITY is ABSENT. EG. PLATYHELMINTHES.
Discussion
18729.

Question : Define Taxonomy.

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Solution :TAXONOMY is ''the science dealing with the study of classification INCLUDING the bases, principles, RULES and PROCEDURES''.
Discussion
18730.

Question : What is Synapsis ? Explain its types .

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SOLUTION :In ZYGOTENE, pairing of homologous CHROMOSOMES takes place and it is KNOWN as SYNAPSIS.
Discussion
18731.

Question : Define : Symplast pathway.

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SOLUTION :The water absorbed by endodermis of root and root HAIR moves through cytoplasm of cells to inter CELLULAR SPACES via Plasmodesmata then it is CALLED symplast pathway.
Discussion
18732.

Question : Define : Symport .

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SOLUTION :In symport both molecules cross the MEMBRANE in the same DIRECTION.
Discussion
18733.

Question : Define Stele & mention its types.

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SOLUTION :Stele refers to the central CYLINDER of vascular TISSUES consisting of xylem, phlocm, pericycle and sometimes medullary rays with PITH.
There are two types of steles: 1. Protostele 2. Siphonostele
Discussion
18734.

Question : Define stele.

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Solution :Stele : All the TISSUES present inside ENDODERMIS COMPRISE the stle. It includes PERICYCLE and vascular system.
Discussion
18735.

Question : Define Spermatization.

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SOLUTION :In spermatization method a uninucleate pycniospore/micorconidium is TRANSFERRED to RECEPTIVE HYPHAL CELL (Example : Puccinia/Neurospora).
Discussion
18736.

Question : Define species

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SOLUTION :Species is a group of organisms that have similar morphological and physiological characters which can INTERBREED to PRODUCE FERTILE offsprings.
Discussion
18737.

Question : Define:- Sjogren's syndrome

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Solution :Sjogren's SYNDROME: PROGRESSIVE inability to SECRETE SALIVA and tears.
Discussion
18738.

Question : Define Siphonostele. Explain its types.

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Solution :In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre. It includes Ectophloic siphonostele, Amphiphlojc siphonostele, Solenostele, Eustele, Atactostele and Polycylic stele.
(i) Eetophloic siphonostele: The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the xylem. Pith is in centre. E.g. Osmunda.
(ii) Amphiphloic siphonostele: The phloem is present on both the sides of xylem. The pith is in the centre. E.g. Marsilea.
Solenostele: The stele is perforated at a PLACE or places corresponding the origin or the leaf trace.
(a) Eetophloic solenostele-Pith is in the centre and the xylem is surrounded by phloem. E.g. Osmunda.
(6) Amphiphloic solenostele - Pith is in the centre and the phloem is present on both sides of the xylem. E.g. Adiantum pedatum.
(c) Dictyostele - The stele is separated into several VASCULAR strands and each one is called meristele. E.g. Adiantum capillus-veneris
(iv) Eustele: The stele is split into distinct COLLATERAL vascular bundles around the pith. E.g. Dicot stem.
(v) Atactostele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles and are scattered in the ground TISSUE. E.g. Monocot stem.
(vi) Polycyclic stele: The vascular tissues are present in the FORM of two or more concentri1C cylinders. E.g. Pteridium.
Discussion
18739.

Question : Define signal transduction.

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Solution :The process by which the CELLS RECEIVE INFORMATION from OUTSIDE and respond is called signal transduction.
Discussion
18740.

Question : Define siphonegamy.

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SOLUTION :It is FERTILIZATION brough out with the HELP of POLLEN TUBE.
Discussion
18741.

Question : Define shrub. Give an example.

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Solution :A shrub is a PERENNIAL, woody plant with several main stems ARISING from the ground LEVEL. EG. Hibiscus
Discussion
18742.

Question : Define Siphonogamous condition.

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SOLUTION :Siphonogamy refers to the development of POLLEN TUBES for the transfer of MALE nuclei to EGG cell.
Discussion
18743.

Question : What is serotaxonomy?

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Solution :The classification of very similar plants by means of differences in the PROTEINS they CONTAIN, to SOLVE TAXONOMIC problems is called SEROTAXONOMY.
Discussion
18744.

Question : Define selective reabsorption.

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Solution :PROCESS by which USEFUL SUBSTANCES are reabsorbed from the nephric filtrate in the blood CAPILLARIES.
Discussion
18745.

Question : Define Seed germination and state its types.

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Solution :The ACTIVATION and growth of EMBRYO from seed into SEEDLING during FAVOURABLE conditions is called seed germination. There are two methods of seed germination. Epigeal and HYPOGEAL.
Discussion
18746.

Question : Define sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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Solution :ANETWORK of SER in the SARCOPLASM of STRIATED MUSCLE FIBRES
Discussion
18747.

Question : Define R.Q. What is its significance ?

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SOLUTION :R.Q. is the RATIO of volume of `CO_(2)` RELEASED to volume of `O_(2)` TAKEN in during respiration. Value of R.Q. gives the indication of nature of substrate respired by a PARTICULAR tissue.
Discussion
18748.

Question : Define R.Q. (Respiratory quotient). Give R.Q., if respiratory substrate is oxalic acid, tripalmitin and glucose.

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SOLUTION :R.Q. is the ratio of VOLUME of `CO_(2)` released to the volume of `O_(2)` taken up in respiration. Value of R.Q. : Oxalic ACID = 4, Tripalmithin = 0.7, Glucose = 1.
Discussion
18749.

Question : Explain : Root Pressure.

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SOLUTION :Mineral IONS are absorbed by roots from the soil. As a result PRESSURE is CAUSED of water.s available status in side the root. So water enters into root hair from soil and from there it moves to xylem cells. This process is CALLED root pressure.
Discussion
18750.

Question : Define respiratory quotient (RQ). Give R Q of fat and protein.

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Solution :The RATIO of the volue of `CO_2` evolved to the VOLUME of `O_2` CONSUMED in respiration is called the respiratory quotient
(RQ)RQ for FAT is less than 1.
RQ for ptotein is about 0.19.
Discussion