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15751.

Question : How would you explain seed set in papaya in the absence of male plant in close vicinity of a female plant?

Answer»

Solution :In papaya, pollination takes place by WIND. Even if male plant is not growing in VICINITY of female plant, pollen GRAINS from male plant growing at a distance can reach to stigma of female plant by wind and THUS seed is FORMED and ulti-mately fruit develops in female plant of papaya even if it is growing singly.
Discussion
15752.

Question : How is yoghurt produced ?

Answer»

Solution :Yogurt is produced by bacterial fermentation of milk , and lactic acid is produced as a BYPRODUCT. MICROORGANISMS such as Streptococcus THERMOPHILUS andLactobacillus bulgaricus coagulate the milk PROTEIN and convert the lactose in the milk to lactic . The FLAVOUR in yogurt is due to acetaldehyde.
Discussion
15753.

Question : How would the gine flow or genetic drift affect the poputation in which either of them happen take place?

Answer»

Solution :Result in CHANGED frequency of GENES (or ALLIES) in both population cuasing variation, LEADING to evolution/speciation/gounder effect.
Discussion
15754.

Question : How will you prepare an organic pesticide for your home garden with the vegetables available from your kitchen?

Answer»

Solution :Step 1: Mix 120 g of hot chillies with 110 g of garlic or onion. Chop them thoroughly.
Step 2: Blend the vegetables together manually or using an electric grinder until it forms a THICK paste.
Step 3: Add the vegetable paste to 500 ml of warm water. Give the INGREDIENTS a stir to thoroughly mix them together.
Step 4: Pour the soultion into a glass container and leave it undisturbed for 24 hours. If possible, keep the container in a sunny location. If not, at least keep the mixture in a warm place.
Step 5: Strain the mixture. Pour the solution through a strainer, remove the vegetables and collect the vegetable-infused water and pour into another container. This filtrate is the pesticide. Either discard the vegetables or use it as a compost.
Step 6: Pour the pesticide into a squirt bottle. Make sure that the spray bottle has FIRST been CLEANED with warm water and soap to get rid it of any potential contaminants. Use a funnel to transfer the liquid into the squirt bottle and replace the nozzle.
Step 7: Spray your plants with the pesticide. TREAT the infected plants every 4 to 5 days with the solution. After 3 or 4 treatments, the pest will be eliminated. If the area is thoroughly covered with the solution, this pesticide should keep bugs away for the rest of the season.
Discussion
15755.

Question : Howwine is made ? Which organism is involved in the process.

Answer»

Solution :WINE is made by the fermentation of grape JUICE.
Grape juice is fermented by DIFFERENT STRAINS of SACCHAROMYCES cerevisiae into alcohol.
Discussion
15756.

Question : How will you measure population density in following cases? (a) Fish in a lake (b) Tiger census in a national park (c) Single huge banyan tree with large canopy.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) FISH caught per trap.
(b) Number per unit area.
(C) Percentage COVERS in BIOMASS.
Discussion
15757.

Question : What is drug abuse ?

Answer»

Solution :The intake of certain drugs for a purpose other than their normal clinical use in an amount and frequency that impair one.s PHYSICAL ,PHYSIOLOGICAL and psychological functions is called DRUG ABUSE.
Discussion
15758.

Question : How will you justify that a fertilised egg has a blue print of future development?

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Solution :GENES PRESENT in the nucleus of fertilised egg store information for all the processes leading to the development of an ADULT ORGANISM. The CYTOPLASM of an egg contains informosomes.
Discussion
15759.

Question : How will you identify a vector ?

Answer»

Solution :1. Vectors are able to replicate autonomously to produce multiple copies of them along with their DNA insert in the host cell.
2. It should be small in SIZE and low molecular weight , less than 10 Kb (kilo BASE pair) in size so that entry/transfer into host cell is easy.
3. Vector must contain an origin of replication so that it can independently replicate within the host
4. It should contain a suitable marker such as antibiotic resistance , to permit its detection in transformed host cell.
5. Vector should have UNIQUE sites for integration with DNA insert and should have the ability to integrate with DNA insert it carries into the genome of the host cell. Most of the commonly used cloning vectors have more than ore RESTRICTION site. These are Multiple Coloning Site (MCS) or polylinker. PRESENCE of MCS facitlitates the use of restriction enzyme of choice.
Discussion
15760.

Question : How will you differentiate male from female cockroach ?

Answer»

SHAPE and BODY SIZE
Shape and size of wing
Male has LONG antennae
Males have ANAL styles

Answer :D
Discussion
15761.

Question : Write a short note on noise pollution.

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SOLUTION :SOUND that is unwanted and undesirable or can disrupt one.s quality of LIFE is called as NOISE.
When there is lot of .noise. in the environment, it is termed as Noise POLLUTION.
Discussion
15762.

Question : How will you define decomposers?

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SOLUTION :DECOMPOSERS are organisms that decompose the DEAD plants and animals to release organic and inorganic nutrients into the environment which are again reused by plants. Example: Bacteria, Actinomycetes and Fungi.
Discussion
15763.

Question : How will you compute the age of fossil?

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Solution :The AGE of fossils can be determined using two methods namely, relative DATING and absolute dating, Relative dating is used to determine a fossil by comparing it to SIMILAR rocks and fossils of known age. Absolute dating is used to determine the precise age of a fossil by using radiometric dating to measure the decay of ISOTOPES.
Discussion
15764.

Question : How will you avoid the growing of microbes in nutrient medium during culture process? What are the techniques used to remove the microbes?

Answer»

Solution :The microbial GROWTH in culture medium can be overcome by AUTOCLAVING the medium at `121^(@)C` (15 psi) for 15 to 30 minutes.
Chemical sterilization using chemicals, sterilizaing using UV radiation. ALCOHOLIC sterilization using ethanol, autoclaving and filtration etc., are the various techniques used to remove MICROBES.
Discussion
15765.

Question : How wil you measure population density in following cases ?(iii) single huge banyan tree with large canopy

Answer»

SOLUTION :( C ) PERCENTAGE COVER in BIOMASS.
Discussion
15766.

Question : How wil you measure population density in following cases ?(ii) Tiger census in a national park

Answer»

Solution :(B) NUMBER PER UNIT area
Discussion
15767.

Question : How wil you measure population density in following cases ?(i) fish in a lake

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) FISH CAUGHT PER TRAP.
Discussion
15768.

Question : How was the "good humor" hypothesis of health disapproved ?

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Solution :The discovery of blood CIRCULATION by an English PHYSICIAN William Harvey using experimental methods and by DEMONSTRATION of normal body temperature in person with blackbile using thermometer disapproved the "good humor" hypothesis of health.
In later years, biology stated that mind influences, through neural SYSTEMS and endocrine systems, Our immune system and that our immune system maintains our health.
Hence, mind and mental state can affect our health.
Discussion
15769.

Question :How was penicillin discovered ?

Answer»

Solution : Penicillin was an accidental discovery. Sir Alexander FLEMING observed that in UNWASHED culture PLATES of Staphylococcus, a MOULD Penicillium was growing. This mould inhibited the-growth of Staphylococcus. LATER the antibiotic Penicillin was isolated from this fungus.
Discussion
15770.

Question : How was it concluded that genes are located on chromosomes ?

Answer»

Solution :Morgan CONFIRMED MENDELIAN laws of inheritance and the hypothesis that GENES are located on chromosomes. Morgan had discovered that eye colour in Drosophila expressed a sex-linked trait. All first-generation offspring of a mutant whiteeyed male and a normal red-eyed female would have red EYES because every chromosome pair would contain at least ONE copy of the X chromosome with the dominant trait.
Discussion
15771.

Question : How was Opuntia brought under control in Australia?

Answer»

SOLUTION :By INTRODUCING cactus-feeding MOTH
Discussion
15772.

Question : How was Insulin obtained before the advent of rDNA technology ? What were the problems encountered ?

Answer»

Solution :Insulin used for DIABETES was earlier extracted from PANCREAS of slaughtered cattle and pigs. Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of REACTIONS to the FOREIGN protein.
Discussion
15773.

Question : How was Insulin obtained before the adventof rDNA technology? What were the problems encountered?

Answer»

Solution :Conventionally. INSULIN was isolated and refined from the pancreas of pigs and cows to treat diabetic patients. Though it is effective. due to MINOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES, the animal insulincaused ALLERGIC reaction in few patients.
Discussion
15774.

Question : How was Insulin obtained before the advent of DNA technology? What were the problems encountered?

Answer»

Solution :(a) Before DNA technology, insulin was obtained from the pancreas of cattle and pigs. (b) The insulin DERIVED from cattle posed three problems: (i) Drug elicits immune response in some patients. (ii) Cattle insulin is somewhat DIFFERENT from HUMAN insulin and PRODUCES harmful side effects over long periods and (iii) Many cattle were BUTCHERED for this purpose.
Discussion
15775.

Question : How virus free plants are developed?

Answer»

Solution :SHOOT meristem tip culture is the method to produce virus-FREE PLANTS, because the shoot meristem tip is ALWAYS free from viruses.
Discussion
15776.

Question : How Urey - Miller's experiment supports the origin of life?

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Solution :
Urey and Miller (1953) paved way for understanding the possible synthsis of organic synthesis of organic compounds that led to the appearance of living organisms sis depicted in the Figure In their expermient, a misture of gases was allowed to circulate over eletric discharge from an tungasten electrode. A small flask was kept boiling and the steam emanating from it was made to mix with the mixture of gases (ammonia, methane ) in the large chamber that was connected to the boiling water. The steam condensed to form water which ran down the .U tube. Experiment was conducted continuously for a week and the liquid was analysed. Glycine, alanine, beta alanine and aspartic acid were identified. THUS Miller.s EXPERIMENTS had an insight as to the possibility of abiogenetic synthesis of large amount of variety of organic compounds in nature from a mixture of sample gases in which the only source of carbon was methane. LATER in SIMILAR experiments, FORMATION of all types of amino acids, and nitrogen bases were noticed.
Discussion
15777.

Question : How turmeric biopiracy is prevented by Indian Government?

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Solution :The United States Patent and Trademark Office, in the year 1995 granted patent to the method of use of turmeric as an antiseptic agent. Turmeric has been used by the Indians as a home remedy for the quick healing of the wounds and also for PURPOSE of healing RASHES. The journal article published by the Indian Medical Association, in the year 1953 wherein this remedy was mentioned. Therefore, in this way it was proved that the use of turmeric as an antiseptic is not new to the world and is not a new invention, but FORMED a part of the traditional knowledge of the Indians. The OBJECTION in this case US patent and trademark office was upheld and traditional knowledge of the Indians was protected.
Discussion
15778.

Question : How tongue grafting differs from wedge grafting ?

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
15779.

Question : How the transmission of linked genes is different when present on homologous and non-homologous regions of sex chromosomes?

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Solution :(1) Sex chromosomes, X and Y show homologous and non- homologous REGIONS. The genes present on the homologous regions are similar while those on non-homologous regions are dissimilar.
(2) Genes present on non-homologous regions of X and Y chromosomes are respectively called, X-linked and Y-linked genes. They are called completely sex-linked genes.
(3) The sex-linked genes are inherited together as crossing over does not occur in these regions of sex chromosomes.
(4) X-linked genes are expressed in both the sexes while Y-linked genes are expressed only in males. E.g. Genes for red-green colour- blindness, haemophilia, etc. are situated on the non-homologous region of X-chromosome. Hypertrichosis gene is located on non- homologous region of Y-chromosome. These genes are called completely sex-linked genes.
(5) The genes located on the homologous regions of X- and Y- chromosomes are called incompletely sex-linked genes.
(6) They do not GET inherited together because crossing over may TAKE place in such regions of sex chromosomes. E.g. Genes for nephrities and TOTAL colour blindness are situated on the homologous regions of X- and Y-chromosomes and hence they are called incompletely sex-linked genes.
Discussion
15780.

Question : How the technique of amniocentesis is performed?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Amniocentesis is generally performed in a pregnant woman between the 15TH and 20th weeks of pregnancy by inserting a long, thin needle through the abdomen into the amniotic sac to withdraw a small sample of amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid contains cells SHED from the FOETUS.
Discussion
15781.

Question : How the steepness of mountain affects the vegetation?

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Solution :The steepness of the mountain or HILL ALLOWS the rain to run off. As a result the loss of WATER causes water deficit and quick erosion of the top soil resulting in poor vegetation. On the other hand, the plains and valley are rich in vegetation due to the slow drain of surface water and better RETENTION of water in the soil.
Discussion
15782.

Question : How the standing crop is measured?

Answer»

Solution :The standing CROP is measuredas the mass of living ORGANISMS (BIOMASS) or the number in a UNIT area.
Discussion
15783.

Question : How the pollen grains of Vallisneria protect themselves ?

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Solution :VALLISNERIA is an aquatic plant . POLLEN gains of vallisneria are covered by MUCILAGE coating which protects them from WETTING.
Discussion
15784.

Question : How the pollen germination and compatibility is regulated by stigma of Gynoecium ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The receptive surface of the stigma RECEIVE the pollen . If the pollen is compatible with the stigma it germinates to FORM a tube . This is facilitated by the stigmatic fluid in WET stigma and pellicle in DRY stigma. These two also decide the incompatibility and compatibility of the pollen through recognition - rejection protein reaction between the pollen and stigma surface.
Discussion
15785.

Question : How the Karyotype of Iymphocytes was prepared by Tjio and Levan?Edit How the Karyotype of Iymphocytes was prepared by Tjio

Answer»

Solution :Preparation of Karyotype Tjio and Levan (1960) described a SIMPLE method of culturing lymphocytes from the human blood. Mitosis is induced followed by addition of colchicine to ARREST cell DIVISION at metaphase STAGE and the suitable spread of metaphase chromosomes is photographed. The individual chromosome are cut from the photograph and are arranged in an orderly fashion in homologous pairs. This arrangement is called a karyotype. Chromosome banding PERMITS structural definition and differentiation of chromosomes.
Discussion
15786.

Question : How the FSH controls the spermatogenesis ?

Answer»

By RELEASING testosterone
By activation of spermatogonia
By PROMOTING the Sertoli CELLS to RELEASE the ABP
By promoting the Sertoli cells to release testosterone

Answer :C
Discussion
15787.

Question : How the flowers of salvia are adoped for mellitophily?

Answer»

Solution :Pollinationin Salvia (LEVER mechanism) : The flower of Salvia is adapted for Bee pollination . The flower is protandrous and the corolla is bilabiate with 2 stamens. A lever mechanism helps in pollination. Each antehr has an upper fertile lobe and lower sterile lobe which is separated by a LONG CONNECTIVE which helps the anthers to swing freely. When a bee to swing frerly . When a bee visits a flower , it sits on the lower lip which acts as a platform . It enters the flower to suck the nectar by pushing its head into the corolla. During the ENTRY of the bee into the flower the body strikes against the sterile end of the connective . This makes the fertile part of the stamen to descend and strike at th back of the bee . The pollen gets deposited on the back of the bee. When if visits another flower, the pollen gets rubbed against the stigma and COMPLETES the act of pollination in Salvia.
Discussion
15788.

Question : How the diversity of plants and animals is throughout the world ?

Answer»

EQUAL
PARALLEL
Not UNIFORM
None

SOLUTION :Not uniform
Discussion
15789.

Question : How the DNA is packed in an eukaryotic cell ?

Answer»

Solution :In eukaryotes, organization is more complex. Chromatin is formed by a series of repeat1ng units called nucleosomes. Kornberg proposed a model for the nucleosome, in which 2 molecules of the four histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are organized to form a unit of eight molecules called histone octamere. The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamere to form a structure called nucleosome. A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix. The histone octameres are in close contact and DNA is coiled on the outside of nucleosome. Neighbouring nucleosomes are connected by linker DNA (H1) that is exposed to enzymes. The DNA makes two complete turns around the histone octameres and the two turns are sealed off by an Hl MOLECULE. Chromatin lacking H1 has a beads-on-a-string appearance in which DNA enters and leaves the nucleosomes at random places. Hl of one nucleosome can interact with HI of the neighbouring nucleosomes resulting in the further folding of the fibre. The chromatin fiber in interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes have a diameter that vary between 200-300 nm and represents inactive chromatin. 30 nm fibre arises from the folding of nucleosome, chains into a solenoid structure having six nucleosomes per turn. This structure is stabilized by INTERACTION between different Hl molecules. DNA is a solenoid and packed about 40 folds. The hierarchical nature of chromosome structure is illustrated. Additional SET of proteins are required for packing of chromatin at higher level and are referred to as non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHC).
In a typical nucleus, some regions of chromatin are loosely packed (lightly stained) and are referred to as euchromatin. The chromatin that is tightly packed (stained darkly) is called HETEROCHROMATIN. Euchromatin is transcriptionally active and heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive.
Discussion
15790.

Question :How the cold deserts are characterized? Give an example.

Answer»

SOLUTION :COLD deserts are CHARACTERIZED by cold winters with snowfall and high OVERALL rainfall throughout the winter and OCCASIONALLY over the summer. E.g.: Ladakh region in India
Discussion
15791.

Question : How the cell masses are kept in the liquid medium of suspension culture ?

Answer»

FLOATING
Sunk
FREE in AIR
by MIXING it

SOLUTION :Floating
Discussion
15792.

Question : How does our body overcome altitude sickness?

Answer»

Solution :(a) The body COMPENSATES low oxygen AVAILABILITY by INCREASING red blood cell production.
(b) The body compensates decreasing binding capacity of hemoglobin with oxygen by increasing rate of BREATHING.
Discussion
15793.

Question : How the autoclaving is done for culture media?

Answer»

Solution :Culture media are DISPENSED in glass containers, PLUGGED with non-absorbent cotton or sealed with plastic closures and then sterilized using AUTOCLAVE at 15 psi `(121^(@)C)` for 15 to 30 MINUTES.
Discussion
15794.

Question : How temperature induces mutation?

Answer»

Solution :INCREASE in TEMPERATURE increase the rate of mutation. While RISE in temperature, breaks the hydrogen bonds between two DNA nucleotides which AFFECTS the process of replication and transcription.
Discussion
15795.

Question : How synthetic seeds are developed?

Answer»

Solution :Artificial SEEDS or synthetic seeds (synseeds) are produced by using embryoids (somatic embryos) obtained through in vitro culture. They may even be derived from single cells from any part of the plant that LATER divide to form cell mass CONTAINING dense cytoplasm, large nucleus, starch GRAINS, proteins, and oils, etc. To prepare the artifical seeds different inert materials are used for coating the somatic embryoids like agrose and sodium alginate.
Discussion
15796.

Question : How skin and mucus membrane act as barriers for infections?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Skin prevents the entry of microbes.Its acidic ENVIRONMENT(pH 3-5) RETARD the growth of microbes.
Mucus membrane entraps FOREIGN microorganism and competes with microbes for attachment
Discussion
15797.

Question : How Sharbati Sonora was developed by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan et.al ?

Answer»

Solution :SHARBATI Sonora is a MUTANT variety of WHEAT , which is developed from Mexican variety (Sonora 64) by irradiating of gamma rays.
Discussion
15798.

Question : How sex is determined in monoeciou plants ? Write their genes involved in it.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Zea mays (maize ) is an example for monoecious , which means male and female flowers present on the same plant. There are two types of inflorescence. The terminal infloresce which bears staminate florets that develops from shoot apical meristem called tassel . The lateral inflorescence which develop distillate florets from axillary but is called ear or cob. UNISEXUALITY in maize occurs through the SELECTIVE abortion of stamens in ear florets and pistils in tassel florets. A substitution of two single gene pairs .ba. for barren plant and .ts. for tassel seed makes the difference between monocious and dioecious (rare) maize plants. The allele for barren plant (ba) when HOMOZYGOUS makes the stalk staminate by eliminating silk and ears. Teh allele for tassel seed (ts) transforms tassel into a pistillate structure that produce no pollen. The table is the resultant sex expression based on the combination of these alleles. Most of these mutations are shown to be defects in gibberellin BIOSYNTHESIS . Gibberellins play an important role in the suppression of stamens in florets on the ears.
Discussion
15799.

Question : How self - pollination is avoided in Abutilon ?

Answer»

Solution :In Abutilon , the self - pollination is AVOIDED by self sterility or self - incompatibility , in which if the pollen grain reaches the stigma of the same flower , it will be PREVENTED from GERMINATION . It is a genetic MECHANISM.
Discussion
15800.

Question : How RT-PCR technique is performed?

Answer»

Solution :RT-PCR is called Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain REACTION.
RT-PCR is done for amplification of RNA.
In this method RNA MOLECULES (mRNA) are converted to complementary DNA molecules by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
The cDNA then SERVES as a template for PCR.
Discussion