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16201.

Question : How is a somatic hybrid different from a hybrid ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :ISOLATED protoplasts from two different varieties of plants can be fused to GET hybrid protoplasts, which can be further grown to form a NEW hybrid plant that is CALLED somatic hybrid.
Discussion
16202.

Question : How is a polypeptide chain formed during protein synthesis ?

Answer»

Solution :(1) A polypeptide CHAIN is formedat the time of translation duringthe processof protein synthesis. It isformed duringthe elongation processat the time of translation. This process starts after the initiation takes place. Duringinitiation, m-RNA molecule is boundto RIBOSOMAL subunits.
(2) Each t-RNA complex BRINGS a specific amino acid. The anticodons and codons are complementary to each otheras theappropirateamino acids are placed in theirproper position.
(3) When appropriate amino acids are brought to the site of ribosomal subunits, there is the formation of peptidelinkagesbetween the successive amino acid molecules. The etire activityis cataylzed by an enzyme, peptidly transferase. It aslo requiresenergywhich is suppliedby ATP and GTPmolecules.
(4) For the elongation, elongation factors are needed.
(5)The movementof m-RNAis onecodon ahead each time and THEREFORE ONE aminoacidis addedin the polypeptide chaincausingsystematic elongation.
(6) The ribosomersmove alongthe m-RNAin step-wise manner fromstartto stop codon in 5-3. directionduringtranslocation. Thiscauses polypeptide chainto grow.
Discussion
16203.

Question : How is a polypeptide chain synthesis terminated during protein synthesis?

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Solution :Synthesis of polypeptide chain terminates when a nonsense codon of mRNA reaches the A-site. There are three nonsense codon UAA, UAG and UGA, which are not recognized by any of the tRNAs. Therefore no more amino-acyl TRNA reaches the A site. The P site t-RNAs is hydrolysed and the completed polypeptide is RELEASED in the presence of GTP DEPENDENT release factor.
Discussion
16204.

Question : How is a mature, functional insulin hormone different from its prohormone form ?

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Solution :Mature functional INSULIN is OBTAINED by PROCESSING of pro-hormone which CONTAINS extra peptide called C-peptide. This C-peptide is removed during maturation of pro-insulin to insulin.
Discussion
16205.

Question : How is a child affected if it has grown from the zygote formed by an XX-egg fertilised by a Y-carrying sperm? What do you call this abnormality?

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Solution :The union of an abnormal XX egg and a normal Y-sperm results in trisomy of sec (X) CHROMOSOME. This is a type of SEX chromosome abnormality where the individual has 47 chromosomes (44 + XXY) and the abnormality is called Klenifelter.s syndrome.
Discussion
16206.

Question : How is a detritivore different from a decomposer? Give one example for each.

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Solution :Detrivore BREAKDOWN detritus into SMALLER fragments called fragmentation. E.g - Earthworm Enzymes DEGRADE detritus into simpler ORGANIC substances. E.g - Bacteriaand FUNGI.
Discussion
16207.

Question : How insulin controls blood sugar level?

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SOLUTION :INSULIN CONTROLS the blood sugar level by facilitating the CELLULAR uptake and utilisation of GLUCOSE for the relcase of cnergy.
Discussion
16208.

Question : How insect resistant plants are developed using Bacillus thuringiensis ?

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SOLUTION :Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil dwelling bacterium which is commonly used as a biopesticide and contains a toxin called cry toxin . Scientists have INTRODUCED this toxin producing GENES into cotton and have RAISED genetically ENGINEERED insect resistant cotton plants.
Discussion
16209.

Question : How has the use of agrobacterium as vectors helped in controlling meloidegyne incongnitia infestaeion in tobacco plants ? Explain in correct sequence

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Solution :An nemotode meloidegyne incongnitia infects the roots of tabacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield.A novel STRATEGY was adopted to prevent this infestation which was based on the process of RNAinterference (RNAi) .using agrobactierium vectors nematode specific gnes were INTRODUCED in ot the host plants These two RNA's being complementary toeach other formed a double stranded (DSRNA) that inititated RNAi and thus sileced specifice mRNA of the nematode. The transgenic plant therfore got itself protected FORM the parasite.
Discussion
16210.

Question : How hydrogen biologlcally synthsized ?

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Solution :The biological HYDROGEN production with algae is method of photo biological water splitting. In NORMAL photosynthesis the ALGA, Chalmydomonas reinhardtii releases oxygen. When it is DEPRIVED of sulfur it , switches to ferredoxins. [Fe] hydrogene enzymes COMBINE them into the production of hydrogen gas.
Discussion
16211.

Question : How has the sequencing of human genome opened new windows for treatment of various genetic disorders. Discuss amongst your classmates.

Answer»

Solution :Knowledge about the effects of DNA variations among individuals can lead to revolutionary new ways to diagnose, treat and someday prevent the thousands of disorders that affect HUMAN beings.
Besides PROVIDING clues to understanding human biology, learning about non-human organisms DNA sequences can lead to an understanding of their natural capabilities that can be applied toward solving challenges in health care, agriculture, energy production, environmental remediation. Deriving meaningful knowledge from the DNA sequences will define research through the coming decades leading to our understanding of biological systems.
This enormous task will require the expertise and creativity of tens of thousands of scientists from varied disciplines in both the public and private sectors WORLDWIDE. One of the greatest impacts of having the HG sequence may well be enabling a radically new approach to biological research. In the past, researchers STUDIED one or a few GENES at a time. With whole-genome sequences and new high-throughput technologies, we can approach questions systematically and on a much broader scale.
They can study all the genes in a genome, for example, all the transcripts in a particular tissue or organ or tumor, or how tens of thousands of and proteins work together in L genes interconnected networks to orchestrate the chemistry of life.
Discussion
16212.

Question :How has the discovery of antibiotics helped mankind in the field of medicine ?

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SOLUTION : If ANTIBIOTICS were not discovered bacterial and fungal diseases would not have been controllable. They have GREATLY improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as, Plague, Whooping cough(kali khansi), Diptheria(Galgotu) and leprosy(kusht ROG), which had killed millions all over the world. So TODAY we cannot imagine a world without antibiotics.
Discussion
16213.

Question : How has plant breeding helped in improving the variety of sugarcane?

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Solution :Saccharum barberi was grown in north India, had poor sugar content and yield, Saccharum officinarum grown in South India had thicker STEMS and higher sugar content, but did not grow WELL in north India, these two species were successfully CROSSED to get sugar cane varieties COMBINING the desirable qualities, of high yield/ THICK stems/ high sugar, ability to grow in the sugar cane areas of north India
Discussion
16214.

Question : How has the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis helped us in controlling caterpillars of insect pests?

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Solution : Bacillus thuringiensis products are endotoxin which when ingested and released in the gut of the larvae of INSECT PEST disrupts the insect gut lining THEREBY killing them.
Discussion
16215.

Question : How has mutation breeding helped in improving the production of mung bean crop?

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Solution :MUTATION can be induced artificially through chemicals as well as through gamma radiations. The plants with desirable mutations can be SELECTED and CHOSEN as a source for breeding. This is called mutation breeding. This procedure has HELPED mung bean production by providing resistance against yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew (FUNGAL disease).
Discussion
16216.

Question : How has milk yield of Indian cows been increased?

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SOLUTION :INDIAN COWS are Cross-bred with EUROPEAN BREEDS of cows
Discussion
16217.

Question : How has Agrobacterium tumifaciens been suitably modified to act as a clon-ing vector ?

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Solution :The tumour inducing (TI) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens has now been MODIFIED into a CLONING vector which is no more patho-genic to the plantsbut is still able to use the mechanisms to deliver genes of our interest into variety of plants .
Discussion
16218.

Question : How has DDT caused decline in bird population ?

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Solution :High concentrations of DDT disturb CALCIUM metabolism in birds.
It causes THINNING of eggshell and their premature breaking
It eventually causing DECLINE in BIRD populations.
Discussion
16219.

Question : How has biotechnology been applied in each of the following? i. In curing diabetes mellitus ii. In raising pest resistant plants iii. In producing more nutritionally balanced milk. Do you think it is ethical to manipulate organisms for human benefits? Justify your answer.

Answer»


ANSWER :B
Discussion
16220.

Question : How has Agrobacterium tumefaciens been suitably modified to act as a cloning vector?

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Solution :GENETICALLY ENGINEERED to BECOME non-pathogenic, by modifying TUMOUR inducing Ti-plasmid
Discussion
16221.

Question : How Genetic disorders arises ? Explain by giving suitable examples.

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Solution :Each and every feature in any organism is controlled by one or the other gene located on the DNA PRESENT in the chromosome.
= DNA is the carrier of genetic INFORMATION.
=It is hence transmitted from one generation to the other without any change or alteration.
= However changes or alteration do take place occasionally.
=Such an alteration or change in the genetic material is referred to as mutation.
=A number of disorders in human BEINGS have been found to be associated with the inheritance of changed or altered genes or chromosomes.
= These are disorders or illness caused by one or more abnormalities in autosomes or SEX chromosomes of the PERSON.
= Thus, referred to as a autosomal disorders or sex-linked disorder respectively.
= The genetic disorder can be divided as.
Discussion
16222.

Question : How gene therapy is done to treat ADA deficiency?

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Solution :During gene therapy the lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are removed and grown in a NUTRIENT culture medium. A HEALTHY and functional human gene, ADA cDNA encoding enzyme is introduced into the lymphocytes using a retrovirus. The genetically engineered lymphocytes are subsequently returned to the patient. Since these cells are not immortal, the patient REQUIRES periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes. The disease could be cured PERMANENTLY if the gene for ADA isolated from bone marrow cells areintroduced into the cells of the EARLY embryonic stages.
Discussion
16223.

Question :How flocks are made ?(A) By aerobic bacteria and filaments of fungi.(B) By anaerobic bacteria & algae(C) By algae and fungi(D) By bacteria and yeast

Answer»

By AEROBIC BACTERIA and FILAMENTS of fungi.
By anaerobic bacteria & ALGAE
By algae and fungi
By bacteria and yeast

Solution :By aerobic bacteria and filaments of fungi.
Discussion
16224.

Question : How fig tree is benefited to its pollinator wasp ?

Answer»

Pollens are edible
Wasp LAYS eggs in big fruits
Floral PETAL resembles female to pseudo coupulate
All of these

Answer :B
Discussion
16225.

Question : How exogenous buds are developed by Hydra?

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Solution :When buds are FORMED on the outer surface of the parent BODY, it is KNOWN as exogenous budding e.g. Hydra. In Hydra when food is plenty, the ectoderm cells increase and form a small elevation on the body surface. Ectoderm and endoderm are PUSHED out to form the bud. The bud contains an interior lumen in continuation with parent.s gastrovascular cavity. The bud enlarges, develops a mouth and a circle of tentacles at its free END. When fully grown, the bud constricts at the base and finally separates from the parent body and leads an independent life.
Discussion
16226.

Question : How EIA is beneficial to a society?

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Solution :The benefits of EIA to SOCIETY
• A healthier ENVIRONMENT .
• MAINTENANCE of biodiversity
• Decreased RESOURCE usage
• Reduction in gas EMISSION and environment damage
Discussion
16227.

Question : How Edible vaccines are synthesized ?

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Solution :Edible VACCINES are PREPARED by molecular pharming using the science of genetic engineering. Selected genes are introduced into plants and the transgenic plants are induced to manufacture the ENCODED protein. Edible vaccines are MUCOSAL targeted vaccines which cause stimulation of both systemic and mucosal immune response. At present edible vaccines are produced for human and ANIMAL diseases like measles, cholera, foot and mouth disease and hepatitis.
Discussion
16228.

Question : How Eichhornia crassiper spoils the Indian ecosystem?

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Solution : Eichhornia crassipes is an invasive weed native to South America. It was aquatic ornamental plant, which grows faster throughout the year. its widespread is a major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. It affects the growth of phytoplanktons and finally changing the aquatic ecosystem. It also decreases the OXYGEN content of the water bodies which leads to eutrophication. It poses a threat to human health because it creates a breeding HABITAT for disease causing mosquitoes (particularly Anopheles) and snails with its free floating DENSE roots and semi submerged leaves. It also blocks sunlight ENTERING DEEP and the water ways hampering agricum and the water ways hampering agriculture, fisheries, recreation and hydropower.
Discussion
16229.

Question :How effluent is treated in secondary treatment?(A) Effluent is passed in aeration tank(B) Effluent is constantly agitated(C) Air is pumped(D) All of the above

Answer»

EFFLUENT is PASSED in AERATION tank
Effluent is constantly agitated
Air is PUMPED
All of the above

Solution :All of the above
Discussion
16230.

Question : How Earnest Haeckel defined ecology?

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Solution :Earnest Haeckel defined "Bcology is the STUDY of the RECIPROCAL relationship between living ORGANISMS and their ENVIRONMENT."
Discussion
16231.

Question : How does zona pellucida of ovum help in preventing polyspermy?

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Solution :The ENZYMES RELEASED by cortical granules between EGG plasma membrane and zona pellucida harden zona pellucida which then functions as the sure BLOCK to polyspermy.
Discussion
16232.

Question : How does vaccination protect a person from a disease?

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SOLUTION :It provides IMMUNITY to the body against PATHOGENS by FORMATION of antibodies.
Discussion
16233.

Question : How does the wrinkled gene make Mendel's peas wrinkled? Find out the molecular explanation.

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Solution :The protein called starch branching enzyme (SBEI) is encoded by the wild - type allele of the gene (RR) which is dominant. When the seed matures, this enzyme SBEI catalyzes the formation of highly branched starch molecules . Normal gene (R) has become interrupted by the insertion of extra piece of DNA (0.8kb) into the gene, resulting in r allele . In the homozygous mutant form of the gene (rr) which is recessive, the activity of the enzyme SBEI is lost resulting in WRINKLED peas . The wrinkled seed accumulates more sucrose and high water content. HENCE the osmotic pressure inside the seed rises . As a result , the seed absorbs more water and when it matures it loses water as it dries. So it becomes wrinkled at maturation. When the seed has least one copy of normal dominant gene heterozygous , the dominant allele HELPS to synthesize starch, amylopectin an INSOLUBLE carbohydrate , with the osmotic balance which minimises the loss of water resulting in smooth structured round seed.
Discussion
16234.

Question : How does the transmission of Malaria diseases take place ?

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SOLUTION :Malaria : It is also a VECTOR BORNE disease that is usually spread by the biting of FEMALE Anopheles mosquito .
Discussion
16235.

Question : How does the transmission of Pneumonia diseases take place ?

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SOLUTION :Pneumonia: Its SPREADS aerosols/droplets released during nasal SECRETIONS of INFECTED PERSON.
Discussion
16236.

Question : How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? Pneumonia

Answer»

SOLUTION :By inhaling the DROPLETS or aerosols released by an infected PERSON
Discussion
16237.

Question : How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? Malaria

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SOLUTION :FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
Discussion
16238.

Question : How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? Amoebiasis

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Solution :Houseflies ACT as MECHANICAL carriers and transfer the parasite from the FAECES of infected person to the food and WATER.
Discussion
16239.

Question : How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? Ascariasis

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Solution :Infections through contaminated FOOD, WATER VEGETABLES and FRUITS.
Discussion
16240.

Question : How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? a. Amoebiasis b. Malaria c. Ascariasis d. Pneumonia

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SOLUTION :a. Through contaminated food and water. b. Through Anopheles mosquito. c. Through contaminated food and water. d. By INHALING the droplets or aerosols RELEASED by INFECTED persons.
Discussion
16241.

Question : How does the transmission of Ascariasis diseases take place ?

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SOLUTION :ASCARIASIS : TRANSMITTED by contaiminated FOOD and WATER.
Discussion
16242.

Question : How does the transmission of Amoebiasis diseases take place ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :AMOEBIASIS : MODE of trasmission is CONTAMINATED FOOD and water. Vector involved is housefly.
Discussion
16243.

Question : How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The progeny formed from asexual reproduction is the product of a single parent.
It does not have genetic variations.
Whereas the progency formed from sexual reproduction is the product of TWO parents which are not IDENTICAL to their parents.
Thus, they SHOW variations from each other and their parents.
Discussion
16244.

Question : How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The PROGENY formed from asexual reproduction is the PRODUCT of single PARENT and dose not have GENETIC variations.
Discussion
16245.

Question : How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from that formed by sexual reproduction?

Answer»

Solution :PROGENY formed by asexual reproduction is morphologically and genetically similar to parents and to each other, so they are called CLONES. Progenies not show genetic variations and which are less adaptable to CHANGE.
Progenty formed by SEXUAL reproduction has genetic variations and are more adaptable to CHAGES in environment.
Discussion
16246.

Question : How does the megaspore mother cell develop into 7-celled, 8 nucleate embryo sac in an angiosperm? Draw a labelled diagram of a mature embryo sac.

Answer»

Solution :(i) The nucleus of the FUNCTIONAL megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei which move to the opposite poles, FORMING the 2-nucleate embryo sac. Two more sequential mitotic nuclear divisions result in the formation of 4-nucleate and later the 8-nucleate stages of the embryo sac.
(ii) These mitotic divisions are strictly free nuclear, that is, nuclear divisions are not followed immediately by cell wall formation. After the 8-nucleate stage, cell walls are laid down leading to the organisation of the typical female gametophyte or embryo sac.
(III) Six of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and 'organised into cells, the remaining two nuclei, called polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus in the large central cell.
(iv) There is charactertics distribution of the cell within the embryo sac. Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute the egg apparatus. The egg apparatus, in turn, consists of two synergids and ONE egg cell.
(v) The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus which play an important role in GUIDING the pollen tubes into the synergid.
(vi) Three cells are at the chalazal end are called the antipodals. The large central cell, as mentioned earlier, has two polar nuclei. Thus, a typical angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity, through 8-nucleate is 7-celled.
Discussion
16247.

Question : How does the man-made ecosystem differ from the natural ecosystem?

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SOLUTION :In manmade ecosystem,regular CONTROL and MONITORED by MAN WHEREAS in natural ecosystem,it is not under the control of man.
Discussion
16248.

Question : How does the increase and the decrease in the value of'r' affect the population size"

Answer»

Solution :POPULATION size INCREASES with the increase in 'i'' and it decreases with the DECREASE of 'r',.
Discussion
16249.

Question : How does the development of male gametophyte or pollen take place ?

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SOLUTION :The haploid microspore (pollen ) is the pioneer structure of the male gametophyte . It begins to germinate before it is shed . Microspore nucleus at the time of germination MOVE to the place adjacent of spore wall . It then divides into TWO cells one larger cell called VEGETATIVE cell and smaller cell called generative cell . The latter is variable in form and has DENSER cytoplasm . The exine ruptures near germ pore and a delicate tubular structure is formed called pollen tube and tube nucleus shifts into it. Meanwhile generative cell divides into two male gametes .
Discussion
16250.

Question : How does the body overcome altitude sickness? Or low oxygen availability?

Answer»

Solution :1. INCREASING the red blood cell production
2. DECREASING the binding affinity of haemoglobin
3. Increasing breathing rate.
Discussion