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Erythropoeitin

Interleukin 1 receptor

Platelet derived growth factor

Interferons, tumour necrosis factor, inter-leukins, macrophage activating factor.

Human protein produced by r-DNA is Relaxin

Human lactoferrin, human alpha lactalbumin, human serum albumin, human bile salt.

The presence of a chromogenic substrate gives blue coloured colonies, in absence of an insert/in non-transformants, presence of an insert (in the enzyme site), results into (insertional inactivation of the α-galactosidase) colonies which do not produce colour.

Antibiotic resistance method requires duplicate plating/cumbersome procedure.

(a) 4 & 8 with L & E 1

(b) 7 with five different amino acids 

Protein Efficiency Ratio

PER is used as a measure of growth expressed in terms of weight gain of an adult by consuming 1g of food protein. 

A gene whose product can identify the host cells containing the vector. 

Competent means bacterial cells which by various methods like treatment with CaCl₂ are made capable of taking up foreign DNA.

Eco RI, Bg II

Correct answer is (b) antimalarial

Correct answer is (d) polygalactouranase

Correct answer is (a) Arabidopsis

Correct answer is (a) soybean, rice

a. E. coli bearing transferred recombinant DNA are first grown on ampicillin containing medium and then transferred on to a medium containing tetracycline. The transformants will grow only in ampicillin containing medium and not in tetracycline containing medium. The non-transformants, on the other hand, will grow in both the mediums.

b. Ampicillin resistant gene acts as a selectable marker and helps in selecting the transformants.

The given bioreactor is the simple stirred tank bioreactor.

Its purpose is large scale production of recombinant protein or enzymes, using microbial plants/ animals/human cells.

SNPs or single nucleotide polymorphisms are common variants in DNA that can have any one of the four DNA bases (A,T,G,C) at a single site, so that different individuals may have different bases at these positions.

Relevance of studying SNPs using  of the following applications: 

1. DNA fingerprinting

2. Medicine

3. Population genetics

Ancestral relationships

Metagenomics approach has been developed to identify and select microbial genes synthesizing novel molecules. This approach directly utilizes the large number of microbial genomes present in an environmental niche, for example in soil, in water such as ocean or in human gut. These genomes are contributed by both the culturable and the nonculturable variety of microbes and together constitute what has been termed as metagenome. The collective DNA is extracted from a sample of soil, water or any other environmental niche. It is subjected to restriction digestion using restriction endonucleases and the fragments are cloned into suitable vectors. The clones are then screened for presence of a variety of molecules. The clones expressing novel molecules or molecules with improved characteristics are used for large-scale production by fermentation techniques.

1. Transformed recombinant cells are selected using marker genes. 

2. For example, markers genes in pBR 322 plasmid are ampicillin resistant gene and tetracyclin resistant gene. 

3. When pstl restriction enzyme is used, ampicillin resistant gene gets knocked off from the plasmid and recombinant cells become sensitive to ampicillin.

The genes encoding antigenic proteins can be isolated from pathogens and expressed in plants. Such transgenic plants or their tissues producing antigens can be eaten for vaccination / immunization. These are called edible vaccines.

Edible vaccines offer following advantages over conventional vaccines:

1. Low cost

2.Alleviation of storage problems

3.Easy delivery system by feeding 

1. Edible vaccine is an edible plant part engineered to produce an immunogenic protein, which when consumed gets recognized by immune system. 

2. Immunogenic protein of certain pathogens are active when administered orally. 

3. The gene encoding for immunogenic protein is isolated and inserted in a suitable vector. 

4. Recombinant vector is then transferred to plant genome. 

5. Expression of this gene in specific parts of the plant results in the synthesis of immunogenic proteins. 

6. When animals or mainly humans consume these plant parts, they get vaccinated against certain pathogen.

1. Blood proteins produced by recombinant DNA technique are Erythropoeitin, Tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, Factor VIII, Factor IX, etc. 

2. Hormones : Insulin, Epidermal growth factor.

(1) Several techniques are used in r-DNA technology to isolate and characterize the macromolecules like DNA, RNA, proteins. 

(2) The techniques used on the basis of molecular weight are gel permeation, osmotic pressure, ion exchange chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, etc.

 (3) Electrophoresis:

• It is used for the separation of charged molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins, by application of an electric field. 
• Different types of electrophoresis : Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE, SDA PAGE.

(4) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) : It is used for in vitro gene cloning or gene multiplication to produce a billion copies of the desired segment of DNA or RNA, with high accuracy and specificity, in few hours.

Two phases of the development of biotechnology in terms of its growth are as follows: 

Traditional biotechnology (old biotechnology) : It is based on fermentation technology that uses microorganisms in the preparation of curd, ghee, soma, vinegar, yogurt, cheese making, wine making, etc.

Modern biotechnology (new biotechnology) :

1. During 1970 ‘recombinant DNA technology was developed and then established by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1973. 

2. This technique alters or modifies genetic material to develop of new products.

3. The combination of biology and production technology based on genetic engineering evolved into modern biotechnology. 

4. Modern biotechnology is based on two core techniques-genetic engineering and chemical engineering.

1. Transgenic cattle are used for food production and for the production of human therapeutic proteins. 

2. Transgenic cattle engineered with additional copies of bovine beta or kappa casein, show 8 to 20% increase in beta casein and a two-fold increase in kappa casein. 

3. Various human proteins like Human lactoferrin, human alpha lactalbumin, human serum albumin and human bile salt stimulated lipase are expressed in the milk of transgenic cattle. 

4. Transgenic cows produce factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component), used in the treatment of haemophilia. 

5. Tracy, the transgenic cow born in Scotland, could produce a human protein in her milk for human therapeutics. 

6. Human antibody products are made using transgenic cows that are immunized with a vaccine containing the disease agent. Antibodies are currently used for treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, transplanted organ rejection, autoimmune diseases and for use as antitoxins.

1. The commercially important fish like Atlantic salmon, catfish, goldfish, Tilapia, zebra-fish, common carp, rainbow trout, etc. are transfected with growth hormone, chicken crystalline protein and E.coli hygromycin resistance gene. 

2. Transgenic fish showed increased cold tolerance and improved growth.