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51.	Which one of the following is reactive and a known carcinogenic?(a) Cytochrome P-450(b) Catechol(c) Glutathione(d) Arene oxideI had been asked this question in an international level competition.The origin of the question is Drugs Biotransformation topic in portion Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct ANSWER is (d) ARENE oxide The best I can explain: The OXIDATION of aromatic carbon atoms proceeds via formation of a reactive intermediate arene oxide. This arene oxide is a known carcinogenic or even CYTOTOXIC in some instances.

52.	Which one is the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of xenobiotics?(a) Binding of the substrate to Fe^3+(b) Electron transfer from NADPH to the above complex(c) The enzyme-substrate complex combines with a molecule of oxygen forming a ternary complex(d) Ternary complex gains an electron from the NADPHThe question was posed to me during an interview.This question is from Drugs Biotransformation topic in section Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» CORRECT answer is (B) Electron transfer from NADPH to the above complex For explanation I would say: The rate-limiting step is the transfer of an electron from NADPH to the complex of substrate and cytochrome 450. The GAINING of an electron by cytochrome 450 REDUCES the Fe^3+ to Fe^2+. This step is considered the rate-limiting step of the oxidation of xenobiotics.

53.	Phase 1 reactions are also known as a synthetic reaction.(a) True(b) FalseThis question was posed to me in exam.My question comes from Drugs Biotransformation topic in chapter Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» RIGHT choice is (a) True For explanation I would say: PHASE I reactions include introducing or REMOVING of –OH, -COOH, -NH2 and –SH. This phase I reactions are also KNOWN as functionalization reactions. These TRANSFORMATIONS are also known as a synthetic reaction.

54.	Fat-free diet depresses cytochrome P-450 level.(a) True(b) FalseThis question was posed to me in unit test.The question is from Drugs Biotransformation in division Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct option is (a) True The EXPLANATION is: A fat-free diet DECREASES the PHOSPHOLIPID content. Phospholipids are important components of microsomes. When these BECOME DEFICIENT, the cytochrome p-450 levels decrease.

55.	Which enzyme is of the utmost importance for the 2nd step in the formation of Glucuronide?(a) Esterase(b) Amidases(c) Transferase(d) UDP-glucuronyl transferaseThe question was asked in an online interview.The origin of the question is Drugs Biotransformation topic in chapter Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» RIGHT choice is (d) UDP-glucuronyl transferase The explanation is: The moieties transferred to the substrates in a phase II reactions possess characteristics that are, simple endogenous molecules, large groups, and STRONG nonpolar or IONIC groups are attached to make the substrate WATER soluble.

56.	What is the inactive form of Codeine?(a) Codene(b) Codane(c) Morphine(d) PoppyThis question was posed to me in a job interview.I want to ask this question from Drugs Biotransformation in chapter Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct answer is (c) Morphine The explanation is: The CODEINE is given to a patient on in its INACTIVE form. Through METABOLISM, this inactive codeine is CONVERTED into its active form morphine.

57.	Which one of the following is an example of Carboxyl compounds?(a) Meprobamate(b) Sulfadimethoxine(c) Sulphonamides(d) Salicylic acidsI got this question in an online quiz.My question is based upon Drugs Biotransformation topic in portion Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct OPTION is (d) SALICYLIC acids To elaborate: These compounds form ester glucuronides. For example aryl acids, arylalkyl acids, salicylic acids, fenoprofen. AMIDES, Sulfonamides, Meprobamate, SULFADIMETHOXINE are AMINES or amides which form N-glucuronides.

58.	Which of the following is not a characteristic of the moieties that are transferred to the substrate in phase II reactions?(a) Simple endogenous molecules are transferred(b) Large molecular sized groups are attached(c) Strong polar groups are attached(d) Strong nonpolar groups are attachedThe question was posed to me by my school teacher while I was bunking the class.The doubt is from Drugs Biotransformation in chapter Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct choice is (d) Strong nonpolar groups are attached Explanation: The moieties transferred to the SUBSTRATES in a phase II REACTIONS POSSESS characteristics that are, simple endogenous molecules, large groups, and strong polar or IONIC groups are attached to make the substrate water soluble.

59.	The enzymes are divided into two categories, these are _______ and ____________(a) Acidic drug metabolizing and basic drug metabolizing(b) Present in the liver and not present in the liver(c) Microsomal and non-microsomal(d) There is no such divisionThis question was addressed to me at a job interview.This intriguing question comes from Drugs Biotransformation topic in section Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right option is (c) Microsomal and non-microsomal To explain I WOULD say: The enzymes are divided into 2 categories namely microsomal and non-microsomal. Microsomal enzymes catalyse the majority of the drug biotransformation REACTIONS. The large variety of microsomal enzymes catalyse a NUMBER of oxidative, reductive and hydrolytic reactions.

60.	Which of the following is the correct decreasing order of drug metabolism?(a) Liver > lungs > kidneys > intestine > placenta > skin > adrenals(b) Liver > lungs > kidneys > intestine > adrenals > placenta > skin(c) Liver > kidneys > lungs > intestine > placenta > adrenals > skin(d) Liver > lungs > intestine > kidneys > placenta > adrenals > skinThis question was posed to me in a national level competition.Origin of the question is Drugs Biotransformation topic in section Biotransformation of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right option is (a) Liver > lungs > kidneys > intestine > placenta > skin > adrenals Best explanation: Liver is the primary site for metabolism. Of most of the drugs. It is because it has most of the enzymes in it that are in large numbers. Metabolism by other organs is very less because they have a very low QUANTITY of enzymes PRESENT in them. THUS the ORDER is liver > lungs > kidneys > intestine > placenta > skin > adrenals.