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Creation of the states can be considered as the first step for creating a democratic political environment in India. 

Most of the states were created on the basis of the languages spoken by the people of those states in order to ensure people of a state speak same language. 

But some of the states were also created to acknowledge the diversity of ethnicity, geography and culture as well. 

Names of two such states which were created to acknowledge the diversity of ethnicity, geography and culture are Jharkhand and Nagaland.

Jharkhand and Nagaland

The State created on the basis of culture, ethnicity or geography. It is a predominantly tribal state on the eastern border. It is mostly hilly and enjoys the reputation of being a home to Nagas, a brave group of people in the region.

Comparison between London and Bombay are

(i) Both the cities laced the problem of high density of population due to migrant population.

(ii) Both the cities faced housing crisis, growth of slums and increasing pressure on health and sanitation issues.

(iii) Both these cities were marked by contrasts of affluence and extreme poverty.

(iv) For housing the migrant population, both saw the, growth of tenements, which were largely owned by private landlords. In Bombay, these multi-storeyed structures were known as chawls. In both Bombay and London, houses were small, and streets aild neighbourhood were used for a variety of activities like cooking, washing and leisure by the poor.

Contrast between London and Bombay are

(i) Bombay, unlike London, from its earliest days, did not grow according to any plan.

(ii) While every Londoner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards, Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards.

(iii) Since India was a colonial country, Bombay was developed with a racial pattern. The Bombay Fort area, which formed the heart of the city, was divided into ‘native town’ and ‘white section’. But there was no such division in London city.

(iv) While town planning in London emerged from fears of social revolution, planning in Bombay was done to prevent a plague epidemic.

As Head of government the Prime Minister of India has wide ranging powers the following points State Power and function of prime minister of India

(1) The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers

(2) He is the leader of nation and Exofficio chairman of Planning Commission.

(3) The Prime Minister communicates to the president all regions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of Union and puzzles of legislation.

(4) Being the chairman of cabinet the Prime Minister presides over the meetings of cabinet.

Thus, it can be concluded that Prime Ministers is the head of the government.

The Ho Chi Minh Trail was not just one trail but a series of trails. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was used by the North Vietnamese as a route for its troops to get into the South. They also used the trail as a supply route – for weapons, food and equipment. The Ho Chin Minh Trail ran along the Laos/Cambodia and Vietnam borders and was dominated by jungles. In total the ‘trail’ was about 1,000 kilometres in length and consisted of many parts.

Three Importance points are:

(i) The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the United States.

(ii) It symbolises how the Vietnamese used their limited resources against the biggest military power.

(iii) The trail was used by about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops who came to the south each month using this trail

Cotton has very small pores in it and thus its density will be less and volume will be increased making it float on water but once the Pires get filled with water it will start sinking.

The measures of the act 1956 introduced by sinhales govt. made the sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated:

1. They felt that one of the major political parties led by the buddhist Sinhalese were sensitive only to their culture and language.

2. They also felt that the constitutions and govt. policies denied them equal political right .

3. Thus , they realised that govt. has discriminate against getting them in other jobs and other opportunities on by ignoring their interest.

4. As a rest ,the realisation between the Sinhalese and Tamil communities strained over time.

A regional party is a party that is present only in some states. Conditions required for a party to be recognized as a regional political party are :
(i) A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state.
(ii) Wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly.

The gases from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve in water. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in water, are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants. Animals breathe in this oxygen dissolved in water for their survival and plants can use carbon dioxide dissolved in water for photosynthesis

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs helped with promotion of nationalism. Literature also helped to arouse national feelings. The ideas of nationalism also developed through the celebration of regional festivals. As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more of icons and symbols in unifying and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.

Right to Seek Redressal :
(i) Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation.
(ii) If any damage is done a consumer, he has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.
(iii) There is a need to provide to an easy and effective public system by which this can be done.
(iv) Example of Prakash—The right to seek redressal helps him to get compensation.

Right to Seek Redressal: 

(i) Consumers have the Right to Seek Redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation. 

(ii) If any damage is done to the consumer, he has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage. 

(iii) For example, Ravi had bought a SUV from a car dealer with 1 year warranty. While driving it, he found that it had no feature of SUV and its features are all that of an ordinary car. He filed a case in a district level consumer court in New Delhi. The court verified his document. The court gave verdict in his favour and awarded full compensation to him and frame charges against the car company for selling false product.

National Food for Work Programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward district of the country.

The main features of the programme are:

(i) The objective of the programme is to intensify the generation of supplementary wage employment,

(ii) This programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and are desired to do manual unskilled work.

(iii) It is 100% centrally sponsored scheme.

(iv) The food grains are provided to state free of cost.

In the colonial period, cultivation expanded for a variety of reasons. These are

(i) In Europe, food grains were needed to feed the growing urban population. The demand for wheat increased largely in the 19th century.

(ii) The colonial rulers considered the expansion of cultivation as a sign of progress.

(iii) The British government directly encouraged the production of commercial crops, like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton to get more profit.

(iv) Europe needed raw materials for industrial production.

(v) In the early 19th century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive so forests had to be brought under cultivation and land could yield agricultural products and revenue. In this way the income of the state enhanced.

Thus, it can be concluded that expansion of cultivation is a sign of progress.

The Right to Freedom is considered as the ‘cluster of six freedom’.

Article 19 of Indian Constitution grantees the following freedoms to all the citizens:

(i) Freedom of speech and expression is one of the essential features of any democracy. Our ideas and personality develop only when we are able to freely communicate with others. Although this freedom cannot be used to instigate violence against others.

(ii) Citizens have the freedom to hold meetings, processions, rallies and demonstrations on any issue. But such meetings, have to be peaceful. They should not lead to public disorder.

(iii) Citizens have the freedom to form associations, unions to promote their interests.

(iv) Citizens have the freedom to travel to any part of the country.

(v) Citizens are free to reside anil settle in any part of the territory of India.

(vi) Citizens have the freedom to practice any profession to carry any occupation, trade or business.

Right to seek Redressal :

(1) Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation. 

(2) If any damage is done to a consumer, he has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage. 

(3) There is a need to provide to an easy and effective public system by which this can be done. 

(4) An example of Prakash or any other relevant example to be explained. 

Democracy is considered to be successful because :
(i) The rulers elected by the people must take all major decision and not the rich and powerful.
(ii) The election must offer a free choice and opportunity to the people.
(iii) The choice should be available to all the people based on political equality

Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

Three components of political parties are:

(i) The leaders

(ii) The active members

(iii) The followers

A major step towards Decentralisation was taken in 1992 through constitutional Amendment. The Amendment made the three tiers of democracy more powerful and effective. 

The main provisions are as follows:

(i) Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

(ii) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads for the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other Backward classes.

(iii) One third of all positions are reserved for women in local bodies.

(iv) State Election Commission, independent institution, has b created in each state to Condit Panchayat and Municipal Elections.

Thus, after the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 the concept of Decentralisaton in the federal power sharing has become more effective.

The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged because: 

(i) 85% of loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are from informal sources. 

(ii) Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loans. 

(iii) They try to charge more and more interest on their loans. 

(iv) There are no boundaries and restrictions.  

(v) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. 

(vi) In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower. 

(vii) This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap, therefore the credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.

Primary sector continues to be the largest employer because :
(i) Enough jobs have not been created by the secondary and tertiary sector.
(ii) In the tertiary sector though the production has risen almost 11 times but employment has grown only 3 times.
(iii) Some one who is not employed any where else flocks to the primary sector.

A secular state is a country where the state is keep separate from religion, and the state does not discriminate or favor persons based on their religious beliefs.

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian states, unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, or that of Islam is Pakistan.

(ii) The constitution provides freedom to all tcl protest, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(iv) The Constitution allows state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged because :
(i) 85% of loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are from informal sources.
(ii) Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loans.
(iii) There are no boundaries and restrictions.
(iv) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
(v) In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
(vi) This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap, therefore the credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.

Three conditions are :
(i) MNCs Set-up production units at such a place where they can produce their goods at a minimum cost.

(ii) The place where markets are closer.
(iii) The place where skilled and unskilled labour is available at low cost.
(iv) Other factors of production are assured.
(v) Government policies are favourable.

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India:

(i) In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahab ad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.

(ii) During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.

(iii) Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.

(iv) In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.

(v) In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.

Values that make democracy better : 

(i) Provides equality among citizens. 

(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual. 

(iii) improves the quality of decision making. 

(iv) Provides methods to resolve conflicts. 

(v) Allows to correct mistakes. 

(vi) Guarantees rights of citizens.

Conservation of resources is essential because some resources like minerals are non renewable and need conservation for future generations. Conservation is a judicious and careful management of resources by man as improper and overuse can deplete them leading to many ecological problems.

Three methods of soil conservation are: 

(i) Terrace farming : Cutting of hilly areas into steps to reduce the flow of running water. 

(ii) Strip cropping : Growing of crops in long strips. 

(iii) Planting of shelter belts : Shrubs and trees are planted along fields to control the force of wind.

(i) The difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the US because the Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against 

(ii) In our country- Dalits tend to be poor and landless.They often face discrimination and injustice. 

(iii) One Kind of social difference becomes more important when other people start feeling that they belong to different communities.

Merits

1. The spread of green revolution technology enabled our economy to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains. Enormous increase in the production of food grains through the use of high yielding variety seeds for wheat and rice.
2. A proportion of food grains were sold in the market which leads to decline in the price level of food grains compared to other consumption. Low income groups were benefited from the given price level. It enabled the government to procure required amount of food grains to build a stock which will be used at times of shortage.
3. Pesticides and insecticides are able to protect the crops from pests and insects.
4. A good irrigation system is able to enhance crop production.

Demerit

1. The farmers require reliable irrigation facilities and financial support to consume fertiliser and pesticides.
2. The rapidly increasing problems of land degradation, deforestation, environmental pollution, depletion of biodiversity, increased incidence of mosquito borne diseases, pest resurgence, lowering of ground water table are the results of Green revolution in India.
3. Soil erosion which is the removal of the top soil cover is the result of Green revolution. 
4. Excessive use of fertilisers can also make the soil alkaline and unfit for cultivation.

Constitution of India being supreme law of the land, provides inarguably, the division of power between Union and State. The power-sharing arrangement as provided under the Constitution lays down that the State government are not subordinate to the Central Government, i.e.,  State Government are given autonomy. So in order to make any changes in this power-sharing arrangement, the Constitution has to go through the amendment process, which in the case of Constitution is complicated. 

For e.g., Those provisions which relate to the federal structure of the polity, it can be amended by a special majority and also with the ratification ( consent) of half of the state legislatures by a simple majority.

“Sharing of power between states and the centre governments is the basic to the structure of the Constitution of India”, because without this division of power it will be impossible to coexist in a diverse country like India. The states are significant parts of the union and the jurisdiction of both the state and union overlap at many areas, hence it is important to demarcate the boundaries , which are effectively done by the Constitution in India.

The Constitution clearly provided a three–fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments.

(i)  Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.

(ii)  State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.

This allows the constitution to avoid any conflict of power and clear jurisdictions. 

Globalization affects our daily life in the following ways : 

(i) With laws and regulations that encourage greater unencumbered trade between nations, Companies also have access to a greater array of products and services that they need to run their specific operations. 

(ii) It leads to a decrease or abolishing of subsidies and tariffs and more products are available at cheaper prices. It fosters innovation and efficiency in companies as they strive to offer products and services that consumers and businesses want, at the best price, and when they need them. 

(iii) It leads to new opportunities for financing and more companies have access to a broader base of worldwide financial markets and capital. 

(iv) Homegrown companies can broaden their scope and access foreign markets to sell goods and services to increase global market shares. 

(v) Consumers and businesses have more choice of goods, and as such can access products never before available to them from other countries.

Thermus aquaticus produces a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme which remains active during the high temperature induced denaturation and separation of the double stranded DNA during PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

Impact of Globalization –

(i) Globalization and greater competition among producers has been of advantage to consumers.

(ii) Greater choice before consumers.

(iii) Availability of standard quality products at lower price.

(iv) Improvement in living standard.

(v) Foreign investments have increased in many areas like cell phones, auto mobiles, electronics, soft drinks etc.

(vi) New job have been created.

(vii) Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

(viii) Globalization has also created insecurity of job.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be mentioned.

Detailed Answer : 

Globalization affects our daily life in the following ways :

(i) With laws and regulations that encourage greater unencumbered trade between nations. Companies also have access to a greater array of products and services that they need to run their specific operations.

(ii) It leads to a decrease or abolishing of subsidies and tariffs and more products are available at cheaper prices.

It fosters innovation and efficiency in companies as they strive to offer products and services that consumers and businesses want, at the best price, and when they need them.

(iii) It leads to new opportunities for financing and more companies have access to a broader base of worldwide financial markets and capital.

(iv) Homegrown companies can broaden their scope and access foreign markets to sell goods and services to increase global market shares.

(v) Consumers and businesses have more choice of goods, and as such can access products never before available to them from other countries.

Democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens – 

(i) Democracy accommodates various social divisions. 

(ii) Democracy reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive and violent. 

(iii) Ability to handle social differences and conflicts among different groups is a plus point of democracy. 

(iv) Democracy develops procedure to conduct healthy competitions among different groups in a society. 

(v) Democracy respects differences and provides mechanism to resolve them.

(vi) Democracy always accommodates minority view.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

Detailed Answer : 

Democratic form of government stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual : 

(i) Often conflict arises among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with equal respect in comparison to others. In democracy, respect and freedom are the basis of it. 

(ii) The status of women was not satisfactory in the different part of the world, but democracy throughout the world has recognized equal treatment and respect to women at least in principles. 

(iii) In India 1/3rd of seats have been reserved for women in local bodies. 

(iv) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and opportunity, which is not possible in any non-democratic country. 

(v) Democracy guaranteeing fundamental rights to all. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.

Foreign Trade is Integrating markets of different countries – 

(i) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets. 

(ii) Producers can sell their products in the markets located in other countries. 

(iii) It helps for expanding the choice of goods beyond domestic market. 

(iv) It is a main channel connecting countries. 

(v) Highly helpful for extensive trade. 

(vi) The trading interest attracts various trading companies. 

(vii) Any other relevant point. 

Any five points to be explained.

Detailed Answer : 

Foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries by the following ways – 

(i) Foreign trade increases competition among companies in terms of quantity, quality and price.

(ii) Foreign trade enables people to sell their produce in international market rather than only in domestic market. For example, Chinese toys in India and Indian readymade garments in other countries have resulted in connecting the markets. 

(iii) Foreign trade transport of one nation’s goods to other country facilitates the exchange of tradition and culture such as garments like saris, kurta, ghaghra, etc., sold by Indian traders and jeans jerseys jackets sold by international traders to India. 

(iv) The Indian producers can sell their produce not only in domestic markets but also compete in markets located in other countries of the world. 

(v) Foreign trade increases the exchange of foreign currency.

Roads are classified as given below:

(i) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways reduced the time and distance between the mega cities of India.

(ii) National Highways connect the state capitals, big cities and important ports.

(iii) State Highways join the state capitals with district headquarters.

(iv) District Roads connect the district centres with the major roads.

(v) Other Rural Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns.

(vi) Border Roads have increased accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.

Projects related to Super Highways are being implemented by the NHAI.

(i) No country in the world is self-sufficient in all its needs. Surplus goods can be exchanged via International trade and needs fulfilled. 

(ii) International trade helps in exchange of surplus goods with those of deficit countries through foreign trade. 

(iii) Foreign trade has helped India to improve its productivity of manufactured goods. 

(iv) International trade has contributed to India’s economic growth, raising income levels of people, thus, increasing the foreign exchange reserves. 

(v) International trade helps India to import advanced technology of other countries to improve its own production. 

(vi) Hence, prosperity of a country depends on the advancement of the International trade and hence is called the ‘Economic Barometer’ of a nation.

India's contacts with the world have continued through the ages but her relationships through the land route are much older than her maritime contact. The various passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers ,while the oceans restricted such interaction for a long time. These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas  and commodities since ancient times. The ideas of the Upanishads and Ramayana ,the stories  of Panchtantra ,the Indian numerals and the decimal system thus could reach many parts of the world. The spices ,muslin and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries. On the other hand,the influence of Greek sculpture,and the architectural styles of dome and minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of our country.

Classification on the basis of Ownership:

(i) Individual Resources: These are owned privately by individuals. Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue. Urban people own houses, plots and other property. So plantation, pasture land, ponds, etc. are some of the examples of resource ownership by individuals.

(ii) Community-owned Resources: These are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. For example, grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc. and public parks, picnic spots, playground, etc. are accessible to all people. Thus they are community- owned resources.

(iii) National Resources: All the resources within the nation are called national resources. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast and resources within the nation, belong to the nation.

(iv) International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 kms of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the permission of international institutions.

(i) As the resources are space-bound, no country can survive without International trade.
(ii) Export and import are the components of trade.
(iii) The international trade helped India in increasing its productivity and improving quality of its products and then exporting the manufactured goods.
(iv) International trade had also helped India to import recent technology to improve its productivity and the quality of the product.
(v) Government’s policy of globalization and liberalization had helped four folds in making its place in the Global world.

Challenges faced by farmers these days: 

(i) Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and reduction in public investment in the agricultural sector, especially in irrigation, power infrastructure, and other inputs.

 (ii) Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to higher cost of production. 

(iii) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products.

 (iv) Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture, resulting in lack of alternative employment opportunities. 

(v) Erratic nature of monsoon also affects agriculture production on a large scale.

Formal source of credit:

(a)  Loans that are given by banks and co-operative institutions are called Formal sector of credit.

(b)  The functioning of these banks and co-operative institutions are supervised by Reserve Bank of India- RBI.

(c)  These institutions are required to report to the RBI the rate of interest, amount lending, etc.

(d)  Borrower is required to submit collaterals and documents.

Informal source of credit: 

(a)  Loans that are given by money lenders, friends and relatives are called Informal source of credit.    

(b)  They are not supervised by Reserve Bank of India - RBI.

(c)  They can lend money at any interest rate and use any means to get back their money. 

(d)  Borrower is not required to submit collaterals and documents.

Textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy due to following reasons: 

(i) It occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because it contributes significantly to Industrial production (14%). 

(ii) It employs about 35 million people directly and earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 percent.

(iii) The Industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dying, designing, packaging, tailoring, and sewing. 

(iv) The handspun khadi provides large-scale employment to weavers in their homes as the cottage industry.

(v) India exports yarn to Japan and export cotton goods to USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries. 

(vi) We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, accounting for one-fourth of the total trade.

(vii) Our spinning mills are competitive at the global land and capable of using all the fibers we produce. (viii) It contributes 4 percent to our GDP.

In a power-deficient country, natural gas is a precious gift. 

(i) Natural gas can be used as a source of energy. It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.

 (ii) It can be used as an industrial raw material in petrochemical industry.

 (iii) It can be used in building the fertilizer plants and thereby encouraging the use of fertilizers. It can boost agricultural production. (iv) Through easy transportation by means of pipelines, its utility is further increased.

 (v) Use of compressed natural gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country.

Formal Sources:
(i) These sources of credit are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations.

(ii) RBI Supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.
(iii) They generally charge lower rates of interest.
(iv) Their main motive is social welfare.
(v) E.g., Banks and cooperatives.

Informal Sources of Credit:
(i) These include those small and scattered units which are largely outside of the control of the government.
(ii) There is no organization which supervises its credit activities.
(iii) They charge much higher rate of interest.
(iv) Their main work is profit making.
(v) E.g., Moneylenders, traders, employees, relatives, and friends.

Background of Poona Pact of 1932 was:

(i) The Congress had ignored the demand of separate electorate for Dalits. 

(ii) Congress was feared of offending the dominated class, the conservative huge caste Hindu in her fold. 

(iii) Many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problem of their community.

(iv) They believed political empowerment would resolve the problem of their social disability. 

(v) Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the ‘Depressed Class Association’ in 1930 and demanded separate electorate at the Second Round Table Conference.

(vi) The issue between Gandhiji and Ambedkar over the separate electorate at the Second Round Table conference. 

(vii) The issue between Gandhiji and Ambedkar over the separate electorate for Dalits was resolved under the Poona Pact in Sep. 1932. 

(viii) Mahatma Gandhi gave the name of ‘Harijans’ to Dalits and advocated for the better place in the society.

Natural gas 

In a power deficient country, natural gas is a precious gift. 

i. It can be used as a source of energy. It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas. 

ii. It can be used as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry. 

iii. It can be used in building the fertilizer plants and thereby encouraging the use of fertilizers. It can boost agricultural production. 

iv. Through easy transportation by way of pipelines, its utility is further increased 

v. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country.

The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.