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(i) Gandhiji on Jan. 31, 1930 sent a letter to viceroy Irvin, consisting eleven most essential demands. 

(ii) Some of these were of general interest while others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.

(iii) The Idea was to make the demands wide-ranging so that all classes within the Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.

(iv) But the most unusual of the demand was the abolishing of salt tax. 

(v) The Salt was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commodity salt, used by rich and poor alike.

(vi) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative move. 

(vii) Gandhiji’s letter was an ultimatum. According to which, if the demands were not fulfilled by 11th March the Congress would launch a Civil Disobedience Campaign. 

(viii) Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So Gandhiji started his famous Salt March accompanied by 79 of his trusted volunteers. 

(ix) This march was over 240 miles, from Gandhi’s Ashram in Sabarmati to Gujarat’s Coastal town ‘Dandi’ and ceremonially violated the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement.

Salt satyagraha 

i. Mahatma Gandhi believed that salt could be a powerful symbol to unite the whole nation. 

Poor peasants- against high revenue demand, trade depression, remittance of rent. 

ii. Rich peasants-high revenue, wanted revision in the revenue demands. 

iii. Industrialist –wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio, formed FICCI 

iv. Workers-against poor working conditions and low wages. 

v. Women-service to the nation as the sacred duty. 

vi. Salt was made was an act of civil disobedience. 

vii. Workers went on strike in railway workshops shops closed down. 

viii. Local leaders were arrested. 

1. The advancement of technology was the outcome of administrative, commercial and social factors. 

2. E.g. colonisation aroused new developments and investments in transport i.e. rapid railways, new ships helped in moving goods quickly. 

3. Technology played a significant role, especially in meat business. Thus refrigeration was developed enabling the movement of perishable goods over distant places. 

4. Technological development encouraged better standard of living in the country. 

5. New technologies paved way for new industrial set up and thereby gave huge employment opportunities.

(i) A new revenue system was introduced in Bombay Deccan by the British. It was known as the Ryotwari settlement. 

(ii) The revenue was settled directly with the ryot. All type of soil were taken into consideration and average income of the harvest was calculated. 

(iii) Revenue was assessed that how much could be paid by a ryot. The share of state was fixed in proportion to the income of the ryot.

(iv) At the interval of every thirty years, lands were surveyed and revenue rates were hiked accordingly. The demand for revenue was not permanent but temporary.

 Shares cannot be converted into debentures or any other security whereas the debentures can be converted into shares or new debentures if the terms so provide. 

(i) Royalties 

(ii) Commission Received 

(iii) Sale of Scrap

• Wealthy farmers often prefer to employ migrant workers for harvesting and other such intensive operations, rather than the local working class, because migrants are more easily exploited and can be paid lower wages. This preference has produced a peculiar pattern in some areas where the local landless labourers move out of the home villages in search of work during the peak agricultural seasons, while migrant workers are brought in from other areas to work on the local farms. 
• These migrant workers have been termed ‘footloose labour’ by Jan Breman.

Anxiety disorders is a combination of the following symptoms: rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors. 

Types of anxiety disorders: 

a. Generalised anxiety disorder- consists of prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object. The symptoms include worry and apprehensive feelings about the future; hyper vigilance, motor tension, as a result of which the person is unable to relax, is restless, and visibly shaky and tense. 

b. Panic disorder- consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror. A panic attack denotes an abrupt surge of intense anxiety; occur in an unpredictable manner. The clinical features include shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, palpitations, choking, nausea, chest pain or discomfort, fear of going crazy, losing control or dying. 

c. Phobias- irrational fears related to specific objects, people, or situations. Phobias can be grouped into three main types, i.e. specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia. 

d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities. obsessive behaviour is the inability to stop thinking and compulsive behaviour is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again. 

e. Post- traumatic stress disorder - include recurrent dreams, flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing.

These disorders, if not attended, can lead to more serious and chronic disorders. 

1. Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder- Children who are inattentive find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play. They have a hard time keeping their minds on any one thing or in following instructions. Children who are impulsive seem unable to control their immediate reactions or to think before they act. Hyperactivity leads to these children being in in constant motion. The child may fidget, squirm, climb and run around the room aimlessly. Boys are four times more likely to be given this diagnosis than girls. 

2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder- display age-inappropriate amounts of stubbornness, are irritable, defiant, disobedient, and behave in a hostile manner. Unlike ADHD, the rates of ODD in boys and girls are not very different. 

3. Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Behaviour- refer to ageinappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others. It includes aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals, non-aggressive conduct that causes property damage, major deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations. 

4. Separation Anxiety Disorder - excessive anxiety or even panic experienced by children at being separated from their parents; difficulty being in a room by themselves, going to school alone, are fearful of entering new situations, and cling to and shadow their parents’ every move. To avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures. 

5. Depression -. An infant may show sadness by being passive and unresponsive; a preschooler may appear withdrawn and inhibited; a school-age child may be argumentative and combative; and a teenager may express feelings of guilt and hopelessness. 

6. Pervasive Developmental Disorders. These disorders are characterised by severe and widespread impairments in social interaction and communication skills, and stereotyped patterns of behaviours, interests and activities. Autistic disorder or autism is one of the most common of these disorders. Children with autistic disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication, a restricted range of interests, and strong desire for routine.

Factors that influence pro-social behaviour are: 

a. inborn, natural tendency in human beings to help other members of their own species. This inborn tendency facilitates survival of the species. 

b. influenced by learning. Family that emphasises helping as a value, and praises helpfulness, and showing more pro- social behaviour 

c. Cultural factors influence pro-social behaviour. Some cultures actively encourage people to help the needy and distressed. 

d. expressed when the situation activates certain social norms that require helping others. Norm of social responsibility ; norm of reciprocity ; norm of equity .

e. affected by the expected reactions of the person who is being helped. 

f. more likely to be shown by individuals who have a high level of empathy, that is, the capacity to feel the distress of the person who is to be helped.

NaHCO₃ (aq) + CH₃COOH(aq) → CH₃COONa (aq) + H₂O + CO₂(g)↑

In this process colourless and odourless gas CO₂ evolves with brisk effervescence. 

Four steps of obtaining germinating dicot seeds are :-

(i)  Imbibition

(ii)  Respiration 

(iii)  Effect of light 

(iv)  Mobilization of reserve food

Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide. Following steps are involved in obtaining biogas:

i) Mixing (Slurry of cattle-dung and water)

ii) Digesting (decomposition of cattle-dung by anaerobic bacteria) 

iii) Formation of biogas 

iv) Residue left after the formation of biogas.

Damaging as it is a deadly poison.

Beneficial as it shields the surface of the earth from UV radiations of the Sun. 

By not using synthetic chemicals like CFCs, that deplete O₃ layer.

(a) the 

(b) in 

(c) is 

(d) have

(a) about 

(b) introduced 

(c) said 

(d) keeping

(a) (iii) drawn 

(b) (i) has to be 

(c) (iv) invited 

(d) (i) decorated

The Northern Lowlands of Asia extend from the Ural Mountains in the west up to the Bering Strait in the north-east. These lowlands are traingular in shape and widest in the west. Lying between the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Central Mountains in the south,they form the world’s greatest continuous plains. Three rivers which flow northwards into the Arctic Ocean — Ob, Yenisey and Lena, have together built this plain. These marshy and swampy lowlands are also called as the Great Siberian plain. The lower courses and mouths of the rivers freeze in winter. So, water coming from the upper courses in warmer latitudes spreads out over large part of the plains. Another low lying land exists south of the Siberian Plains in Central Asia called as the Turan Plain. This plain is an area of inland drainage and is drained by rivers AmuDarya and SyrDarya.

Merits of pipeline transport in India are the following-      

(i)  Pipelines are use to transport water in cities,big towns and industrial units.      

(ii) There are also use in transporting petroleum products,crude oil,natural gas etc.     

(iii) Solids can also be transported through pipelines when converted into slurry.     

(iv)  Pipelines are use to take out dirty water or sewer wastage from cities and towns to various destinations.

A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement. This may seem a bit of a mouthful, but if you break it down it becomes simpler.

Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment.

The two principles are as follows:

(a) To combat environmental damage, poverty disease through global cooperation on (common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities).

(b) Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

The following steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas: 

(a) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing. 

(b) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace Cultivation restricts erosion. 

(c) Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

Resource planning is said to be the crucial part of any business project or management plan. This phase finds out the resources needed to deliver a project by small business owners. They need to identify all within a specific time frame. In this respect, anything counts as a resource: staff members, roles and responsibilities for each member, equipment for doing the work.

(i) If the present trend of resource depletion by few individuals continues the future of our planet is in danger.

(ii) Planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.

(iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has Ied to global ecological crises. 

RICE 

• rice is consumed by the majority of people in India 
• it is a Kharif crop and requires rainfall above 100 cm 
• it can be grown with the help of irrigation in areas with less rainfall 
• it is grown in north and north eastern area, coastal 

WHEAT

•  it is the most important cereal crop in India 
• it is a rabi crop and requires 50 -75 cm rainfall 
• it needs cool growing season and sunshine while ripening 
• 2 important growing zones Ganga-satjul and Deccan 
• it is grown in Haryana, Punjab, mp

Important staple Food Crops in India are:

Rice: It is the chief food crop of India. The chief rice-growing states are West Bengal, U.P., Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh and Haryana. It is also grown in several other parts of India. Due to Japanese method of rice cultivation the production of rice has increased, but even then India is just self-sufficient in rice. In 1951, the rice production was only 20.6 million tonnes.

India is now in a position to export basmati rice to the Gulf and other, countries. In rice improvement programme three new varieties (Jawahar Rice 3-45, VL Dhan 61 and Triguna) were released for various agro-ecological situations in different states).  

China, India, Japan, Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are the chief rice-producing countries.

Wheat: It is the second in importance to rice in India. It is the staple diet of the people of Punjab, Haryana and U.P. It is largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, West U.P., Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Total area under wheat in the Indian Union is over 2.5 crore hectares. The of Mexican wheat has been introduced and this has led to increased yield (four to five times) per hectare.

Punjab and Haryana have increased their wheat production considerably on account of better seeds. In 1951, the wheat production was only 6.5 million tonnes. India has now comfortable stocks of wheat and can export the same. During 2003-04, India surpassed the U.S.A. in wheat production and reached second position after China without increase in the area.

Millets (Jowar and Bajra): These are largely grown in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, U P., Haryana and the dry areas of Andhra. It forms the staple food of the poor. It thrives best in hot and dry climate with moderate rainfall at intervals.  

Barley: It is used as food grain and also for preparing beer. The main barley growing states are U.P., Punjab and Haryana. Three new varieties Malty, Ritambhara and Haritma were released.  

Maize: It grows more or less all over India but chiefly in Bihar, U.P. Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat. U.S.A., Rumania and other Balkan States, Russia also produces large quantities of maize.  

Pluses: These are grown in different parts of India, especially in Punjab, U P., M.P., Bengal, Maharashtra and Gujarat. The per capita availability of pulses has been gradually declining on account of the serious shortfalls in production. India has imported pulses in the past in order to augment supplies. This is despite the fact that the country has the largest area in the world under pulse crops.

Epistolary novels use personal letters to tell the story e.g samuel richardson's pamela, while serislised novels publish each part of the story in a new journal to keep the suspense live.

1. It used the private and personal form of letters to tell the story.

2. It allowed the reader to relish the story at a time.

3.These novels were expensive.

4.Often it did not have illustration.

Serialised novel:

1. It told the stories in prose.

2. It allowed the readers to relish the suspense, discuss the characters of a novel and live for weeks with their stories.

3. Magazines were cheap which published the novels.

4. Serialised novels always had colourful illustrations.

Tertiary sector is becoming very important in an Indian economy. The reasons are as follows:

(i) Basic services like education, healthcare, banking, postal service, police stations and courts are required in a developing country like India, which are mostly taken care of by the government.

(ii) Development of agriculture and industry has led to the requirement of services like transport, trade, storage etc.

(iii) When income levels rise, people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.

Some resource found in a state is not found other few states.Some states might be also economically under,but resourefuly rich(odisa),but in some states they might be economically rich,but resourcefully under(goa).there are other reasons also like infant mortality rate,literacy rate etc.

Proportion of poors is not being the same in every state. The reasons are

(i) The success of reducing poverty varies from state to state.

(ii) 20 states have poverty ratio less than national average.

(iii) Bihar and Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 33.7% and 32.6% respectively.

(iv) There is significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and some other states.

(v) With the help of high agricultural growth rates, states like Punjab and Haryana have succeeded in reducing poverty to a large extent.

(vi) Proper organisation of Public Distribution System (PDS) in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu has also helped to tackle the problem of poverty.

Factors for depletion of flora and fauna. Human: Wood, barks, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, fuel, fodder results in depletion of flora. Hunting and poaching of wildlife, over exploitation, environmental pollution are some factors which leads to the depletion of fauna.

There are five major reasons which are responsible for depletion of flora and fauna in India

(i) Agricultural expansion After Independence agricultural expansion becomes the major causes of depletion of forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980, according to the Forest Survey of India over 26,200 sq. km of forest area was converted into agricultural land all over the India.

(ii) Mining It is another major factor behind
deforestation, e.g. dolomite mining has seriously threatened the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal. This ongoing mining has disturbed the natural habitat and blocked the migration route of great Indian elephant.

(iii) Large-scale development projects Since 1951, over 5000 sq km of forest was cleared for River Valley Projects. Narmada Sagar Projects in Madhya Pradesh has inundated 40000 hectare of forest.

(iv) Rapidly expanding industrial-urban economy Increasing consumption of forest based product such as rubber, medicines, dyes, fuel wood has increased the depletion of forest resources.

(v) Over population In the third world countries it is often cited as the cause of environmental degradations. However an average American Consumed 40 times more resources than an average Somalian. Similarly 5 per cent richest Indians cause more ecological damage than poorest 25 per cent.

Human activities and man's insensitivity to the environment have been the major causes for the depletion of flora and fauna. 

Various activities carried out by man are: 

1. Deforestation for agricultural expansion

2. Degradation of forests by shifting cultivation

3. Large scale development projects

4. Mining activities

5. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over exploitation of forest products, environmental degradation, forest fires are some other factors which have led to the decline of India's biodiversity.

6. Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being. 

(a) Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano in Tanzania. / In Tanzania, Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano. / Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is a dormant volcano. 

(b) It is the highest mountain in Africa / In Africa it is the highest mountain. 

(c) It has been the subject of many scientific studies. 

(d) We should visit India regularly.

(a) It is a strong desire to have more of everything. 

(b) It turns our attention to what we don’t have. 

(c) It robs us of our peace of mind. 

(d) Tigers are powerful animals.

(a) It is a sparsely populated town in Uttarakhand. 

(b) It has an average literacy rate of 77%. 

(c) Badrinath Dham is a seat of Devprayag pandas. / Devprayag is a seat of Badrinath Dham pandas. 

(d) Devprayag is located on the confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.

a.iii. 230,000 soldiers 

b. (iv). II, IV, I, III 

c. iii. Jean Henri Dunant 

d. IV. Writing a book 

e. iii. The Contributions of Jean Henri Dunant 

f. I and III 

g. time 

h. False

Complete the passage by choosing the correct option given below. 

(a) (ii) are 

(b) (ii) are living 

(c) (iii) and 

(d) (i) the

(2.1) (a) a spare called determination, an engine called perseverance, insurance called faith, and a driver called God. 

(b) The difference between a disaster and triumph lies in whether or not you’re prepared and willing to weather the storm. If you’re ready, those bumps will become stepping-stones. 

(c) If you want to have a better future, you have to change yourself. Stop worrying about the various challenges that will come your way. Just believe in yourself and use them as stepping-stones. 

(d) Success can be measured from two standpoints—the external and the internal. Externally it is the measure of a job well done and recognition. Internally it the feeling of achievement and wholeness derived from the completion of a task or fulfillment of desire

2.2 On the basis of your reading of the above extract, 

(a) (iii) Triumph 

(b) Abundance 

(c) (ii) Achievement 

(d) Superficial

Multi –National Corporations(MNCs) interlink production across countries : 

(i) There are varieties of ways in which the MNCs are spreading their production and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe. 

(ii) By setting up partnership with local companies, by using the local companies for supplies, by closely competing with the local companies or buying them. 

(iii) MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at the distant locations. As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked. Example – Cargill Foods , Parakh Food

Dense and efficient network of transport is a pre-requisite for local and national development : 

(i) Network of transport is essential for the transportation of men and material from one place to another. 

(ii) They are helpful in supplying the consumer goods to the markets and consumers rapidly. 

(iii) They provide immediate relief in times of disaster, war, famines and floods.

Thus, the pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space and time.

Loan activities of Banks in India : 

(i) Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people. 

(ii) Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers). 

(iii) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what it offers on deposits.

Loan activities of Banks in India :
(i) Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
(ii) Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people.
(iii) Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers).
(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what it offers on deposits.

Market gardening specializes in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetables, fruits and flowers, solely for the urban markets. Farms are small and are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre where high income group of consumers is located.

Jammu and Kashmir comprised of three regions : • Kashmir region is Kashmir valley consisting Kashmir speaking and mostly Muslim with a Kashmir speaking Hindu minority. 

• Jammu region consists of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and speakers of various languages, in the areas of foothills and plains. 

• Ladakh region is equally divided between Buddhists and Muslims and maintains a little population area. 

These internal divisions led to multiple regional aspirations : 

• One strand of separatist to demand a separate Kashmiri nation independent of India and Pakistan. • Some other groups want Kashmir to be merged with Pakistan. 

• Third strand wants a greater autonomy for people of state within Indian Union. 

• The demand for intra-state autonomy is as strong as the demand for the state autonomy. 

In present scenario, most of the separatist in dialogue are trying to re-negotiate a relationship of state with India.

Russia is the new name of former USSR.

India’s policy of Non-alignment was not a policy of ‘fleeing away’ instead India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries and prevented differences from escalating into a full scale war.

States Reorganization,Commission was formed in 1954 to recommend creation of states on the linguistic basis.

Equality, Fraternity and Liberty.

Triple Alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hewgary and Triple Entente formed by Britain, France and Russia.

Menshevik and Bolshevik parties.

The life history of Jesus is as follows :

(i) Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea Province on 25^th December H.BC.

(ii) His parents were Joseph and Mary.

(iii) Jesus knew Arabic and symitic languages.

(iv) Jesus had 12 disciples who are known as apostles. Peter was the first apostles.

(v) Jesus was spreading Christianity but his growth was not liked by many people.

(vi) After that the people complained to "Pontius Pilata" that Jesus is spoiling the people.

(vii) Pontius Pilata gave a death punishment to Jesus at Mount Clavor at Golgotha.

(viii) Jesus rose to life after the 3 days of his death and this is known as Resurrection of Jesus.