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Its impact and incidence lie on different persons.

1. Households mobilize their savings and deposits it in the banks to earn interest for meeting their current and future needs. 

2. If there is a fall in the interest rate, they get less interest, and, hence, find it difficult to sustain their livelihood. 

3. But, on the other hand, RBI thinks of reducing interest rate for boosting the climate of investment. 

4. There is a contradiction between the two, because increase in investment promotes aggregate demand and output while savings is a leakage from flow of income, and it should be resolved in a manner so that no one suffers.

A tax is a legally compulsory payment imposed by the government on income and profit of persons and companies without reference to any benefit. Tax is of two types: Direct tax and Indirect tax.

In India, in unorganized sectors.such as small industries and agriculture, there are vast activities relating to aggregate demand and aggregate supply which are not reflected while assessing the gaps. It is because of these activities that the slowdown effect, that affected a considerable part of the world in 2008, did not affect India.

Activities to secure a reallocation of resources. 

1. Public goods are those goods and services for which consumption by some individuals does not reduce the amount available to others. 

2. For example parks,roads,water,bridges,national defense etc.. 

3. these goods are non-rival and non-excludable ones. 

4. people receives benefits from public goods but do not pay for them.Such a goods can only prepared by government.

1. Fiscal deficit is always a wider concept than revenue deficit. 

2. Revenue deficit is defined as the excess of government’s revenue expenditure over revenue receipts. In terms of formula: Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditures (RE) – Revenue Receipts (RR) 

3. In short, there will be revenue deficit in a government budget when revenue expenditure exceeds revenue receipts. 

4. Fiscal deficit is defined as the excess for all expenditure over total receipts net of borrowings. 

5. Initially, Fiscal deficit does not take into account all types of receipts. It does not take into account borrowings. But finally they have to depend on borrowing to met fiscal deficit. Fiscal Deficit = Revenue Deficit + Capital Deficit (Excluding Borrowing)- Borrowing = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing from abroad.

A government budget is an annual financial statement showing itemwise estimates of expected revenue and anticipated expenditure during a fiscal year.

It means that the Government has to borrow only for making interest payments of the previous years, and that there are no fresh borrowings.

1. Yes, there can be a fiscal deficit in government budget without any revenue deficit. 

2. Revenue deficit is a position where total revenue expenditure of the government exceeds its total revenue receipts. 

3. Fiscal deficit is a position where total expenditure of the government exceeds sum total of its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts.

4. Hence, there can be a fiscal deficit without revenue deficit in following situations: 

(i) When capital budget shows a deficit and revenue budget is balanced. 

(ii) When deficit in capital budget is greater than surplus in revenue budget.

1. Fiscal deficits are not necessarily inflationary. 

2. As we know fiscal deficit shows borrowing requirement of the government. 

3. If we borrow when there is a situation of underemployment in an economy i.e., in a situation of deficient demand, then it is not inflationary because in a situation of deficient demand output is held back because of lack of demand. 

4. A high fiscal deficit (borrowing) is accompanied by higher demand and greater output which is not inflationary. 

5. On the other hand, if we borrow at the full employment level, then it is inflationary in nature. 

6. A high fiscal deficit (borrowing) is accompanied by higher prices because aggregate demand is greater than aggregate supply at the full employment level which is always inflationary.

1. Fiscal deficit is defined as excess of total expenditure over total receipts (revenue and capital receipts) excluding borrowing. 

2. In other words, it is equal to borrowings and borrowings are just an act of the government which may be finance interest payments of the government also. 

3. While revenue deficit exclusively takes into account current interest payment obligations of the government not connected with the actual activities. 

4. Thus, revenue deficit is more important than fiscal deficit.

Most of the established democracies face the Challenge of Expansion:

(i) Citizens have great expectations from the government.

(ii) Government tries its best for the upliftment of the society.

(iii) Ensuring greater power to the local government. Extension of federal principles to all the units of the federation including women and minority groups. 

Banks are efficient medium of exchange because:

(i) Demand deposits share the essential features of money.

(ii) The facility of cheque against demand deposit make it possible to directly settle payment without use of cash.

(iii) Demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment.

The tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors because :

(i) It does not provide or produce goods.

(ii) It provides services such as transport, I.T., communications, etc.

(iii) It is the backbone of all the sectors.

(iv) More the primary and secondary sectors develop, there increases the requirement of services.

In the urban areas, there are thousands of casual workers in the services sector who search daily employment. Eg. petty workers, painters, street vendors, rickshaw pullers, etc. who are underemployed because they do not have better work opportunities.

Role of Political Parties 

i. Parties contest election 

ii. Parties put forward different policies and programmes 

iii. Parties form and run the govt. 

iv. Parties that lose in the election play the role of opposition 

v. Parties shape public opinion 

vi. Parties provide people access to govt. Machinery and welfare schemes. 

Expand formal sources 

i. To save people from the exploitation of Informal sector 

ii. Formal charge a low interest on loans. 

iii. To save from debt trap. 

iv. It provides cheap and affordable credit. 

v. RBI also supervises the formal sector credit through various rules and regulations which ensures that banks give loans to small cultivators, small borrowers, etc. and not just to profit making business and traders.

• These are narrow coastal strips, running along the Arabian Sea on the west and Bay of Bengal on the east.
• These are known as western coast and eastern coast of the coastal plains.
• The western coast is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
• It is a narrow plain and consists of three sections. The northern part of the coast is called the ‘Konkan’, the central is called ‘Kannad Plain’ and the southern part is called the ‘Malabar Coast’.
• The plains along the Bay of Bengal are wide and level.
• In the northern part, it is called Northern Circas, while the southern part is known as Coromandal Coasts.
• Large rivers such as the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri form extensive deltas on the eastern coasts.
• Lake Chilika is also located on the eastern coast. It is the largest salt water lake of India.

i. Women as Rebels: Writers and political thinkers began idealising women who rebelled against social norms. In the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh caused a scandal because it showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying someone of her choice, someone who was involved in nationalist politics. 

ii. Heroes of Past Times: Rebel women of the past were similarly celebrated. In 1913, the nationalist Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE. In this play he depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese. 

iii. One of the most venerated was Trieu Au who lived in the third century CE. She left home, went into the jungles, organised a large army and resisted Chinese rule. 

iv. Women as Warriors- In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. 

v. Women as workers -They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. 

vi. Women in Times of Peace Now the image of women as workers begins to predominate.

Following indicators are used by social scientists to interpret the poverty:

(i) Illiteracy level It is a situation where parents are unable to send their children to school.

(ii) Lack of access to healthcare It is a situation in which sick people cannot afford treatment.

(iii) Lack of access to drinking water It means lack of safe and clean drinking water facilities.

(iv) Lack of job opportunity It means no availability of regular job opportunity.

(v) Lack of general resistance It means lack of general resistance due to malnutrition.

(vi) Lack of sanitation It means cleaning of our surroundings.

To strengthen his position Asaf Jah brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India. He also appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.

Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own because: 

(1) Modern currency is authorized by the government of a country. 

(2) In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues all currency notes on behalf of central Government. 

(3) No other individual or organization is allowed to issue currency. 

(4) The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India. 

(5) No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in Rupees.

He wants to find out the average life expectancy of the workers working in the London textile mills. He found out that around 1 million workers had a very poor life expectancy like around 28-29 years.

• The Civil code of 1804 was also known as Napoleonic code, spread to all countries including Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
• Transport and Communications network improved.
•  peasants, artisans, workers and businessmen enjoyed freedom That were gained due to Napoleon's uniform laws.
• standardised measures and weight, common currency system which facilitated the movement and exchange of goods from one region to another.
• He freed the peasants and other section of society from serfdom and manorial dues.

Economic Exploitation and the Civilising Mission.

There lies huge difference between the Venetian and the French governments. Venetian Government 

The best way to describe the Venetian Government is ‘Venice über alles’, meaning ‘Venice above all’. This statement proves that Venice had a more just and efficient government as compared to any other European governments in contemporary times. On the other hand, the 15th century French government has been referred as ’Feudal barbarism’ by Napoleon Bonaparte. 

The Venetian administration was mostly controlled by the Great Council which comprised of the some of the prominent members of the city. The state for these patricians was a mere extension of their family and individual interests. These people understood that an efficient administration of the state is important for the effective functioning of the trading, which was the primary source of revenue of the land. 

People of the lesser ranks such as the merchants, doctors and lawyers also had an important role to play in the state. They served as the ambassadors and diplomats. 

The lower ranks also had important rights and obligations. Thus, the administration of Venice was a participative practice. The government made all efforts to fulfill the needs of the poor. Provisions were made for the supply of food, conducting great ceremonies and celebrations, and assurance of legal system with justice for all.

 French Government The French government was different from the Venetian style of governance. It was based on the system of Feudalism. Feudalism was a social and economic system that existed in France, England and Italy during the 9th and 15th century. Here, the agricultural production was based on the relation between lords and peasants. The lords owned huge lands, and the peasants had to cultivate their own lands as well as the lords’ land. In return for the services rendered by the peasants, the lords provided military protection to them.

The lords also extended judicial control over the peasants and the settlement. This practise was highly exploitative and peasants were the major sufferers.

(a) Britain’s involvement in wars from 1793 and 1815 greatly affected its economy. Factories shut down and trade also suffered. 

(b) Due to shutdown of factories workers became jobless. There was no capital formation and possibility of reinvestment during the war period. 

(c) Britain had to borrow capital for carrying out its expenses during war. The prices of commodities also became very high. 

 (d) Moreover, Napoleon Bonaparte’s continental policy made the Britain to face the economic crisis. He blocked the trade market for Britain as a result of which goods from Britain could not reach the markets of other countries. 

(e) There was an acute shortage of supply of commodities

Paul Bernard's arguments in favour of economic development of Vietnam :

(i) He argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits.

(ii) The economy was developed and the standard of the living of the people improved, they would buy more goods.

(iii) The market would consequently expand, leading to better profits for French business.

(iv) To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity it was necessary to carry out land reforms.

(v) To ensure sufficient employment, industrialization would create more jobs.

As convex mirror produces diminished image so it can cover a large field hence we use convex mirror as rear-view mirror.

Normal eye is unable to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm due to power of accommodation of eye.  

Refractive index of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how fast light propagates through the material. It is the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum to its velocity is a specified medium. R.I. of diamond is 2.42 which means speed of light is diamond is 2.42 times slower than that is vacuum.

The rate of flow of change at a given point of a conductor is known as electric current.

I = q/t

Its SI. unit is Ampere. 

Earth wire is a low resistance wire which connects an appliance to earth so that all the excess current passes to the earth from the wire instead of human body and hence saves from shock.

As the distance of travel through the atmosphere increases during dawn and dusk. Light is scattered much more than during noon. As the shorter wavelengths are scattered, only red light is left, as it has largest wavelength of the seven colors. Thus sun appears red during sunrise and sunset. 

By changing the curvature of lens.

Primary health care includes the following essential components:

1. Providing education concerning prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and controlling them.

2. Provision of food supply and proper nutrition.

3. Adequate supply of safe and clean drinking water and basic sanitation.

4. Provision of maternal and child health care.

There are certain substances whose odour (smell)changes in acidic or basic solutions. These substances are called olefactory indicators. The olefactory indicators have a characteristics odour. This odour in olefactory indicators is changed in acidic or basic solution and helps us in detecting whether a given sample solutions is acidic or basic in nature.

Ex : Vanilla essence has characteristic pleasant smell in acid solution and no smell in alkali solution.

1. Eukaryotic cells contains membrane bounded organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.  

2. Prokaryotes are also known as the primitive life forms as they arrived earlier than the eukaryotes during the course of evolution. 

3. Eukaryotes are multicellular and prokaryotes are unicellular. 

4. Ribosomes are smaller in prokaryotes and larger in eukaryotes. 

5. Prokaryotes lacks 'true nucleus', whereas eukaryotes possess nucleus as well as nuclear membrane.

Following steps are taken to test the given liquids:

1. Place a drop of each liquid on turmeric indicator. The solution which changes the colour of the indicator to red is basic in nature, i.e., it is sodium hydroxide.
2. Now put a drop of sodium hydroxide on the other two liquids separately to obtain two mixtures.
3. One by one place the drop of each mixture on turmeric indicator. The mixture that changes the colour of indicator red contains neutral sugar solution. While the mixture which does not show any colour change in indicator contains hydrochloric acid which was neutralised on addition of sodium hydroxide.

(a) An object increases its energy when raised through a height. This is because work is done on it against gravity while it is being raised. The energy present in such an object is the gravitational-potential energy. This gravitational-potential energy of an object at a point above the ground is defined as the work done in raising it from the ground to that point against gravity.
An object of mass m, when raised through a height h from the ground, then work done by this object will be
W = force x displacement = mg x h = mgh

(b) Potential energy will be the work done by the object i.e.,

W = mgh = 10 x 9.8 x 6 = 588 J

The gradual and continuous rise in average temperature of the Earth’s surface is called global warming.

Causes of global warming:

(i) The burning of these fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides which lead to global warming. Deforestation is also leading to warmer temperatures. 

(ii) The hazard of global warming is continuously causing major damage to the Earth's environment. Most people are still unaware of global warming and do not consider it to be a big problem in years to come.

Effects of global warming:

(i) An increase in temperature would lead to melting of polar ice caps and consequent rise in sea levels.

(ii) Increase in temperature of Earth can cause change in weather and precipitation patterns on the Earth.

Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of a leaf.

Functions of stomata:

• Stomata help in the exchange of gases.
• Evaporation of water from the leaf surface occurs through stomata.

The process of watering the crops is called irrigation.

Two methods of irrigation are: 

(i) Sprinkler system : This system is used on the uneven land where less water is available. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals. Water is allowed to flow through main pipe under pressure, which escapes from the rotating nozzles. In this way water gets sprinkled on the crop.

(ii) Drip irrigation: This system is used to save water as it allows the water to flow drop by drop at the roots of the plants. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. Water is not wasted at all.       

EMP.insert(loc=3,column=”Salary”,value=Sal)

Macros are preprocessor directive created using # define that serve as symbolic constants. They are created to simplify and reduce the amount of repetitive coding

For instance,

#define max (a, b) a>b? a: b

Defines the macro max, taking two arguments a and b. This macro may be called like any function. Therefore, after preprocessing

A = max(x, y);

Becomes A = x>y?x :y ;

0.50     8.0

0.75    11.0

Tricking users into revealing personal information such as passwords and bank account numbers by way of emails pretending to be from actual companies Spyware.

UNICODE is a universal coding standard whose main objective is to enable a single, unique character set capable of supporting all characters from all scripts, as well as symbols, that are commonly utilized for computer processing throughout the globe.