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In the following ways, Public Sector contributes to the economic development of a nation. 

(i) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expression of infrastructure.

 (ii) It creates employment opportunities.

 (iii) It generates financial resources for development. 

(iv) It ensures equality of income, wealth and thus a balanced regional development.

 (v) It encourages the development of small, medium and cottage industries.

 (vi) It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates. 

(vii) Contributes to community development i.e., to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services.

DOLLAR WORLD 

(a) It is the influence of dollar and the United States has the world's largest economy, most international transactions continue to be conducted with the United States dollar, and it has remained the de facto world currency 

(b) nature of hegemony- hard , military expenditure, defense mechanism 

(c)its structural power 

i. Global public goods 

ii. SLOCS 

iii. Internet 

iv. World 

Note. The following question is for the visually impaired children in lieu of 

(a) America in the world is having global dominance 

(b) military dominance – in absolute and relative terms 

ii. high expenditure 

iii. high budget allotment 

iv. military dominance 

v. high tech chasm 

(c) State its structural hegemony 

i. Global public goods 

ii. SLOCS 

iii. Internet 

iv. World trade 

Anne Frank considered her diary, Kitty, to be her best friend and made many entries in it. In her early diary entries she has described her girlhood experiences. She has mentioned that she was a spoiled little girl who felt that her mother did not love her. She had a feeling that her father loved her more than her mother. She didn’t like Mrs. Van Daan and made fun of her. But as time passed there was a change in her. She no longer acted as a spoiled girl, rather she turned into a responsible girl who made efforts to help everyone in the secret annexe. Her relationship with her mother started improving. She grew a liking for Peter, Mrs. Van Daan’s son. In the beginning she used to feel boredom in Annexe, but gradually learnt to get rid of it by reading books, learning languages and doing other things which kept her busy the whole day. Life had changed and so had its meaning

Martha Washington was the daughter of the cook who helped Helen Keller’s mother. She was a coloured girl. Since both of them were of the same age group, they could always be seen together. In other words she was Helen’s constant companion. Though she was a child, yet she could very well understand Helen’s sign language. Whenever Helen went out to play, Martha was always by her side. But Helen always dominated her. Martha had a great love for mischief. She used to go egg-hunting for the guinea- fowl eggs in the long grass with Helen. Martha used to spend a lot of time with Helen in the kitchen kneading dough balls, help making ice-cream, grinding coffee, quarrelling over the cake-bowl and not to forget, feeding the hens and turkeys that swarmed about the kitchen steps. The sheds for storing corn and stables were sources of interest to Martha. In fact she was a mischievous girl who submitted to Helen’s mischief most of the time.

(A) World’s population can be divided into categories on the basis of residence:— 

(i) Rural population 

(ii) Urban population  

(B) Rural population and urban population differ from each other:— 

(i) Rural and urban life styles differ from each other in terms of their livelihood and social conditions. The age-sex occupational structure, density of population and level of development. 

(ii) In rural areas, people are engaged in primary activities whereas in urban areas majority of working population is engaged in non-primary activities.

(i) Tertiary activities are related to the service sector. Man power is an important component of the service sector as most of the tertiary activities are completed by skilled labour, professionally trained experts and consultants. 

(ii) These activities include both production and exchange. The production involves the provision of services that arc consumed whereas exchange involves trade, transport and communication facilities that are used to overcome distance. 

(iii) Tertiary activities involve the commercial output of services rather than the production of tangible goods. Not directly involved in the processing of physical raw materials—work of a plumber, electrician, technician, launderer, barber, shopkeeper, driver, teacher etc.

(i) A Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929 under the Presidentship of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. 

(ii) It was in this session that congress declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ as its aim. 

(iii) In this session, it was decided to celebrate 26th January as an Independence day every year and people were asked to prepare themselves for the struggle for independence. 

(iv) It was after this session that Gandhiji sought to devise ways to relate the idea of independence with the daily issues of the people to make the struggle more practical.

Consumers are exploited in the market place in the following ways :
(i) Shopkeepers weigh less than what they should.
(ii) Traders add charges that were not mentioned before.
(iii) Traders sell adulterated or defective goods.
(iv) False information is passed through the media and other sources to attract consumers.

There are many factors influencing the distribution of population availability of water and landforms are of them. 

(i) Availability of Water: An important factor for life, people, on all over the w orld prefer to live in areas where freshwater is available easily. It is used for drinking, bathing and cooking and also used for cattle, crop, industries and navigation. River valleys are densely populated areas of the world, reason being the easy availability of water. 

(ii) Land forms: It is one of the top priorities as people prefer living on flat flat plains and gentle slopes, such areas are favorable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport network and do not favour agricultural and industrial development. Hence such areas tend to be less populated. Ganga plains are densely populated whereas Himalayas are scarcely populated.

The outbreak of the second world war had a devastating effect on the economy. 

(i) The war destroyed industrial infrastructure in Europe to a great extent. 

(ii) The war had the devastating impact on the economies of Asia and Europe, large number of cities, towns were targeted and bombarded. 

(iii) It brought about massive damage to the property in Soviet Union. 

(iv) US emerged as the World's dominant economic and political power in the World that reshaped much of the global economic order. 

(v) American industries were restructured during the course of the war, and helped it to overcome economic depression and crisis. 

(vi) From 1941, industrial production increased to meet the war needs, By the end of the second world war, there was increase in the employment rate, increased migration of people to US. 

(vii) US spearheaded and gave shape to global economic institutions like IMF, World Bank etc.

The attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement was :
(i) During the 1st World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage import.

(iii) To organize business interest they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (in 1920) and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries FICCI ( in 1927).
(iv) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(v) Most businessmen came to see ‘Swaraj’ at a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
(vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
(vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business.

Main Events of February Revolution in Petrograd:

(i) 22 February Lockout of a factory was done on the right bank of the Neva river in Petrograd. 

(ii) 23 February Sympathy strike was done by workers in 50 factories. Demonstrating workers reached the centre of the city, surrounding the government buildings. Curfew was imposed  and the demonstrators dispersed. 

(iii) 24 and 25 February Demonstrations done again by workers. Cavalry and police were called out to control them. 

(vi) 25 February  Government suspended the Duma (Russian Parliament). 

(v) 26 February Demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left bank.

In the 18th century, the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision-making. There was a big change in the newer pattern.
(i) Ties between members of household loosened.
(ii) The institution of marriage among the working class tended to break down.
(iii) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced an increasingly higher level of isolation although their lives were made easier by maids.
(iv) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes.
(v) By the 20th century, the urban family had been transformed again partly by the experience of the wartime and partly work done by the women who were employed in large numbers.

Multipurpose river valley projects refers to the building of large dams for generating hydro-electricity and for supplying water for irrigation, industrial and domestic purposes.

Objectives of multipurpose river valley projects are:

• Development of agriculture
• Development of village economy
• Rapid industrialisation
• Growth of urban economy
• Generate electricity for industries, villages and cities.
• Provide inland navigation.
• Encourage tourism and recreation.
• Preservation of wildlife.
• Development of fisheries.

Examples: Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Kosi, Chambal, etc.

living in own house  an example of direct income. 

The First World War deeply affected India though it was under the British rule at that time.

The Following points state its impact 

(i)  The British Government raised taxes, custom duties and income taxes in India to finance the war expenditures.

(ii)  Villagers and farmers were forcefully recruited in the British army. There was a rise in prices of food and other essential things. 

Role of Technology :

(i)  Transformation of the world economy : Railways, steam ships, telegraph – were important inventions which transformed nineteenth–century world. Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport; faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.

(ii)  Impact on the meat trade :  Till the 1870s, meat from America was shipped to Europe in the form of live animals which were then slaughtered in Europe. But live animals took up a lot of ship space, many also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight, or became unfit to eat. A new technology namely, refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distance. Now animals were slaughtered at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social pace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.

Ironing should not be done directly on the buttons.

It means that people began to believe that they were all a part of the same nation and discovered some unity, which bound them together.

(i)  Main cultural processes:

1.   Figures or images helped create an image with which people could identify the nation. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism

(a)   It was with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India was associated with the image of &m at Mate. 

(b)  This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhvav, who wrote the song 'Vandemataram' in his novel Anandamath.

(c)  "Then Rabinctranath'lagore painted the famous image of Bharaat Mata. He was moved by the Swadeshi movement.

(d)  In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed divine and spiritual.

(e)  In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms as it circulated in popular prints and was painted by different artists.

(f)  Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.

Economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s : 

(i) Enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe. 

(ii) In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. 

(iii) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. 

(iv) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England. 

(v) In Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 

(vi) The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in town and country.

Economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s :
(i) Enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe.
(ii) In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
(iii) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in over crowded slums.
(iv) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England.
(v) In Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(vi) The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in town and country.

Problems faced by the French in the sphere of education in Vietnam :
(i) The elites in Vietnam were powerfully influenced by Chinese culture.

(ii) To consolidate their power, the French had to counter the Chinese influence. So they systematically dismantled the traditional system and established French schools for the Vietnamese.
(iii) Chinese language used by the elites so far, had to be replaced.
(iv) There were two broad opinions. Some policy makers emphasized the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction whereas others suggested Vietnamese to be taught in lower classes and French in higher classes.

Major problems in the field of education for the French in Vietnam were:

 (i) The French were faced with yet another problem in the sphere of education: the elites in Vietnam were powerfully influenced by Chinese culture. 

(ii) To consolidate their power, the French had to counter this Chinese influence. 

(iii) So they systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and established French schools for Vietnam.

 (iv) But this was not easy; Chinese, the language used by elites so far, had to be replaced, French or Vietnamese.

 (v) French wanted educated local labor force but they feared that education might create problems. 

(vi) French citizens living in Vietnam began fearing that they might loose jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to educated Vietnamese.

 (vii) So they opposed policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.

The division of power between the Central and State Governments is done in a three fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Government. 

There are three lists i.e. Union List, State List and Concurrent List.

(i) Union List: It includes subjects of national importance, e.g. defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The Central Government alone can make decisions on these matters. The aim of including these matters in Union List is to ensure uniformity in the policy of these areas throughout the country.

(ii) State List: It contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Government alone can make laws and decisions on these areas.

(iii) Concurrent List: It includes those subjects which are of common interest to both the Central as well as State Governments. It includes matters like education, forests, marriage and trade unions. Both the State and Central Government can make decision on these matters.

Distribution of roads is not uniform in the country due to following reasons:

 (i) Density of all roads varies from only 10 kms in Jammu and Kashmir to 552 kms in UP with national average of 125 km. 

(ii) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. 

(iii) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.

 (iv) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

The difficulties of barter system were overcome by the introduction of money

(a) Lavinia. 

(b) John Hallock, the narrator.

(c) The speaker turned around to check if the ghost was there or not. 

(d) The speaker was relieved because the ghost was not there and so she would not have heard of Lavinia finding Ouija boards thrilling.

Ali was an old man who lived a life of loneliness. There was no happiness in his life. His only daughter had shifted to Punjab after getting married and he desperately longed for a letter from her. People at the post-office insulted him, and ridiculed him but he paid no attention to them. He only wanted a letter from his daughter. It seemed that the only aim of his existence was to get a letter from his daughter which came only after his death. He didn’t receive it while he was alive and thus led a cheerless life.

Durability and weight.

Legally, money is anything proclaimed by law as a medium of exchange. Paper notes and coins (together called currency) is money as a matter of law.

The stock of money held by the public at a point of time, in an economy, is referred to as the money supply. Money supply is a stock concept.

1. M₃(currency notes and coins with public + demand deposits of commercial and co-operative banks + other deposits with RBI),

2. Time deposits of all commercial and co-operative banks.

Demand deposits are those deposit which can be withdrawn by the depositor at any time by means of cheque. No interest is paid on such deposits.

Speciation : It is the process of origin of new species from pre-exisiing ones. 

Role of genetic drift and natural selection : Genetic drift is flow of genes from one population to another by chance factor or randomly. Over generation it will accumulate different changes in different population. In addition, natural selection operates differently in different population selecting the fittest / favourable feature in both the population. Over a long period of time, the differences in the two population may become so drastic that they no longer reproduce with each other and thus give rise to new species.

Time deposits are the deposits which can not be withdrawn before the expiry of the stipulated time for which deposits are made. Fixed deposit is an example of time deposit.

1. Coins and currency notes with public.

2. Demand deposits with banks.

Narrow money refers to M₁.

(c) Currency plus demand deposits plus other deposits with the RBI.

Narrow money refers to M₃.

(b) treatment of time deposits of banks

As we know, direct tax and indirect tax are complimentary to each other i.e., they are not substitutes to each other. There is really nothing to choose between direct taxes and indirect taxes as such. 

Both of them have their relative merits and demerits. They differ from each other as: 

1. Indirect taxes reach all the sections of the society; whereas direct taxes cannot reach all the sections. 

2. Direct taxes can be highly progressive; whereas Indirect taxes are generally proportional. 

3. Indirect taxes can be easily used to influence the consumption of specific commodities; whereas direct taxes cannot be used thus. In short, it is necessary to strike a balance between direct taxes and indirect taxes as a source of tax revenue.

Sales budget is an estimate of future sales, often broken down into both units and currency. It is used to create company sales goals. Marketing budget is an estimate of the funds needed for promotion, advertising, and public relations in order to market the product or service.

(a) No manufacturing involved: If the new venture does not include any manufacturing function, say it’s a trading firm or a service provider, then this section will stand eliminated from the plan. 

(b) Partial manufacturing: If some or all the manufacturing process is to be subcontracted or outsourced, then the production plan should describe: 

(i) Name and location of subcontractor(s) 

(ii) Reasons for their selection 

(iii) Cost and time involved 

(iv) Any contracts that have been completed etc. In such cases, a clear mention of what entrepreneur intends to do himself and what he plans to get it done from outside is required. 

(c) Complete Manufacturing: If the manufacturing is to be carried out in whole by the entrepreneur, he/she will need to describe: 

(i) the physical plant layout, 

(ii) the machinery and equipment required to perform the manufacturing operations, 

(iii) raw materials and suppliers names, addresses, terms and conditions, 

(iv) cost of manufacturing 

(v) any future capital equipment required etc.

Co-operative organization; 

Features: 

a. ‘Formed an organization where in the persons voluntarily associate…..’- voluntary association, anybody can become a member of a co-operative society 

b. ‘managing committee that was elected in the basis of one member one vote’- democratic management, the management of the co-operative society is democratically elected. 

c. ‘the purpose of this organization is to help these craftsmen to find market for their products’- service motive, the main objective of a co-operative society is to provide service to it’s members and not to earn profits. 

False. Fiscal policy has a direct effect on all the sectors of the economy.

False. Equilibrium below the full employment level leads to deflation, which causes low level of investment and employment implies low level of output. 

Note: As per CBSE guidelines, no marks will be given if reason to the answer is not explained.

No, it is not so because it creates a liability (for the government) of repayment.

Yes, but it will be underemployment equilibrium, and there exists a voluntary unemployment in an economy. 

Value : Problem solving

1. Commercial revenue (profit and interest) 

2. Administrative revenueffees, fines and penalties, escheats etc)

1. Depression reflects slowdown of economic activities on all fronts and therefore is a cause of concern for the government and society at large. 

2. However, if tackled carefully taking appropriate monetary and fiscal measures, it may prove useful. 

3. As it has happened in 1929 in America, and also in the years from 2008 to 2012 in the context of slow down of the Indian economy.