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We get hydrogen gas by reduction. Red hot iron reduces steam to hydrogen.

3Fe + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2

The other solid product is magnetite, Fe3O4, a mixed oxide (FeO.Fe2O3) of iron.

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what were Arun s parents like

Allyl and vinyl are two different organic functional groups. Both have C-C double bonds but in different positions. In vinyl group, C=C is directly attached to the rest of the chain. In contrast to vinyl, allyl group is attached to the rest of the molecule through –CH2 group. This is the main difference between Allyl and Vinyl groups.

Allyl: The general molecular formula is RCH2CH=CH2. The Vinyl group is attached to rest of the molecule through –CH2– group.

Vinyl: The general molecular formula is RCH=CH2. The Vinyl group is directly attached to rest of the molecule.

Allyl: This contains sp3 hybridized allyl carbon atom, which is adjacent to sp2 hybridized carbon atom.

Vinyl: This contains sp2 hybridized carbon atoms.

Allyl: Allylic compounds are precursors to many natural products, including natural rubber and biosynthesis f terpenes.

Vinyl: Vinylic compounds can produce vinylic polymers such as PVC, PVF, PVAc, etc.

not understood

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I think the odourless gas is nitrogen

n=22πr=2∆∆de=3.14×0.529×4A°option 1 is correct

because metal is lees reactive from hydrogen

When calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid, it produces carbon dioxide gas with effervescence. Carbon dioxide used as fire extinguisher. Hence, it extinguishes a burning candle. Therefore, the metal compound A is calcium carbonate.

CaCO3+ 2HCl ⇨ CaCl2+ CO2+ H2O

sum of all mass is equal to the initial mass is known as conservation of mass.

A double displacement reaction,is also known as precipitation reactions beacuse is a type ofreactionthat occurs when the cations and anions switch between two reactants to form new products. Aprecipitation forms an insoluble solid compound.

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Whenhydrochloric acidreacts with anycarbonates/hydrogencarbonatesthe products formed are metal chloride , water and carbon dioxide.SinceHCldecomposes salts of weaker acids. So the equation of thereactionbetweencalcium carbonate and HClis: CaCO3+2HCl ----> CaCl2+2H2O+CO2.

Asubstitution reactionis a reaction between molecules where an atom or a group of atoms replaces a current atom in the original molecule. There are two types of substitution reactions: nucleophilic and electrophilic. These two reactions differ in the type of atom that is attaching to the original molecule. Innucleophilicreactions, the new atom is electron-rich, while inelectrophilicreactions, the new atom is electron-deficient.

writing the balanced chemical equation for thechlorination of ethane

C2H6(g]+Cl2(g]→C2H5Cl(g]+HCl(g]

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Answer:B) Carboxylic acidExplanation:

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the molecule. Carboxylic acids occur widely

Nucleophiles are those species in the form of ion or a molecule which are strongly attached to the region of a positive charge. These are said to be fully charged or have negative ions present on a molecule. The common examples of nucleophiles are cyanide ions, water, hydroxide ions, and ammonia.

A Nucleophilic substitution reaction in organic chemistry is a type of reaction where a nucleophile gets attached to the positive charged atoms or molecules of the other substance. A good example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction is the hydrolysis of alkyl bromide (R-Br), under the basic conditions, wherein the nucleophile is nothing but the base OH−, whereas the leaving group is the Br−. The reaction for the following is as given below R-Br + OH− -----> R-OH + Br−

Nucleophilic reactions are as important in the field of organic chemistry, and these reactions are broadly classified as to occur at the place of a carbon atom of a saturated aliphatic carbon compound.

Substitution reaction(also known assingle displacement reactionorsingle substitution reaction)is a chemical reaction during which onefunctional groupin achemical compound is replaced by another functional group. Substitution reactions are of prime importance inorganic chemistry. Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either aselectrophilicornucleophilicdepending upon the reagent involved.

ok sir what is the answers above the question

Positional isomerism is when you have two compounds with the same molecular formula, where the SAME functional group is located in different positions of a carbon chain.

2-propanol [CH3-CH(OH)-CH3] and 1-propanol [CH3-CH2-CH2-OH] are positional isomers because the alcohol group is in different positions, but the two compounds have the same molecular formula - C3H8O.

Functional isomers are two compounds with the same molecular formula, where two DIFFERENT functional groups are present in the molecule.

2-propanol [CH3-CH(OH)-CH3] and methyl ethyl ether [CH3-O-CH2-CH3] both have the same molecular formula, C3H8O, but are functional isomers.

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(I)

(ii)

reaction

The fact that the atom adjacent to the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acid derivatives is an electronegative heteroatom – rather than a carbon like in ketones or a hydrogen like in aldehydes - is critical to understanding the reactivity of these functional groups. Just like in aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid derivatives are attacked from one side of their trigonal planar carbonyl carbon by a nucleophile, converting this carbon to tetrahedral (sp3) geometry. In carboxylic acid derivatives, the acyl X group is a potential leaving group. What this means is that the tetrahedral product formed from attack of the nucleophile on the carbonyl carbon is not the product: it is areactive intermediate. The tetrahedral intermediate rapidly collapses: the carbon-oxygen double bond re-forms, and the acyl X group is expelled.



Notice that in the product, the nucleophile becomes the new acyl X group. This is why this reaction type is called a nucleophilic acylsubstitution: one acyl X group is substituted for another. For example, in the reaction below, one alcohol X group (3-methyl-1-butanol) is replaced by another alcohol X group (methanol), as one ester is converted to another.



Another way of looking at this reaction is to picture theacylgroup being transferred from one acyl X group to another: in the example above, the acetyl group is being transferred from 3-methyl-1-butanol to methanol. For this reason, nucleophilic acyl substitutions are also commonly referred to asacyl transferreactions.

When the incoming nucleophile in an acyl substitution is a water molecule, the reaction is also referred to as an acyl hydrolysis. For example, the following reaction can be described as the hydrolysis of an ester (to form a carboxylic acid and an alcohol).



We could also describe this reaction as the transfer of an acyl group from an alcohol to a water molecule.

In a similar vein, the hydrolysis of an amide to form a carboxylic acid could be described as the transfer of an acyl group from ammonia (NH3) to water.



As we will see in later sections of this chapter the hydrolysis of esters and amides are particularly important reaction types in biochemical pathways. When your body digests the fat in a hamburger, for example, enzymes in your pancreas called lipases first catalyze ester hydrolysis reactions to free the fatty acids (we'll look more closely at this reaction insection 12.4D).



The relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

The relative reactivity of the carboxylic acid derivatives is an important concept to understand before entering into a detailed examination of nucleophilic acyl substitutions. As a general rule, the carbonyl carbon in an acyl group is less electrophilic than that in an aldehyde or ketone. This is because in carboxylic acid derivatives, the partial positive charge on the carbon is stabilized somewhat by resonance effects from the adjacent heteroatom.



Among the carboxylic acid derivatives, carboxylate groups are the least reactive towards nucleophilic acyl substitution, followed by amides, then esters and (protonated) carboxylic acids, thioesters, and finally acyl phosphates, which are the most reactive among the biologically relevant acyl groups.



The different reactivities of the functional groups can be understood by evaluating the basicity of the leaving group in each case - remember fromsection 8.5that weaker bases are better leaving groups! A thioester is more reactive than an ester, for example, because a thiolate (RS-) is a weaker base than an alkoxide (RO-). In general, if the incoming nucleophile is a weaker base than the ‘acyl X’ group that is already there, the first nucleophilic step will simply reverse itself and we’ll get the starting materials back:



This is why it is not possible todirectlyconvert an ester, for example, into a thioester by an acyl substitution reaction – this would be an uphill reaction.

Here’s another way to think about the relative reactivites of the different carboxylic acid derivatives: consider the relative electrophilicity, or degree of partial positive charge, on the carbonyl carbon in each species. This depends on how much electron density the neighboring heteroatom on the acyl X group is able to donate: greater electron donation by the heteroatom implies lower partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon, which in turn implies lower electrophilicity.

The negatively charged oxygen on the carboxylate group has lots of electron density to donate, thus the carbonyl carbon is not very electrophilic. In amides, the nitrogen atom is a powerful electron donating group by resonance - recall that the carbon-nitrogen bond in peptides has substantial double-bond character - thus amides are relatively unreactive. Amidesdoundergo acyl substitution reactions in biochemical pathways, but these reactions are inherently slow and the enzymes catalyzing them have evolved efficient strategies to lower the activation energy barrier.

Carboxylic acids and esters are in the middle range of reactivity, while thioesters are somewhat more reactive. The most reactive of the carboxylic acid derivatives frequently found in biomolecules are the acyl phosphates. These are most often present in two forms: the simple acyl monophosphate, and the acyl-adenosine monophosphate.



Both are highly reactive to acyl substitution reactions, and are often referred to as ‘activated acyl groups’ or ‘activated carboxylic acids’. The high reactivity of acyl phosphates is due mainly to the ability to form complexes with magnesium ions.



The magnesium ion acts as a Lewis acid to accept electron density from the oxygen end of the acyl carbonyl bond, thus greatly increasing the degree of partial positive charge - and thus the electrophilicity - of the carbonyl carbon. The magnesium ion also balances negative charge on the phosphate, making it an excellent leaving group.

In our examination of acyl substitution reactions, we will start with the formation and reactions of the highly reactive acyl phosphates. We will then discuss how thioesters play a key role in the acyl substitution reactions of lipid metabolism. Finally, we will take a look at some important acyl substitution reactions involving esters, as well as the formation and cleavage of the amide linkages in the peptide bonds of proteins

चूफ्तेत8त्यृत य्त्य्फ्क्ष्द

1)ketone2)hex-1-yne

auric trichloride is the answer

Functional isomerism,an exampleof structuralisomerism, occurs substances have the same molecular formula but differentfunctionalgroups. ... There are twofunctionalgroupisomersof which you need to be aware: alcoholsandethers. aldehydesandketones.

Carboxylic acids are polar. Because they are both hydrogen-bond acceptors (the carbonyl –C=O) and hydrogen-bond donors (the hydroxyl –OH), they also participate in hydrogen bonding. Together the hydroxyl and carbonyl group forms the functional group carboxyl

Limitations of Mandeleev’s periodic table :(A)Position of hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in the periodic table is uncertain. It has been placed in 1A group with alkali metals, but certain properties of hydrogen resemble those of halogens. So, it may be placed in the group for halogens as well.

(B)Position of isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having different atomic masses. Therefore, according to Mendeleev’s classification these should be placed at different places depending upon their atomic masses.For example, hydrogen isotopes with atomic masses 1,2 and 3 should be placed at three places. However, isotopes have not been given separate places in the periodic table because of their similar properties.

I. butanoic acid (carboxylic acid)ii. bromo propane(alkyl)CH3- CH2- CH2- Briii. but- yneCH3- CH2triple bond CH

Number of protons +Number of neutrons = mass number = 81Let the number of protons = x Number of neutrons = x131.7/100 = 1.317x X+1.317x = 81 X = 35So, atomic number = 35 Element with atomic number 35 =Br

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Wurtz reaction.

A reaction which has an equal number of atoms of all the elements on both sides of the chemical equation is called a balanced chemical equation. The chemical equation needs to be balanced so that it follows the law of conservation of mass. Balancing chemical equations is a process of trial and error.

acid+base=neutralN2+3H2=2NH3

(a)Highest valency - Al {since valency of Al is 3+ which is more than valencies of Na and Mg which are 1+ and 2+ respectively}(b)Largest atomic radius - Na{since atomic size decreases across a period}(c)Maximum chemical reaction - Na {since reactivity decreases across a period}

The chemical reactivity is defined as the tendency of a compound to undergo chemical changes.

The elements with octet configuration are the most stable.

Along a period, the alkali metals and halogens are the most reactive. This is due to the fact that alkali metals can easily lose one electron to form a cation with noble gas configuration.

Similarly, the halogens need only one electron to obtain stability.

Thus, as we move along a period the tendency to lose electron decreases for the metals and tendency to gain electron increases for the non-metals. Consequently, the reactivity first decreases then increases.

As we go down a group in metals, the atomic size goes on increasing, nuclear charge decreases, thus the tendency to lose electrons increases and consequently reactivity increases.

As we move down a group in halogens, the size increase, nuclear charge decreases thus the tendency to gain electron decreases and consequently the reactivity decreases.

The reactivity of element depend upon their tendency to lose or gain electrons to complete their outermost orbit . greater the tendency to lose electron(s) , greater is the reactivity in the case of metals . similarly greater the tendency to gain electrons , greater is the reactivity of non metals .

The chemical reactivity is defined as the tendency of a compound to undergo chemical changes.

The elements with octet configuration are the most stable.

Along a period, the alkali metals and halogens are the most reactive. This is due to the fact that alkali metals can easily lose one electron to form a cation with noble gas configuration.

Similarly, the halogens need only one electron to obtain stability.

Thus, as we move along a period the tendency to lose electron decreases for the metals and tendency to gain electron increases for the non-metals. Consequently, the reactivity first decreases then increases.

As we go down a group in metals, the atomic size goes on increasing, nuclear charge decreases, thus the tendency to lose electrons increases and consequently reactivity increases.

As we move down a group in halogens, the size increase, nuclear charge decreases thus the tendency to gain electron decreases and consequently the reactivity decreases.

Thomson electron discovery watermelon atomic modelRutherford solar system type of atomic model by using alpha ray scattering experimentNeil Bohr shells and Bohr atomic modeldebroglie wave nature of electron and quantum theoryHeisenberg uncertainity principle quantum mechanics

(1) Displacement reaction is a reaction in which an atom, or a group of atoms, present in a molecule is displaced by another atom. For example, iron when added to a solution of copper sulphate displaces copper metal.

(2) Ways of preventing iron from rusting:1)Paint It. Paint the bare metal with any durable acrylic paint.2)Keep Moisture at Bay. Avoid contact with water or moisture.3)Coat It With Oil. Use of oil or grease significantly reduces the chances of developing rust in iron.

Molar mass of caffeine = 194u

N present in one molecule of caffeine = 28.9 % of 194 = 28.9/100 x 194 = 56u

Mass of one N atom = 14u

Hence 14u = 1N atom

56u = 56/14 N atom = 4N atom