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Let's say rate constant of the first order reaction is 'k'.

Time taken for the reaction to process is ‘T’.

Half life of the reaction ‘t’.

Now the reaction is

k={ 2.303×log(a/a-x)}/T

Now 'a' is initial concentration to find 't' reaction should proceed to half completion.

i.e a/2 take in the place of x

When you substitute the values we get

k=0.693/T

As T=t (half reaction).

t=0.693/k

It is the half life of the reaction with respect to rate constant k

For the log the base should be 'e'

thanks

Benzenehas molecular formula C6H6 that is there is presence of a double bondin between alternate carbon atoms and each carbon is attached to two carbon atoms by means of a singlebondand a doublebondand a hydrogen atom by a singlebond. So there are a total of 12sigma bonds and 3pi bonds in benzene.

Prevention:We abundantly use iron and steel products, and this is why prevention of rust has become a major economic activities.

•Barrier Protection: a barrier film can be introduced between the iron and atmospheric oxygen and moisture. A barrier protection can be achieved by painting the surface or by coating the surface with a very thin film of grease or oil or by electroplating iron with metal such as copper, nickel and chromium etc.

•Sacrificial Protection: in this method, iron surface is covered with a layer of more active metal such as zinc. Zn loses e in preference to iron and prevents the rusting of iron. The process by which iron is protected by Zinc is called galvanization. Zinc, aluminum and magnesium powder dissolved in paints are also effective to protect iron from rust.

•Use of Anti-rust solutions: The alkaline chromate and alkaline phosphate act as anti-rust solutions. When iron objects are dipped into strongly alkaline solution of sodium phosphate, a protective insoluble iron phosphate film is formed. The film prevent the object to be rusted.

Crystal latticeisthedepiction of three dimensional arrangements of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) ofcrystallinesolids as points.Characteristicsofcrystal lattice: Each constituent particle is represented by one point in acrystal lattice. These points are known aslatticepoint orlatticesite.

crystal lattice is a three dimensional arrangements made up of constituents particles ( atoms,molecules or ions) in crystalline solids

characteristics: one point is represented by each particle of lattice and the points are known as lattice site.

Crystal latticeis the depiction of three dimensional arrangements of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) ofcrystallinesolids as points.Characteristicsofcrystal lattice: Each constituent particle is represented by one point in acrystal lattice.

Crystal latticeis the depiction of three dimensional arrangements of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) ofcrystallinesolids as points.Characteristicsofcrystal lattice: Each constituent particle is represented by one point in acrystal lattice.

Crystal lattice is the depiction ofthree dimensionalarrangements of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) of crystalline solids as points.

Characteristics of crystal lattice:Each constituent particle is represented byone pointin a crystal lattice.These points are known as lattice point or lattice site.Lattice points in a crystal lattice are joined together bystraight lines.By joining thelattice pointswith straight lines the geometry of the crystal lattice is formed.

Zinc is applied on steel , which acts as a sacrificial anode and prevents rusting. This process of applying zinc is called Galvenization.

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What is the shape of the tank? if it is a cylinder, V = πr²h

but the fact that there are 3 numbers implies that it is a rectangular solid or cuboid.

change them to cm and multiply to get the volume in cm³ V = 60 x 10 x 5 = 3000 cm³ '

1 mL = 1 cm³ so this volume is 3000 mL or 3 L

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Thank you for the solution

Option (a) is correct.i.e., it is saturated.

option a is correct as Delta Ng=0

∆H=∆U only when ∆n(g)=0 i.e. difference between the gas molecules in products and reactants is 0.

Hence, option (4) is correct.

thanks uh so much❤️

option(c) is correct

Stoichiometric defects called intrinsic defects because these defects are integral to the given crystal and these donot alter the overall composition of the solid.

Molecular weight of caffeine=194upercent by mass of Nitrogen= 28.9%So mass of nitrogen in 1 molecule= (28.9/100)*194 =56.066 ~56Mass of one atom of Nitrogen=14uSo number of nitrogen= 56÷14 =4 atoms of Nitrogen

what is your question

Is (a)60g of magnesium oxide only correct answer ?

a. 60g of magnesium oxide is cooract answer

B is correct 2Mg +O2= 2MgO48+16=6448g of Mg reacts with O2=161g of Mg react with O2= 16/4830g of Mg react with O2=16/48×30 =10 gProduct =40g MgO +20g O2

option a is the correct answer of the given question

One mol caffeine has wt. 194g So,mass of nitrogen in one mole of caffeine = 28.9/100*194= 56g. We know the mass of nitrogen is 14g So, no. Of Nitrogen atoms in one mole caffeine = 56/14=4atoms

X is carbon monoxide gasCOCO; it is formed when a fuel burns in limited supply of air. Y is hydrogen gas (H2); it is formed by the action of dilute acid on active metal. Z is methanol (CH3OH); it is a liquidorganic compound that can react with sodium metal to produce hydrogen gas.

bbCOgg+ 2H2gg300atm,300oC−−−−−−−−→ZnO+CrO3→ZnO+CrO3300atm,300oCCH3OHl

LIKE😘 please second answer

Thecompressibility factor(Z), also known as the compressionfactoror the gas deviationfactor, is a correctionfactorwhich describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior. ...it is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for the real gas behavior.

z for H2 is > 1

and z for Co2 < 1

Z for ideal gas = 1

so, option 3 is correct answer.

hence 1:1:1:1

let the total mass of compound be 100 so, C = 38.71g => mol of C = 38/12 = 3 H = 9.67g => mol of C = 9.67/1 = 9 O = (100-38.7-9.6) = 52g => mol of O = 52/16 = 3

so, Chemical formula = C3H9O3 emperical formula = CH3O

giv answer instep wise

option 3)Vitamins are essential components of ` our diet leut are not produced by our body . Enzymes & hormones are a part of our body functioning . DNA is present in each cell of the body .

a)Fe2O3 is insoluble in water so it can't form any acid or base and hence this way we cannot know if it is amphoteric or not but we can se it reacts acid like with sulphuric acid and forms ferrous sulphate, with hydrochloride acid it forms ferrous/ferric chloride while bases leave it untouched so that makes it obvious, it is a basic oxide as it is a property that acids and acidic oxides react with bases and occasionally basic oxides and bases and basic oxides react with acids and acidic oxides.

b)

Option 3 is the right answer

Ans :- Acidic oxides, or acid anhydrides, are oxides that react with water to form an acid, or with a base to form a salt. They are oxides of either nonmetals or of metals in high oxidation states. Their chemistry can be systematically understood by taking an oxoacid and removing water from it, until only an oxide remains.

A basic oxide is an oxide that shows basic properties in opposition to acidic oxides and that either

reacts with water to form a base; or

reacts with an acid to form a salt and water.

It is formed by reacting oxygen with metals.

amphoteric oxides are those oxides which react with both acids and baseseg. AL2O3, ZNOMalleability means the property of metals due to which it can be converted into wiresDuctility is property of metals due to which they can be drawn into thin sheetsHydrogen gas is produced whrn hcl reacts with metalsgiving metalchloride and h2 gas

i) Mercury is liquid at room temperature.

ii) Lithium, sodium and potassium are soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife.

iii) Silver is the best conductor of heat.

iv) Mercury and lead are poor conductors of heat.

the most basic of all test instruments is the

Answer:Oxidesof metals which havebothacidic as well as basic behaviour are known asamphoteric oxides. Such metallicoxidesreact with acids as well as base to produce salt and water.ExamplesofAmphoteric oxidesare aluminiumoxideand zincoxide

Kp = Kc(RT)^(∆ng)

0.0105 = 0.45*(0.082*523)^(3-n)0.0105/0.45= (43)^(3-n)=> 0.023 = (43)^(3-n) log(0.023) = (3-n)log43=> -1.68 = 1.63(3-n)=> 1 = 3-n=> n = 3-1 = 2

bit how did you get 3-n

it Must be 1-n

no.. we always look for gasses... here A is (s) solid.. so it will not count.

that's why i wrote ∆ng ~ ∆n gases .

ohh thanks a lot

1)The hydrogen atom has a valency of 1 and it tends to form a chemical bond with another atom. It forms a covalent bond with another atom of the same kind to form H−H .2)When people realized that the hydrogen atom has one electron, and that He has two electrons, they thought that an atom has a tendency to share electrons to achieve a closed shell as those of inert gases. Thus, its structure should be represented by H:H , the Lewis dot structure.3)The invention of quantum mechanics to describe the electron configuration of atoms led to the electron configuration of 1s1 for hydrogen. This electron tends to find a partner, and sharing an electron with another hydrogen atom seems to make it more stable.4)Valence bond (VB) theory suggested 1s atomic orbitals of two H atoms overlap to form a chemical bond.5)Molecular orbital (MO) theory suggested atomic orbitals which not only overlap, but are simultaneously transformed into molecular orbitals with new energies and new electron distributions.

Sedatives encompass a wide variety of drugs with different mechanisms of action that can induce depression of the central nervous system (CNS). In the first part of the 20th century, the pharmacotherapy of anxiety and insomnia relied on barbiturates, which were replaced with benzodiazepines as drugs of choice in the second part of the previous century. Besides those two groups of drugs, other sedatives are also used for that purpose.

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines

Barbiturates are nonselective CNS depressants that used to be the mainstay of treatment to sedate patients or to induce and maintain sleep. In modern medicine they have been largely replaced by the benzodiazepines, primarily because they can induce tolerance, physical dependence and serious withdrawal symptoms. Nevertheless, certain barbiturates are still employed as anticonvulsants (phenobarbital) and to induce anesthesia (thiopental). The representatives of this group are:

Amobarbital (Amytal)

Aprobarbital (Alurate)

Butabarbital (Butisol)

Mephobarbital (Mebaral)

Methohexital (Brevital)

Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Phenobarbitol (Luminal)

Primidone (Mysoline)

Secobarbital (Seconal)

Thiopental (Penothal)

Benzodiazepines are the most widely used group of sedative drugs. Due to their safety and improved effectiveness, they have largely replaced barbiturates as drugs of choice in the treatment of anxiety. They also have hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle-relaxing activities, but do not exhibit analgesic action or antipsychotic activity. The representatives of this group are:

Alcohol (ethyl alcohol or ethanol)

Alprazolam (Xanax)

Chloral hydrate (Somnote)

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

Clorazepate (Tranxene)

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

sedatives are neurological tranquilizers interact with brain activity and cause their deceleration. they are tranquilizers at depressants and have a Calming effect and may induce sleep.

a) Asedativeis a drug that slows down or depresses the central nervous system and therefore slows down both the physical and mental processes in the body.

b) tendency of two or more different molecules to bond with each other is known as Adhesion,The adhesion forces can be one of the results of electrostatic forces which are exerted on different substances.

1. An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial[1] drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.

Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections,[14] and sometimes protozoan infections. (Metronidazole is effective against a number of parasitic diseases). When an infection is suspected of being responsible for an illness but the responsible pathogen has not been identified, an empiric therapy is adopted.[15] This involves the administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take several days.[14][15]

When the responsible pathogenic microorganism is already known or has been identified, definitive therapy can be started. This will usually involve the use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. The choice of antibiotic given will also be based on its cost. Identification is critically important as it can reduce the cost and toxicity of the antibiotic therapy and also reduce the possibility of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.[15] To avoid surgery, antibiotics may be given for non-complicated acute appendicitis.[16]

Antibiotics may be given as a preventive measure and this is usually limited to at-risk populations such as those with a weakened immune system (particularly in HIV cases to prevent pneumonia), those taking immunosuppressive drugs, cancer patients and those having surgery.[14] Their use in surgical procedures is to help prevent infection of incisions. They have an important role in dental antibiotic prophylaxis where their use may prevent bacteremia and consequent infective endocarditis. Antibiotics are also used to prevent infection in cases of neutropenia particularly cancer-related.

"A drug which used to destroy diseases carrying microorganism by local application on skin, mucosa or cavities is called as antiseptic."

Thus, they do not impart any effect on body tissues as they applied only on infected surface. They can be used for viral, bacterial infection as well as for protozoal agents. The active chemical ingredients of antibiotics can applied directly to the affected area for either killing microorganisms or for inhibiting their growth. The use of antiseptic for sterilization in surgery was first given by Joseph Lister in 1867. He used carbolic acid (Phenol) for that purpose. Later many antiseptics like alcohol, chlorine, iodine are used for different purpose to make surface bacteria free. Because of the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganism, antiseptics are widely used in hospital and other health care centers for hard surface applications.

Generally antiseptics have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity i.e. they are active on various microorganisms. Like antibiotics, antiseptics are not much specific in their interaction with microorganisms like bacteria. Some antiseptics like Chlorhexidine (CHX) have limited specificity and active on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This antiseptic involves in the inhibition of cell attachment and limits the growth. This antiseptic has much less potent compare to antibiotics like doxycycline or minocycline. Thus antibiotics and antiseptics are quite differing in their potency and the specificity of their interactions with microbes.

Mode of action of antiseptics

Antiseptic like Chlorhexidine (CHX) contains a positively charged hydrophobic and lipophilic molecule which can combine with the molecules of phospholipids and lipo-polysaccharides on the cell membrane of microorganism.

Sulfa drug, also called sulfonamide, any member of a group of synthetic antibiotics containing the sulfanilamide molecular structure. Sulfa drugs were the first chemical substances systematically used to treat and prevent bacterial infections in humans. Their use has diminished because of the availability of antibiotics that are more effective and safer and because of increased instances of drug resistance. Sulfonamides are still used, but largely for treating urinary tract infections and preventing infection of burns. They are also used in the treatment of certain forms of malaria.

To separate it, dissolve it in water first. the salt dissolves in water, leaving sand and camphor. boil the water after separating the remains and you get salt. then heat the sand and camphor mixture in a closed vessel till the camphor evaporates and settles at the top from where it can be scraped off, leaving you with only sand.

total electrons 2+2+6+1=11hence it has 1 empty electron spacehenceM2O has oxygen is 2-

For Oxygen, we can calculate as w(%) = 100 -70 = 30

But Ar(O) = 16

Based on the law of proportion - [% / Ar], so according to it,

= 70/x : 30/16 = 2:3

= 70/x : 1.875 = 2:3, where x = 56 (Fe)

So, if w(O) = 100 – 72.4 = 27.6 (%)

=72.4/56 : 27.6/16 = 1.2928 : 1.725 = 1 : 1.334 = 3 : 4

The answer should be - M3O4 (Fe3O4) .

Right answer - Option c

Sucralose,Alitame and Aspartame are artificial sweeteners.

Sucralose and Aspartame, the sweetness can be controlled.

A problem with Alitame is that it is very difficult to control its quantity to be added in a food as it is a high potency sweetner.

[fig:electron dot structure of cacl2]

x(ca)atomic no-20 electronic configuration =2,8,8,2y(cl)atonic no-17electronic configuration =2,8,7

when x(ca) react with y(cl).it can form cacl2ca+cl-cacl2

Electron dot structure of cacl2 has ionic bond

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tysm

the correct answer is option c alitame

Compounds LikeSilver Chlorideare light sensitive. And they may react to light very fast and lose its properties. That's why they are to be stored indark bottlesto prevent the entry of light.