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51.	The significance of weighted sum utility function approach is that the ____ can be determined.(a) optima at extreme edges(b) optima at centre(c) concavity at extreme edges(d) concavity at centreThe question was asked in an online quiz.This intriguing question comes from Techniques in division Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The CORRECT answer is (a) optima at extreme edges For explanation I would say: The weighted sum APPROACH involves COMPUTING the sum of PRODUCT of objective function and the weight assigned to them. The significance of weighted sum utility function approach is that the optima at extreme edges can be DETERMINED.

52.	Signal to interference plus noise ratio gives ____(a) lower bound on channel capacity(b) upper bound on channel capacity(c) upper bound on receiver capacity(d) lower bound on channel capacityI have been asked this question during an interview for a job.Question is taken from Techniques in chapter Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The correct answer is (b) upper bound on CHANNEL capacity Explanation: SIGNAL to interference plus noise ratio gives upper bound on channel capacity in WIRELESS communication SYSTEM. It takes into account factors such as noise, interference, path loss, and BANDWIDTH. It is a parameter that defines the quality of wireless connection.

53.	The modification of a signal due to extraneous power exhibited by a signal from a nearby channel is called ____(a) co-channel interference(b) adjacent channel interference(c) inter-symbol interference(d) inter-carrier interferenceI got this question in quiz.I would like to ask this question from Techniques topic in portion Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The correct choice is (b) ADJACENT channel interference Explanation: The modification of a signal due to extraneous POWER exhibited by a signal from a nearby channel is called adjacent channel interference. It may be due to INADEQUATE filtering, improper TUNING or poor frequency control. It may be classified as adjacent channel LEAKAGE ratio and adjacent channel selectivity.

54.	Spectral efficiency may be expressed in terms of ____(a) Hertz(b) bits per second(c) Hertz per bit per second(d) bits per Hertz per second.This question was posed to me in a national level competition.I need to ask this question from Techniques topic in division Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The correct choice is (C) Hertz per bit per second Easiest explanation: SPECTRAL efficiency describes the amount of information transferred in a CHANNEL. It MAY be used to determine quality of service. Spectral efficiency may be EXPRESSED in terms of Hertz per bit per second.

55.	DENDRAL is an example for expert system.(a) True(b) FalseI have been asked this question in unit test.This intriguing question originated from Techniques topic in division Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The correct option is (a) True To EXPLAIN: DENDRAL is a successful implementation of expert system in organic chemistry. It was developed in 1965. It is APPLIED in CHEMICAL analysis to PREDICT molecular structure.

56.	Objective space is described using ____ set of ____ functions.(a) one dimensional, objective(b) multi-dimensional, objective(c) one dimensional, exponential(d) multi-dimensional, exponentialI have been asked this question in semester exam.I need to ask this question from Techniques topic in section Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» RIGHT answer is (b) multi-dimensional, objective Easiest explanation: Objective space comprises of total possible solutions to a PROBLEM. It is defined over multidimensional set of objective FUNCTIONS. Radio resources that define radio behaviour form the COGNITIVE radio objective space.

57.	Which among the following is the correct sequence of events that occur in application of fuzzy logic?(a) Fuzzify the input, execute the applicable rules, and de-fuzzify the output(b) Execute the applicable rules, fuzzify the input, and de-fuzzify the output(c) Fuzzify the input, de-fuzzify the output, and execute the applicable rules(d) Execute the applicable rules, fuzzify the input, and fuzzify the outputI got this question in an interview.I'm obligated to ask this question of Techniques in section Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
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58.	Multi objective optimisation involves ____ over more than one criterion.(a) integrating(b) deriving equations(c) encapsulating(d) decision makingThe question was posed to me by my school principal while I was bunking the class.I want to ask this question from Techniques topic in section Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» Right option is (d) decision making The best I can EXPLAIN: Multi objective optimisation involves decision making over more than ONE criterion. It DEALS with MATHEMATICAL optimisation problems where optimisation of many objective functions has to be CARRIED out simultaneously.

59.	What function calculates the value to be given as input to a neuron based on the output obtained by the last processed neuron?(a) Correlation(b) Direction(c) Propagation(d) SignallingI had been asked this question during an internship interview.This intriguing question comes from Techniques in portion Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» Right option is (c) PROPAGATION For EXPLANATION I would say: The propagation function is responsible for determining the INPUT to a neuron in accordance to the output obtained from the previously processed neurons and their connections labelled as weighted sum. A bias term MAY be included to the OUTCOME of the propagation function.

60.	Which among the following maybe used for modulation detection in neural networks?(a) Phase based probability(b) Time based probability(c) Time based statistics(d) Phase based statisticsThe question was posed to me in an internship interview.The origin of the question is Techniques in portion Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» Correct option is (c) Time based STATISTICS For explanation I would say: Artificial NEURAL networks MAY be used for signal CLASSIFICATION and modulation detection in cognitive radio. The popular techniques employed for modulation classification is called as time based statistics and frequency analysis. The neurons and complex algorithms make it possible to build and process data in interesting ways.

61.	Bayesian network that models speech signals are called ____(a) signal Bayesian network(b) sequential Bayesian network(c) series Bayesian network(d) dynamic Bayesian networkI got this question in exam.The above asked question is from Techniques in chapter Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The correct choice is (d) dynamic Bayesian network Best explanation: Bayesian network that replicate sequence of variables such as speech signals are called as dynamic Bayesian network. It has been APPLIED in ROBOTICS, bioinformatics, and digital forensics. It is a generalisation of Hidden Markov MODEL and KALMAN filter.

62.	A hidden Markov model can be considered a generalisation of mixture model.(a) True(b) FalseI had been asked this question during an interview.Question is from Techniques topic in division Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» The correct OPTION is (a) True Best explanation: A MIXTURE model is used to REPRESENT the presence of a sub-category within an overall category. In hidden Markov model, the hidden variables are RELATED based on Markov process and are not independent of each other. The hidden variables control the mixture component to be selected for each OBSERVATION.

63.	Expert system is a computer system capable of resolving _____ problems.(a) recognition(b) decision making(c) transfer(d) storageI had been asked this question during an interview for a job.My question is based upon Techniques in division Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» Right choice is (b) decision making Easy EXPLANATION: An EXPERT SYSTEM is a computer system that PERFORMS decision making based on facts and heuristic approach. It can solve difficult issues occurring within a specific domain.

64.	Which among the following is a monitor parameter of BER?(a) Noise power(b) Transmission power(c) Path loss(d) BandwidthThe question was asked during an online exam.My question is based upon Techniques topic in portion Cognitive Techniques of Cognitive Radio
Answer» Correct ANSWER is (B) Transmission power To explain I would say: A monitor parameter is one which can be set by the cognitive radio. METERS are factors that can be measured and USED for analysis but cannot be controlled. Transmission power is a monitor parameter. Noise and path loss are meters.