Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Right choice is (d) Vanishing point

For explanation: In graphical perspective, a vanishing point is an abstract point on the image plane where 2D PROJECTIONS (or drawings) of a set of parallel lines in 3D space APPEAR to converge. When the set of parallel lines is perpendicular to a PICTURE plane, the construction is KNOWN as one-point perspective, and their vanishing point corresponds to the oculus, or “eye point”, from which the image should be viewed for correct perspective geometry. Traditional linear drawings use objects with one to three sets of parallels, defining one to three vanishing points.

The CORRECT OPTION is (b) A staircase

To explain: (Figure showing ISOMETRIC VIEW)

The correct choice is (B) isometric

For explanation: Isometric projection is a method for VISUALLY representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in TECHNICAL and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in which the three COORDINATE axes APPEAR equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees.

Right choice is (d) curve of intersection

For explanation I would say: WHENEVER two or more solids combine, a definite curve is seen at their intersection. This curve is called the curve of intersection (COI). Lines of intersection are a common feature in engineering applications or products. Figure 1 shows few examples of intersection lines frequently observed in chemical PLANTS, domestic appliances, pipe joints, etc. Curves of intersections are IMPORTANT from the point of view of production of components for engineering applications.

Right choice is (b) 3

The explanation is: The biggest DIFFERENCE in THREE-point perspective is that there are three vanishing points (VPS). Two are along the horizon, just like two-point, but the third VP is LOCATED either above the horizon (at the zenith) or below the horizon (the nadir), depending on the area you intend to draw.

The correct CHOICE is (c) Multi-view drawing

Explanation: Multi-view drawings EMPLOY multi-view PROJECTION techniques. In multi-view drawings, GENERALLY three views of an object are drawn, and the features and dimensions in each view accurately represent those of the object. Each view is a 2-D flat image. The views are defined according to the positions of the planes of projection with respect to the object.

Right ANSWER is (d) cavalier projection

The best I can explain: Cavalier projection is a FORM of oblique projection in which the projection lines are presumed to MAKE a 45-degree vertical and a 45-degree horizontal angle with the plane of projection.Assume that in FIGURE below the line XX’represents aside-edge view of the plane of projection and that the square ABCD represents a side of a cube, placed with its front face parallel to,and its TOP face perpendicular to,the plane of projection.You can see that the projected lengths of AB and AD are the same as the actual lengths.

Right option is (a) irregular CURVE

Easiest EXPLANATION: Figure showing ISOMETRIC view of the OBJECT having Irregular curve

The correct choice is (a) culmann’s method

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: BASED on the sliding plane hypothesis of Coulumb earth pressure theory, a new method for calculation of the passive earth pressure of cohesive soil was constructed with Culmann’s graphical construction. The influences of the cohesive FORCE, adhesive force, and the fill surface form were considered in this method.

Right answer is (B) MOMENT of INERTIA of areas

The explanation: It is a MEASURE of an object’s resistance to changes to its rotation.

•Also defined as the CAPACITY of a cross-section to resist bending.

•It must be specified with respect to a chosen axis of rotation.

•It is usually quantified in m4 or kgm^2.

Right ANSWER is (c) CENTRE of gravity

The explanation: A point from which the weight of a body or system may be considered to ACT. In UNIFORM gravity it is the same as the centre of mass.

Right option is (d) SPHERE

To elaborate: In this method the sphere is cut into a number of horizontal ZONES, each of which may be taken as frustum of a CONE whose apex is at the extended chords. Now, DEVELOP each zone independently by radial line method. For example to develop the zone A, as it is a frustum of a rigid circular cone with its apex o, on the vertical AXIS of the sphere. Apply radial-line method and obtain the development of the zone.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Non-isometric lines

Best explanation: Non-isometric lines will be the edges of inclined or oblique planes of an object as represented in a multi-view drawing. It is not possible to measure the length or angle from an inclined or oblique line in a multi-view drawing and then transferring these distances to draw the line in an isometric drawing. Instead, non-isometric lines must be drawn by locating the two end points of the lines on isometric lines and then connecting these end points with a line.The process used is called OFFSET measurement, which is a METHOD of locating one point by PROJECTING another point.

Correct answer is (c) perspective PICTURE plane

Explanation: Perspective (from Latin: perspicere “to see through”) in the graphic arts is an APPROXIMATE representation, generally on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is SEEN by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are smaller as their distance from the observer increases; and that they are subject to foreshortening, MEANING that an object’s dimensions along the LINE of sight are shorter than its dimensions across the line of sight.

Correct ANSWER is (c) Reverse

The best I can explain: Reverse view is a form of perspective drawing in which the objects depicted in a scene are placed between the projective point and the viewing plane. This has the visual effect that objects FARTHER away from the viewing plane are drawn as LARGER, and closer objects are drawn as smaller, in contrast to the more conventional linear perspective for which closer objects APPEAR larger. Lines that are parallel in three-dimensional space are drawn as DIVERGING against the horizon, rather than converging as they do in linear perspective.

Correct choice is (d) point of INTERSECTION

Explanation: SET the two equations for y equal to each other. SOLVE for x. This will be the x-coordinate for the point of intersection. Use this x-coordinate and PLUG it into either of the original equations for the lines and solve for y.

Correct choice is (C) Centroid

To explain: In mathematics and physic, the centroid or geometric center of a PLANE figure is the arithmetic mean (“average”) position of all the points in the SHAPE. The DEFINITION extends to any object in n-dimensional space: its centroid is the mean position of all the points in all of the coordinate directions. Informally, it is the point at which a CUT out of the shape could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a pin.

The correct option is (a) smaller areas

The explanation is: For locating the position of the centre of gravity of an area of unsymmetrical SHAPE, it is first divided into a number of Smaller areas of symmetrical shapes such as triangle, squares, rectangles, TRAPEZOIDS ETC. so that the centre of gravity of each such area is EASILY determined. Each small area is then treated as a force proportional to the area and acting at the centre of gravity of the area.

Correct option is (c) top

Easiest explanation: Figure 1 shows the top view and PICTORIAL view of two transition pieces: (a) the pentagonal base JOINED to a circular top and (b) circular base connected to a square top. The lateral surface of the transition piece must be divided in to curved and non-curved triangles as shown in figure 1.Divide the curved cross section in to a number of equal parts equal to the number of SIDES of non-curved cross-section. Division points on the curved cross section are obtained by drawing bisectors of each side of the non-curved cross section. The division points thus obtained when connected to the ends of the respective sides of the non-curved cross-section produces plane triangles. In between two plane triangles there LIES a curved triangle. After dividing in to a number of triangles, the development is drawn by TRIANGULATION method.

Right OPTION is (d) isometric axes

To explain: After determining the desired view of the object. Herethe object will be VIEWED from above (REGULAR isometric). The isometric axes is then DRAWN as shown in the figure above.

Right CHOICE is (a) isometric axes

Explanation: Isometric axes can be positioned in a number of ways to create different VIEWS of the same object. Figure 6(a) is a regular isometric, in which the viewpoint is looking down on the top of the object. In a regular isometric, the axes at 30° to the horizontal are DRAWN upward from the horizontal. In the reversed axis isometric, as shown in figure 6(b), the viewpoint is looking up on the bottom of the object, and the 30° axes are drawn downward from the horizontal.Figure 6(c) & (d) SHOW the long axis isometric, where the viewpoint is looking from the right or from the left of the object, and one axis is drawn at 60 ° to the horizontal. While drawing the Isometric view, first the view point will have to be decided for OBTAINING the maximum technical information.

Right option is (b) 1-point perspective view

Easiest explanation: Here one face of the object is kept parallel to and in the PPP as SHOWN in figure 2. Since this face is in the PPP, the edges in the front view will be true dimensions.The edges perpendicular to this face appears to be converging to a VP. Draw VISUAL rays from the station points to the object points in both TP and FV. Draw vertical projectors from the piercing points in the top view to meet the corresponding visual rays in the front view.

Correct option is (B) piercing point

Best explanation: The resulting perception is also known as visual perception, eyesight, sight, or vision (adjectival form: visual, OPTICAL, or ocular). The various PHYSIOLOGICAL components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system, and are the focus of MUCH research in linguistics, psychology, COGNITIVE science, neuroscience, and molecular biology, collectively referred to as vision science.

The correct choice is (a) True

Best explanation: In both oblique projection and ORTHOGRAPHIC projection, parallel LINES of the source OBJECT produce parallel lines in the projected image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection plane at an oblique angle to produce the projected image, as OPPOSED to the perpendicular angle USED in orthographic projection.

The correct answer is (c) triangulation

The explanation is: In this method, the lateral SURFACES of the transition pieces are divided in to a number of TRIANGLES. By finding the TRUE lengths of the sides of each TRIANGLE, the development is drawn by laying each one of the triangles in their true shapes adjoining each other.

Right OPTION is (C) Five triangles

To explain: A pentagonal pyramid is a pyramid with a pentagonal base upon which are ERECTED five TRIANGULAR faces that meet at a point (the vertex). Like any pyramid, it is self-dual. The regular pentagonal pyramid has a base that is a regular pentagon and LATERAL faces that are equilateral triangles.

Correct answer is (c) Perpendicular axis

The explanation is: In a Cartesian coordinate system, the origin is the point where the axes of the system intersect. The origin divides each of these axes into two halves, a positive and a negative semi axis. Points can then be located with REFERENCE to the origin by GIVING their numerical coordinates—that is, the positions of their projections ALONG each axis, either in the positive or negative direction. The coordinates of the origin are ALWAYS all zero, for EXAMPLE (0,0) in two dimensions and (0,0,0) in three.

Right choice is (b) False

Easy explanation: Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection:

• It projects an image by INTERSECTING parallel rays (PROJECTORS)

• From the three-dimensional source object with the drawing SURFACE (projection plane).

In both oblique projection and ORTHOGRAPHIC projection, parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection plane at an oblique angle to produce the projected image, as opposed to the perpendicular angle used in orthographic projection.

Correct choice is (b) rectangle

Explanation: The FIGURE above shows the development of a truncated rectangular PRISM.

Step 1: Draw the stretch-out line in the front view, along the base of the prism and EQUAL in length to the perimeter of the prism.

Locate the fold lines on the pattern along the stretch-out line equal in length to the SIDES of the prism, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-1.

Draw perpendicular construction lines at each of these points.

Project the points 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the front view

Step 2: Darken lines 1-2-3 and 4-1. Construct the bottom and top, as shown and add the SEAM to one end of the development and the top and bottom.

Right answer is (d) Approximate METHOD

The BEST I can explain: Approximate Method: It is employed for double CURVED surfaces like spheres, as they are theoretically not possible to DEVELOP. The surface of the sphere is developed by approximate method. When the surface is CUT by a series of cutting planes, the cut surfaces is called a zone.

Right option is (c) cabinet projection

For explanation I would say: The term cabinet projection (sometimes cabinet perspective) stems from its use in ILLUSTRATIONS by the furniture industry. Like cavalier perspective, one face of the projected object is parallel to the viewing PLANE, and the third axis is projected as going off in an angle (typically 30° or 45° or ARCTAN (2) = 63.4°). UNLIKE cavalier projection, where the third axis keeps its LENGTH, with cabinet projection the length of the receding lines is cut in half.

The correct answer is (d) Angle of PROJECTION

To elaborate: Top View and Front View (or Side View of) the OBJECT. Since the PPP lies between the OBSERVER and the object, third angle projection technique is used. Orientation and LOCATION of the object w.r.t the PPP. Location of station point S w.r.t to PPP and GL.

Normal practice for location of S is at the normal to the eye LEVEL for big objects like buildings and for small objects s is located at such a height that all the three dimensions of the objects are almost visible.

Correct choice is (b) False

To explain: An isometric projection is a technical way of representing an object in three dimensions and MAY include several oblique views of the object. It’s used extensively in engineering and manufacturing to provide an accurate and detailed view of how an object is designed or put together, WHEREAS an oblique view will always show the object as being PERFECTLY flat with RESPECT to the picture plane (I.e., that particular face of the object will have only two dimensions from the viewer’s point of view).

Correct answer is (B) perspective view

To elaborate: 3D projection is any method of mapping three-dimensional points to a two-dimensional plane. As most current METHODS for displaying graphical data are based on planar (pixel INFORMATION from SEVERAL bitplanes) two-dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is widespread, especially in computer graphics, engineering and DRAFTING.

Right choice is (a) interior shapes

Explanation: Oblique DRAWING is ALSO the crudest “3D” drawing method but the easiest to master. One way to draw using an oblique view is to draw the side of the object you are looking at in two dimensions, i.e. flat, and then draw the other sides at an angle of 45°, but instead of drawing the sides full size they are only drawn with half the DEPTH creating ‘FORCED depth’ – adding an element of realism to the object. Even with this ‘forced depth’, oblique drawings look very unconvincing to the eye. For this reason oblique is rarely USED by professional designers and engineers.

Correct answer is (c) Cartography

Explanation: Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective (or azimuthal) projection, in which the sphere is projected ONTO a tangent plane or secant plane. The POINT of perspective for the orthographic projection is at INFINITE distance. It depicts a hemisphere of the GLOBE as it appears from outer space, where the horizon is a great circle. The shapes and areas are distorted, particularly near the edges.

Right option is (a) station point

Easiest explanation: A station point is location or VANTAGE point from which an ARTIST or exhibitor intends observer to experience an artwork.

In photography, the station point is the location of the camera at the point in TIME when the camera RECORDS a view to a recording medium.

Correct ANSWER is (a) line

Explanation: Line method: A number of lines are DRAWN on the lateral surface of one of the solids and in the REGION of the line of intersection. Points of intersection of these lines with the surface of the other solid are then located.These points will lie on the required line of intersection. They are more easily located from the view in which the lateral surface of the SECOND solid appears edgewise (i.e. as a line). The curve drawn through these points will be the line of intersection.

Cutting-plane method: The two solids are assumed to be cut by a series of cutting planes. The cutting planes may be VERTICAL (i.e. perpendicular to the H.P.), edgewise (i.e. perpendicular to the V.P.) or oblique.The cutting planes are so selected as to cut the surface of one of the solids in straight lines and that of the other in straight lines or circles.