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The purpose of directing or say direction is to guide and motivate the employees to achieve business goals.

1. Non-financial incentive

2. Employee-recognition programme

3. a. Career advancement opportunity,

b. Employee participation.

1. Co-partnership: To issue shares to the employees at a price which is less than the market price is an example of co-partnership. It is one of the financial motivators. “Co-partnership implies both profit sharing and control sharing.” In short, it can be said that co-partnership is the plan by virtue of which employees become partners of the company. It improves the status of the employees. Consequently, they begin to take more interest naturally in the management of the organisation. Therefore, the efficiency of employees increases and a sense of responsibility develops in them.

Features:

i. The employees are also the shareholders of the company.

ii. The employees get dividend on the issued shares.

iii. The employees also participate in the management due to their shareholding.

2. Profit Sharing: By profit sharing we mean providing share in profit of the organisation to the employees besides their regular remuneration (salary/wages). The main goal of this incentive plan is to create the feeling of ownership among the employees for their organisation.

Features:

a. The employees participate only in profit.

b. The percentage of share in the profit is decided in the beginning of the year.

c. There can be no change in the percentage of the share of profit between the year once decided.

The type of the incentive offered to the employees is Job Security. It is one of the non-financial motivators:

a. Job Security: Job security is an important non-monetary motivator. Security of job means a feeling of permanence and stability. For example, if an employee has a sense of fear or insecurity in his mind, that he can be removed from his job any time, he will never work wholeheartedly and this worry continues troubling him. On the other hand, if he has a feeling that his job is secure and permanent and he cannot be removed from his job easily, he will work without any worry and with an easy mind. Consequently, his efficiency increases. This is the reason why people prefer a permanent job with less salary to a temporary job with more salary.

b. Employee Participation: Employees get encouraged to notice their participation in managerial works. Therefore, they offer their full cooperation in making successful the policies prepared with their help.

(c) Self actualisation need is the highest level of need as it refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.

(b) Organisational barrier

(b) Stock incentive is a financial incentive which is a employee stock option with tax benefit.

(b) Narayana Murthy promoted Infosys.

(b) Communication is not an element of communication process. It is understood as a process of exchange.

1. Yes. Communication is one of the most important function of management.

2. Importance of Communication: 

Acts as basis of co-ordination: Communication acts as the basis of coordination.

Helps in smooth working of an enterprise: It is only communication, which makes smooth working of an enterprise possible. 

Acts as basis of decision making: Comm Plication provides needed information for decision making.

Increases managerial efficiency: Communication lubricates the entire organisation and keeps the organisation at work with efficiency.

(b) Status is related to organization, Thus, it is an organizational barrier.

(d) Informal system of communication is referred as “Grapevine”.

Grapevine communication

1. grapevine communication:

The network or pathway of Informal communication is known as grapevine communication. Because the origin and direction of ow of the informal mes-sages cannot be easily traced.

2. useful and a cause for disturbance in an organization:

a. Advantages of Informal Communication:

1. Employees can develop friendly relationship.

2. It is very flexible and faster than formal communication.

3. Employees attitudes, reactions, etc. to the plans and policies can be easily ascertained.

4. It reduces tension in employer employee relations.

5. It can be used in conveying certain information which cannot be passed through official channel.

6. Special efforts and expenses are not necessary for informal communication.

b. Disadvantages of Informal Communication:

1. It tends to carry inaccurate information.

2. Its origin cannot be traced and responsibility cannot be fixed.

3. It is unsystematic and cannot be relied upon.

4. It leads to leakage of confidential information. 

5. It often carries rumours and misunderstanding.

The types of barriers are : 

(i) Semantic Barriers: It is the branch of linguistics dealing with meaning of words and sentences. The following are the semantic barriers: 

(a) Badly expressed messages 

(b) Symbols with different meanings 

(c) Faulty Translations 

(ii) Psychological Barriers : Emotional or psychological factors acts as barriers to communicators. The following are the psychological barriers: 

(a) Premature evaluation 

(b) LAck of attention 

(c) Distrust 

(iii) Organisational Barriers: The factors related to organization structure, authority, relationships, rules and regulations may, sometimes, act as barriers to effective communication. Some of the organisational barriers are: 

(a) Organisational policy 

(b) Rules and Regulations 

(c) Status

(iv) Personal Barriers: The personal factors of both sender and receiver may exert influence on effective communication. Some of the personal barriers are: 

(a) Fear of challenge to authority 

(b) Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinate 

(c) Unwillingness to communicate.

Grapevine communications may follow different types of networks. 

They are as follows : 

1. Single strand network: Each person communicates to another in sequence. 

2. Gossip network: Each person communicates with all on a non-selective basis. 

3. Probability network: The individual communicates randomly with some other individual. 

4. Cluster Network: The individual communicates with only those people whom they trust.

(i) Development of democratic values 

(ii) Cooperation Esprit 

(iii) Mental revolution

Grapevine communication may follow different types of networks: Single Strand Network: Network in which each person communicates to the other in sequence.

Gossip Network : In this network, each person communicates with all on non-selective basis. 

Probability Network: In this network, the individual communicates randomly with other individuals. 

Clauster Network: in this network, the individual communicates with only those people whom he trusts.

Correct option is (D) None of these

(i) Good working conditions. 

(ii) Helpful in decreasing the tensions of the employees.

Inverted V.                                                                                                                        .

(i) Supervisor acts as a link between workers and management by conveying management ideas to the workers and workers problems to the management.

(ii) Supervisor maintains group unity among the workers by sorting out their internal differences.

(iii) Supervisor provides good "on the job training" to the workers to build an efficient team.

Directing takes place at every level of management. That is why it takes place where ever superior subordinate relation exists.

There are two types of communication. They are :

1. Formal communication : Communication that depends on the structure of an organization and its rules and regulations and is implemented for the accomplishment of business objective is called formal communication.

2. Informal communication: Communication which depends on human relations and friendship among employees of an organization is known as informal communication.

Directing takes place at every level of management.

Directing initiates actions in the organisation

Correct option is (B) Three

Communication:

• Communication is the process of exchange of words, letters, instructions and opinions.
• As per New Mann and Summer, “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.”
• Communication is an important part of management and an element of directing.
• Communication is a process of exchanging words, letters, instructions, thoughts, opinions etc.
• Manager must have on time and correct information of various departments of the unit. For this, the bottom level staff has to send information to the upper level in the form of report.
• The process of providing information is known as reporting whereas communication includes giving orders and instructions, receiving reports, attending complains and solving them, etc.
• Modern world is growing very fast in the field of science and communication. As a result, the communication has become very fast, efficient and of a large variety.

Correct option is (B) Koontz and O’Donnell