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1. गुरुदेव का प्यार भरा स्पर्श पाकर कुत्ता आनंदित हो उठता था। यह प्यार भरा स्पर्श पाने के लिए वह कई घण्टों गुरुदेव के। पास बैठा रहता था।

2. स्वयं गुरुदेव कुत्ते के स्नेहदाता हैं। कुत्ता उनका स्नेह पाने के लिए शांतिनिकेतन से श्रीनिकेतन अपने आप आ गया।

3. प्रतिदिन अव्ययीभाव समास है।

कबीर ने परमात्मा का निवास मनुष्य की हर साँस में बताया है।

संसार में जो भी महापुरुष हुए हैं यदि उन्हें आज हम याद करते हैं तो उनके उच्च कर्मों की वजह से, इसलिए नहीं कि उनका जन्म उच्च कुल में हुआ था। यदि महानता का मापदंड उच्च कुल ही होता तो सभी उच्च कुल में जन्म लेनेवाले सभी महान बन गए होते परन्तु ऐसा नहीं है। कबीर, सूर, तुलसी जैसे लोग सामान्य परिवार में हुए थे, जिनका अचपन कष्टगय था। फिर भी ये अपने श्रेष्ठ कर्मों के आधार पर संसार में प्रसिद्ध हुए। अतः यह सत्य है कि व्यक्ति की पहचान उसके कुल से नहीं बल्कि उसके कर्म से होती है।

1. गुरुदेव ने अपने कुत्ते की भक्ति पर एक कविता लिखी है। लेखक जब उसे पढ़ते हैं तो उन्हें उस से संबंधित घटना उनकी आँखों के समक्ष साकार हो उठती है। किस तरह कुत्ता उनको खोजते हुए शांतिनिकेतन से श्रीनिकेतन आ पहुँचता है और गुरुदेव के हाथ का स्पर्श पाते ही उसका रोम-रोम आनंदित हो उठता है।

2. गुरुदेव का चिताभस्म जब आश्रम में लाया गया तब न जाने वह कुत्ता कहाँ से आ गया और सहज बोध के बल पर वह कुत्ता आश्रम के द्वार तक आया और चिताभस्म के साथ अन्यान्य आश्रमवासियों के साथ शांत गंभीर भाव से उत्तरायण तक गया। वह गुरुदेव के चिताभस्म – कलश के पास भी थोड़ी देर बैठा रहा।

3. आत्मनिवेदन का सामासिक विग्रह है – आत्मा का निवेदन
चिताभस्म का सामासिक विग्रह है – चिता का भस्म।

‘सब स्वाँसों की स्वाँस में’ पंक्ति में अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

Both the Bakarwal’s and the Changpa’s live in the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir. Both of them move from one place to another, and keep on wandering. Both of them are dependent on animals like goat, yak, sheep, etc. They earn their livelihood by selling the wool obtained from these animals. But the main difference between the two is where the Bakarwal’s graze any type of goats and sheep and at any place, the Changpa’s graze only special type of goats, at very high and colder place. This is because at higher and colder places, these goats develop more and softer hair from which the famous pashmina wool is obtained and thus they stay at high mountains even under excessively low temperatures.

Correct option is C.Tautology

No, the drinking water we use is not treated.

I get drinking water from borewell and corporation pumps.

B. Economic policy

Factors like political unity and uniform administration, economic exploitation practised by the British, faster modes of travel and communication, English education, development of local literature, newspapers, awakening to India’s rich cultural heritage, etc. gave rise to the feeling of nationalism in India.

The main factors that played a major role in the rise of nationalism in India are as follows :

1. Political Reasons: Before the British came to India, the nation was divided into small and big princely states. The British defeated many kings and set up their rule all over the country. Though they implemented a uniform administrative system, the British rule was not conducive and Indians started protesting against the it. Gradually these protests became more prominent and widespread.

2. Economic Reasons: The economic policies of the British ruined India financially. The British would take raw mateirals at cheap rates from India to their country. The finished good manufactured in their country were sold in India. Import duty on such products was negligible but Indian products were taxed heavily. Thus Indian goods became very expensive making them in affordable. In this cutthroat competition, Indian cottage industries could not survive. Artisans became unemployed. This made Indians realise that British policies would never allow them to prosper. The British only wanted England to prosper at the cost Indian economy. This made the Indians protest against the British and feelings of nationalism were fostered in the people of India.

3. Transport and Telecommunication: The British developed rail, water and land routes as well as the post and telegraph system for their own military, economic and political reasons. However, this turned out to be a blessing in disguise for Indians as people came closer due to these facilities. Mobility of intellectuals, artists and business class people increased. Thoughts and opinions were easily exchanged. This lessened discrimination between caste, community and region. National leaders could communicate with a large number of people through newspapers. Thus leadership was built at a national level and this contributed significantly to the achievement of Swaraj.

4. Literature and Education: Western ideas and nationalism spread with English education. Learning English made Indians familiar with latest trends of the world. Thus they were inspired by the ideas of Democracy – from the American War of Independence and of ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’- from the French revolution. People began dreaming about a bright future of independent India. Various novels, acts, stories, poems, songs, etc. written in regional languages spread the message of national unity and devotion.

5. Newspapers: Newspapers made an important contribution in spreading awareness about nationalism. Dailies published from Bengal, Mumbai and Chennai awakened the feelings of nationalism in people’s hearts.

6. Magnificent and Rich Heritage of India :

• Ancient archaeologist Alexander Cunningham and his assistants excavated many ancient sites and discovered remains depicting the rich heritage of India.
• Indian archaeologists like Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, Madho Swarup Vats and Rakhal Das Bannerjee continued the excavations and unearthed remains of majestic civilizations.
• Ancient Indian books on medical science, astrophysics, spirituality, etc. were translated into English so that Indians and the world came to know them. All these things fostered the feelings of pride and nationalism.

C. In Europe

Factors responsible for the rise of nationalism in India developed notably only after the mutiny of 1857 C.E.

(b) Prime Minister

Reason for regarding parliamentary form of government as unstable: 

In parliamentary form of government, many political parties contest elections, that is,the country has multi-party system. When one party fails to garner majority due to any reason, then some parties come together to form a coalition government. As every party has its own political ideologies and goals, there soon appear differences among the council of ministers, and then, of course, such a government comes close to collapse.

At present, many governments are formed with outside support. These governments, by their nature, are unstable. The parties providing outside support may withdraw it, and as a result, the government is ousted. In this way, a government working under pressure is always in an unstable mode. In this way, parliamentary form of government is regarded as an unstable government.

Prime Minister is the head of government in parliamentary form of government.

The rain fed tanks that are so common in South India are a cheering sight when they are full.

Parliamentary form of government opposes the principle of separation of powers : The principle of separation of powers is based on the ideology that a person goes corrupt on getting autocratic powers and he starts misusing these powers. The propagators of this principle believe that the work of legislature should be to form laws. The executive should implement these laws, run the governance accordingly, and the judiciary should deliver justice in accordance with these laws.

In this way, all the three bodies should be working independently and impartially in their respective field. But in this system, executive and legislature have close relations, and hence, this type of governance can easily become free-willing and there, can be a crisis threat to freedom of an individual. Montesque has written, “If the powers of legislature and executive get centralized in one person or in one institution only, there cannot remain independence, because there develops a fear that either king or senate may form atrocious rules and enforce them atrociously”.

In parliamentary form of government.

He makes this comparison because water reflects the mood of the hour, being bright and bay when the sun shines, turning to dark and gloomy when the sky is overcast.

In the council of ministers.

The writer compares water in a landscape to the eyes in a human face.

The ‘wonderful difference’ the writer talks about is between the two areas: the Libyan desert and the Nile Valley – the sea of billowing sand without a speck of green on the side of the Libyan desert and the green, fertile, densely populated area on the valley of the Nile in Egypt.

The ‘cheering sight’ to the writer is the filled rain-fed tanks that are so common in South India.

The wonderful difference was brought about by the water of the river Nile flowing down to the Mediterranean from its sources a couple of thousands of miles away.

Plain  water

The above pie-chart lists the various sectors responsible for gas emissions and their share in creating global warming. 

The maximum gas emissions are by electricity at 33% whereas the next place is taken by transport at 27%. Surprisingly, the industry takes the third position at 19% whereas commercial activities and agriculture occupy the fourth position at 7%. Residential activities do not lag far behind. They account for 6% of gas emissions whereas others contribute 1% of gas emissions.

1. 1. Water makes the difference between a barren desert and a fertile valley teeming with life and vegetation. 2. Water plays an important role in shaping the history of the earth. 3. Water bodies add to the beauty of the scenery. 4. Water has power to cany silt which is very necessary for agriculture. 5. Water creates this silt by flowing over the rocks of the earth’s crust. 6. Water is the basis of all life, animals, plants or human beings.

Paragraph:

C.V. Raman shows that water is the elixir of life. He gives us the example of the Libyan desert where there is no vegetation and not a single living thing visible. On the other hand, in the immediate neighbourhood the Nile Valley is teeming with vegetation, and people. The water of the Nile Valley has made all the difference. He says that water is a wonderful thing and it has shaped the history and the civilization of our earth. He also adds that the presence of water makes the countryside beautiful and it has enabled agriculture to thrive. Water enriches soil and makes it fertile. If water is used judiciously, it can improve our economy by generating electricity as well and provide us with cheap means of internal transport. He tells us that water is fundamental for human welfare.

2. 1. Heavy rain 

2. Slope of land, removal of vegetation, ruts which enable water to flow faster and absence of my barriers to check flow of water. 

3. preventive action would be terracing of land, consu action ui aunds to check flow, contour cultivation, planting of vegetation. 

Paragraph :

C.V. Raman tells that soil erosion is a major problem in India. Soil erosion happens due to several reasons: Firstly, a sudden downpour of heavy rain can result in excess water carxying top soil into the sea. Secondly, the slope of the land and the removal of the natural protective coat of vegetation, and the existence of ruts along which water can flow rapidly can giv. se to erosion. Thirdly, the lack of bunds to prevent water from flowing forcefully can lead to erosion of soil.

3. 1. Rain-fed tanks common in South India. 

2. Beautiful when full.

3. Shallow but bottom does not show up.

4. Play a vital role in agriculture.

5. Are surprisingly large in size. Paragraph : C. V. Raman tells us that rain-fed tanks are common in South India and they are beautiful when they are full. But they are not well maintained. These tanks are shallow. The water in these tanks is full of silt. These tanks play an important role in South Indian agriculture. Some of them are large and look beautiful when the sun rises or sets over them.

a. Vegetation like shrubs and trees grown in order to check soil erosion.

b. Dried branches and leaves of trees grown to prevent soil erosion.

c. He could preserve the farmyard manure to enrich his farmland.

The two sources of water are rain and snowfall.

Sudden bursts of excessively heavy rain resulting in a large run off of surplus water are the principal factors causing soil erosion.

India has proved the feelings of ‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’ in the world.

Newton’s third law is applicable to only human’s physical actions which involves physical force. Third law is not applicable to human’s psychological actions or thoughts.

Contributory causes to the erosion of previous soil are the slope of the land, removal of the natural protective coat of vegetation, the existence of ruts along which the.water can flow rapidly gathering momentum, and the absence of any checks to such flow.

India has a fine amalgamation of different castes, community, religions, traditions, cultures and languages. Because of this, the creation of varied and rich cultural heritage has become possible.

The Culture of India or Indian Culture, sometimes equated to Indian Civilization,is the heritage of social norms, ethical Values, traditional Customs,belief system, artefacts and technologies that originated in or are associated with Indian subcontinent. The Term Also applies beyond India to countries and cultures whose histories are strongly connected to India by immigration, colonization ,or influence, particularly in Southeast Asia. India's languages, religions, Dance, music, food and Customs Differ from place to place within the country.

Indian Culture, often labelled as amalgamation of several cultures has been influenced by several millennia old, beginning with Indus Valley Civilization. 

Given, Mass of a person = 60 kg

Velocity of the car = 50 ms ^-1 

Radius of curvature = 10 m

Centrifugal force F = \(\frac{mV^2}{r}\) = \(\frac{60 \times (50)^2}{10}\) = 15,000 N

Soil erosion can be prevented by terracing of the land, construction of bunds to check the flow of water, the practice of contour cultivation and the planting of appropriate types of vegetation.

Water played a role of vast significance in shaping the course of the earth’s history and continues to play the leading role in the drama of life on the surface of our planet.

Adoption of techniques preventing soil erosion would also help to conserve and keep the water where it is wanted, i.e., on and in the soil.

On a leveled circular road, if the static friction is not able to provide enough centripetal ’force to turn, the vehicle will start to skid

μ_s<\(\frac{v^2}{rg}\)

The water has its power to carry slit or finely divided soil in suspension. The great tracts of land formed by slit thus deposited is evident on an examination of the soil in alluvial areas. Thus, water helps in the formation of fertile lands.

Rain and snowfall.

The development of hydro-electric power would enable underground water to be tapped to a greater extent than at present, and thus help to overcome the difficulties arising from irregularity or inadequacy of other sources of supply.

Erosion Takes place when water carrying silt mixes with the salt water of the sea.

a. The writer talks about soil erosion and the importance of conservation of water. Conservation of water would help agriculture at times of irregular or inadequate rainfall. The techniques of conservation of water would prevent soil erosion which is of great importance to agriculture.

b. “Same” refers to rainfall in India.

c. Since Indian agriculture depends on seasonal rainfall and does not have many other sources of water, it is “very sensitive” – easily affected by inadequate or irregular rainfall.

a. the river itself. It was brought down as the finest silt in its flood waters, from the highlands of Abyssinia and from remote Central Africa, and laid down through the ages in the trough through which the Nile flows into the sea.

b. Rain-fed tanks in South India when they are full.

c. silt or finely-divided soil in suspension.

d. the characteristic water.

e. The upper layer of soil.

f. rapidly flowing rainwater.

g. preventing soil erosion.

h. seasonal rainfall.

i. fuel.

j. Availability of electric power.

Great tracts of land formed by silt deposition is evident on an examination of the soil in alluvial areas. When silt-laden water mixes with the salt water of the sea, there is rapid precipitation of the suspended matter. The colour of the water changes successively from red or brown shades of silt through varying shades of yellow and green before it becomes blue of the deep sea.

Nile valley soil is created by the river itself. It is brought down as the finest silt in its flood waters, from the highlands of Abyssinia and from remote Central Africa. It is laid down through the ages in the trough through which the Nile flows into the sea.

The author noticed not a single living being while standing on the line which separated the Libyan Desert from the Valley of the Nile in Egypt. The desert was without a speck of green.