Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

• Antivirus must be installed.
• Software should be legal and from a trusted place.
• Application should be scanned before using. 
• Pirated Software should not be used.
• Provide all necessary data to obtain the best possible results.

• Microsoft word: To write down the information collected and making a document for further evaluation. 
• Microsoft excel : To draw graph based on the obtained numerical information from the experiment. 
• Internet explorer: To search for information in finding out the solution or solving the queries by reading the available information.

Correctly matched column:

Option : a. Butyric acid

Option : c. monounsaturated fats

• During the cooking process, high polymers of carbohydrates or proteins are hydrolysed to smaller polymeric units.
• The uncooked food mixture is a heterogeneous suspension which becomes a colloidal matter on cooking.
• As a result, the constituent nutrient molecules present in cooked food are smaller in size and hence, easier to digest, than the uncooked food.

Hence, 

Cooking makes food easy to digest.

Correct option is (c) correspondence

• Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, or emotions by two or more persons.
• Effective communication is when a message is conveyed by the sender and received by the receiver exactly the same it was intended.
• Being able to communicate effectively is an essential skill.

The following are the essentials skills for effective communication:

(a) Listening:

• One of the most important aspects of business communication is being a good listener.
• Effective communication requires active listening.
• Active listening involves hearing and understanding a person.

(b) Body language:

• Body language is an important communication tool.
• Body language should convey words.
• Tone, hand gestures, and ensuring eye contact are involved in body language.

(c) Clear and concise:

• The message should be conveyed by using as few words as possible, whether in person or through telephone, or e-mail.
• The message should be clear concise and direct.
• Excessive words should be avoided.
• Thought should be given to the message before being conveyed in order to avoid confusion.

(d) Confident:

• For effective communication, confidence is needed.
• Making eye contact but having a friendly tone always shows confidence.

• Social media are online interactive groups created using advanced mobile and web-based technologies.
• From the business point of view, it provides a great opportunity to interact with the public and communicate about their product and services.
• It helps in developing loyalties.
• It builds a strong relationships with the audience and consumers.
• Social networking makes relationships more personal.
• Business can be promoted more effectively through advertising.
• Thus, social media network is very useful to the business.

• When the exchange of information or ideas is in a written form is known as written communication.
• Written communication includes reports, letters, circulars, etc.
• Written communication is the most important and the most effective of any mode of business communication.
• The words written should contain specific meaning and should not confuse the reader.
• Letter, memos, notices, circulars, minutes are some common types of written communication.

The following are the merits of written communication:

(a) Accurate and precise:

• Written communication is drafted with great care.
• The communicator has to be accurate and factual as it is open to verification.
• Therefore written communication focuses greater on accuracy and precision.

(b) Re-read many times:

• The receiver of written communication can read the message any time again in the future.
• He can re-read it till it is properly understood by him.

(c) Permanent record:

Written communication becomes a permanent record of the organization and can prove very useful for future reference.

(d) Documentary evidence:

Written communication is acceptable as legal documents and as legal evidence also.

(e) Wide access:

Written communication is the best channel of communication for conveying information to people living in different places.

(f) No need for personal contact:

• It is not necessary for both parties to be available at the time of communication.
• Messages can be sent to the concerned person who can read when receives and gets spare time.

(g) Completeness:

• Written messages are prepared with perfect knowledge related to the matter.
• So there is completeness in the message.

(h) Economical:

• This method is economical when the receiver is far away from the business place.
• E-mails are the most popular method of written communication.

• The most important aspect of effective communication is being a good listener.
• Effective communication requires active listening.
• Active listening involves hearing and understanding what a person is saying to you.
• Without the ability to listen effectively, messages are generally misunderstood.
• Good listening skills can lead to better customer satisfaction.
• It can increase productivity with fewer mistakes.
• Increased sharing of information will lead to more creative and innovative work.
• Thus listening is the most important aspect of communication.

(c) sodium meta suiphite

The compounds that are used like sugars for sweetening, but are metabolised without the influence of insulin are called sugar substituents. e.g., sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol.

(b) sucrose ester of palmitic acid

Self is an organized cognitive structure. It can be understood in terms of subject and object or I and Me. It refers to the totality of one’s conscious thoughts, and feelings which pertain to one’s own self.

 . Indian Concept of Self

 •Self is characterized by the shifting nature of the boundaries. 

•The Indian view does not make rigid dichotomies.

 •It is based on collectivistic Indian society. 

Western Concept of Self

 •The boundaries between self and the group are rigid

. •It holds clear dichotomies between self and group. 

•It is based on individualistic society of the West. 

(d) all the above

Cresol is not a sugar substituent.

• Projective tests of personality are widely used by psychologists.

• Projective techniques are most indirect method to assess personality. 

• Psycho analytic theory proposed that behaviour is also determined by unconscious forces.

• The projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings.

 — The stimulus material is relative or fully unstructured and poorly defined.

 — The person being assessed is usually not told the purpose and the method of scoring and interpretation before the administration of test.

 — The person is informed that there are no right or wrong responses.

 — Each response is considered to reveal a true and significant aspect of personality. 

— The scoring and interpretation in projective assessment are lengthy and subjective.

 Projective Techniques 

— Developed to assess unconscious motives, feelings and conflicts.

 — A less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project his/her feelings, desires and needs on to that situation, 

— Projections are interpreted by experts.

 — Cannot be scored objectively, require qualitative analysis for which a rigorous training is needed. 

1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach) 

• Consists of 10 inkblots—5 black and white, 2 with red ink, 3 in pastel colours. 

• Blots are symmetrical in design with a specific shape or form, made by dropping ink on a piece of paper and then folding the paper in half (hence called inkblot test). 

• The cards are administered individually in two phases:

 —Performance proper: The subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them. 

—Inquiry: A detailed report of the response is prepared by asking the subject to tell where, how, and on what basis was a particular response made. 

• Fine judgment is necessary to place the subject’s responses in a meaningful context. Use and interpretation of this test requires extensive training 

2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Morgan and Murray 

•This test consists of 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card—each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations.

• Some cards are used specifically with adult males or females, boys or girls—have been modified for the children and the aged.

• The cards are presented one at a time and the subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture—what led up to the situation, what is happening at the moment, what will happen in the future, what the characters are feeling and thinking? 

. Uma Chaudhury’s Indian adaptation of TAT is also available.

3.Rosenzweig’s Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study)

• This study assesses how people express aggression in the face of a frustrating situation.

• Presents with the help of cartoon-like pictures a series of situations in which one person frustrates another, or calls attention to a frustrating condition.

• The subject is asked to tell what the other (frustrated) person will say or do.

• The analysis of responses is based on the type and direction of aggression—examine whether the focus is on the frustrating object (environment), or on protection of the frustrated person (oneself), or on constructive solution of the problem. 

• Pareek has adapted this test for the Indian population  

4. Sentence Completion Test 

• This test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences—the starting part of the sentence is first presented and the subject has to provide an ending to the sentence. 

• The type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.

• The test provides subjects with several opportunities to reveal their underlying unconscious motivations.

5. Draw-a-Person Test

• In this test, the subject is asked to draw a person on a sheet of paper and then a figure of an opposite sex person. 

• Finally, the subject is asked to make a story about the person as if he/she was a character in a novel or play. •Some examples of interpretations are as follows:

— Omission of facial features suggests that the person tries to evade a highly conflict-ridden interpersonal relationships. 

— Graphic emphasis on the neck suggests lack of control over impulses.

— Disproportionately large head suggests organic brain disease and pre-occupation with headaches. 

Limitations

 • Interpretation of the responses requires sophisticated skills and specialized training. 

•There are problems associated with the reliability of scoring and validity of interpretations. 

(i) Learning to delay or defer from gratification of needs is called self-control. It emerges from self regulation. 

(ii) Self-regulation is behavioural component of self. 

(iii) It refers to an ability to organize and monitor ones own behaviour. People who can change their behaviour according to the demands of the external environment are high on selfmonitoring.    

(iv) Self-regulation leads to self-control.

 (v) It plays a key role in fulfilment of long-term goals. 

(vi) Indian culture provides us effective mechanisms like fasting (vrata or roza) and nonattachment with worldly things to develop self-control.

 (vii) It is ones ability to say ‘No’.

 Psychological techniques to develop self-control are: 

(a) Observation of Own Behaviour: it provides us with necessary information that may be used Self And Personality to change, modify, or strengthen certain concepts of self. 

 (b)Self-instruction: We often instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want. 

(c)Self-reinforcement: It involves rewarding behaviours that have pleasant outcomes (like going to see a-movie with friends if we do well in exams).

 — Self-control is important for the development of mature personality. This is the reason that all cultures emphasise the self-control. It helps in the fulfilment of long-term goals. Indian cultural tradition provide us with certain effective mechanisms, e.g., fasting in varta or roja and know attachment with worldly things for developing self-control.

 — Self-control is also important for effective functioning of social network.

(c) (ii) & (iii)

1. Pituitary gland is attached to the base of brain. 

2. Thyroid gland is present in the neck. 

3. Pancreas is just below the stomach in our body. 

4. There are two adrenal glands in our body and are located on the top of the kidneys.

The Id:

(i) The Id is the original source of personality, present in the newborn infant, from which the ego and super ego later develop.

 (ii) It consists of everything that is inherited, including the instinctual drives—sex and aggression. 

(iii) It is closely linked to the biological processes and provides the energy source—the libido for the operation of all three systems.

 (iv) It is totally unconscious and works on pleasure principles regardless of any,external potential costs of seeking the gratification of impulses. 

The Ego:

 (i) The ego develops out of Id because of the necessity for dealing with the real world. The ego’s task is to hold the Id in check until conditions allows for satisfaction of its impulses. 

(ii) It operates on reality principles. For example, a hungry man would want to have food at any

cost due to id impulses, but it is the ego which delays tl’ i hunger impulse until the appropriate conditions are found.

 (iii)The ego is essentially the executive of the personality. It keeps a person working for a living, getting along with people and generally adjusting to the realities of life.

 (iv) Ego mediates between the demands of id, the realities of the world and the demands of the super ego. 

The Super Ego:

 (i)It is related to the values and morals of the society as taught to us by our parents and others. It works according to social norms.

 (ii)It is concerned with morality—whether various ways that could satisfy id impulses are right or wrong. 

The main functions of the super ego are: 

(i) To inhibit the unacceptable impulses of Id such as sex and aggression. 

(ii)Freud assumed that Id is energised by two instinctual forces, called life instinct and death instinct. Life instinct is individuals, tendency to construct whereas death instinct is for the destruction. According to Freud, life instinct is more dominant among human beings. According to Freud, the instinctual life force that energises the Id is called Libido. It works on the pleasure principle, and seeks immediate gratification. It is source of energy. 

The word ‘personality’ is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’, which means a mask or false face which Greek actors used to wear when acting on stage. According to Gordon Allport “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.” 

One of the major approaches to understanding personality was to develop theories on what it was. There are many broad personality theories, which can be grouped into four categories: – 

(i) Dynamic approaches, which emphasize on-going interaction among motives, impulses and psychological processes.

 (ii) Type and train approaches, which focus on people’s characteristics, stubbornness, shyness and so forth and how these characteristics are organized into systems.

 (iii) Humanistic approaches, which emphasize the self and the importance of the individual’s subjective view of the world. 

(iv) Learning and behavioural approaches, which emphasize the way habits are acquired through basic learning process.

While Karen Horney focuses more on interpersonal relationships during childhood, Alfred gives greater importance to personal goals of an individual.

 There are, in my opinion, Horney would attribute the cause of depression to parental relations with children which are characterized by excessive interference or indifference. Deep anxiety would result from the behaviour rewards the child which, if is erratic, indifferent and  discouraging feelings of isolation and helplessness will also emerge. Alfred Adler would, on the other hand, attribute depression to the feeling of inadequacy and guilt arising within the individual, due to the inability to achieve his/her personal goals. These goals provide an individual with security and are important in overcoming feelings of inadequacy. If individual is not able to attain the goals and could not overcome inferiority appropriately then it leads to depression. 

Structured personality tests are self-report measures that have the following features:

 • Questions are direct and structured. 

• They are called self-report because the examinee has to respond objectively to the items of the measure and his/her response are accepted as they are.

 • They are objective in nature and they deal with the present state of mind. 

— Self-report measures use inventories and questionnaires to assess conscious part of personality.

 — Goal of the test may be revealed.

 — These tests assess only conscious part of personality

 • Their results depend on motivation and emotional state of the examinee; they are non-projective and direct inferences are made. _

Some of the self-report measures are:

 1. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ): This test was developed by Eysenck to assess two basic dimensions of personality namely introverted—extroversion and emotionally stable— emotionally unstable (Neuroticism). 

2. MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. This test was developed by Hathaway and Mckinely. 

• It has been found very effective in detecting psycho-pathology like hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria etc.

 • The test is divided into 10 sub scales. This test helps in clinical diagnosis of various mental disorders like hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, etc.

 • It has two sets’MMPI-I and MMPI-II. Now-a-days, MMPI-II is being used. 

• It has 567 items in the form of affirmative statements. The subject judges each item ‘statements’ as true or false. 

• MMPI is one of the very good tests for clinical purposes (diagnosis).

 •Indian version of MMPI is also available named as Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (JMPI) by Malik and Joshi. 

16-PF Questionnaire 

 • It is developed by Cattell.

 • It identifies large set of personality descriptions—subjected to factor analysis to identify basic personality structure.

 • Subject responds to situation by choosing from alternatives.

 • This test is being used with high school level students in India for career guidance and counselling. 

 Problems Faced by self-report Measures

 • Social Desirability: It is a tendency on part of the respondent to endorse items in a socially desirable manner.

 • Acquiescence: It is a tendency of the subject to agree with items/questions irrespective of contents. 

• Testing and understanding personality require great skill and training. 

• People become self-aware and conscious, hesitate to share thoughts and feelings and motivation. If they do it, it is done in a socially desirable manner. So, the real personality characteristics are not manifested. 

Endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands.

The secretion of endocrine glands is known as hormones.

The function of male sex hormone ‘testosterone’ is to develop secondary sexual characters in the boys.

Humanistic theories emphasise personal responsibility and innovate tendencies toward personal growth. They focus on the importance of people’s subjective attitudes, feelings and beliefs especially with regard to the self. 

• According to humanistic approach, we human beings are most creative, growing, fully functioning and self-actualizing people

. • Fully functioning persons, according to Rogers theory, psychologically healthy persons who live life to the fullest. 

• They live in the here and now and trust their own feelings. They are sensitive to the needs of others but they do not allow society’s standards to shape their feelings or actions to an excessive degree. 

• Rogers suggests that each individual has a concept of ideal self. If there is discrepancy between real self and ideal self then individual develops maladjustment

. • Rogers proposed two basic assumptions: 

(a)Human behaviour is goal-directed and worthwhile. 

(b)People always choose adaptive and self-actualizing behaviour.

 • Rogers believed that many individuals fail to become fully functioning persons because they grow up in an atmosphere of conditional positive regard and develop distorted self-concept# which interferes with personal growth. Such people fail to self-actualise.

• All human beings desire unconditional positive regard, freedom of choice and feeling of fulfilment for attainment of self-actualization.

 • Humanistic theories don’t deny the importance of past experience but they generally focus on the present. 

Maslow’s Contribution to Humanistic Approach Maslow’s Self-Actualization

• It is a state which people have reached their own fullest potential.

 • He had an optimistic view of man who has potentialities for love, joy and creative work.

  • According to him, human beings are free to shape their lives and to self-actualise

 Trait approach psychologists explain personality on the basis of specific psychological characteristics. 

Type approach psychologists believe that personality can be classified into broad categories. Traits are relatively stable, persistent and characteristic patterns of behaviour which makes the individual different from others.

 (i) These are overlapping, i.e., inclusive in nature.

 (ii) Traits are specific psychological characteristics, e.g., shy or timid.

 Types are cluster of similar traits.

 (i) These are broad categories. 

 (ii) These do not overlap, i.e., exclusive in nature, e.g., extrovert or introvert.

Snacks although very tasty but should never be replaced with regular meal since the regular meals carry all the necessary minerals and nutrients needed by the body for growth and development. Snacks lack all these necessary nutrients thus interfere with growth of body.

(b) butyl hydroxy toluene

(b) remove Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions from water that causes hardness of water

(d) n – hexa decyl timethyl ammonium chloride

testes and ovaries function as endocrine glands as well as exocrine glands.

(a) Estrogen 

(b) Testosterone

(d) Vitamin E

Many people get acne and pimples on face due to hormonal changes that occur during puberty. Since the body begins to mature thus sebaceous glands start to produce more sebum, which results in acne and pimples

(c) Penta erythrityl stearate

Acne is a skin condition marked by eruption of numerous red pimples on the face.

Pimples are small red spots on the face of a person. Many adolescent boys and girls may get acne and pimples on the face during puberty due to the increased activity of sebaceous glands and sweat glands in the skin.

The excess oil secreted by sebaceous glands and sweat secreted by sweat glands get collected in the tiny pores of the skin. The accumulation of oil, sweat and dead skin cells block the tiny pores in the face skin. Then, bacteria grow in the blocked skin pores causing swelling and redness of skin which leads to the formation of pimples.

(a) Sexual characteristics which are present in babies at birth are called primary sexual characters. 

(b) Sexual characteristics which develop in mature boys and girls are called secondary sexual characters.

LDPE is used as insulation for cables, making toys.

(a) cellulose, silk

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are present in the skin and causes pimples and acne.

(b) zeigler natta catalyst

The drug used to induce sleep is equanil

Voice box is also known as larynx.

Adolescence is a period of time in in one’s life when the brain has the greatest capacity for learning.

PHBV is a co – polymer