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(c) From incarnation of Matsya

Recombinant DNA technology involves several steps. 

They are

(1) Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)

(2) Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations

(3) Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR 

(4) Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell Organism

(5) Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product

(6) Down stream processing

(a) Recombinant DNA technology involves several steps.

They are

(1) Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA) 

(2) Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations 

(3) Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR 

(4) Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell /Organism 

(5) Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product 

(6) Downstream Processing

(b) Restriction enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequence

Examples are EcoR1 ,Hind111 etc.

µ is <1 so magnetic material is diamagnetic.

a. The cause is the defective gene not producing ADA. The immune system is affected.

b. A retroviral vector is used, recipient cells are lymphocytes.

(i) (a) While visiting to tourist places we should not throw garbage and waste materials.
(b) We should not try to temper with the natural beauty of that place.
(ii) Environmental protection, cleanliness.

Mode of interaction between two species in which one species (parasite) depends on the other species (host) for food and shelter is called parasitism. In this one organism is benefitted and the other is harmed.

For example, Human liver fluke or Malarial parasite or Cuscuta.

Co-evolution is the relationship between two interacting organisms where both organisms failed to survive in the absence of the other.

For example, Fig and fig wasp or Ophrys and bumble bee.

(i) Importance of green plants, reducing air pollution, reducing noise levels, aesthetic value, sapling distribution, giving potted plants in place of bouquet, creating awareness. (Any three)
(ii) To protect and improve the natural environment, social awareness, environmental conservation, eco-friendly approach value for life. (Any three).

Koel is a parasitic bird (which has lost the instinct to make its own nest to lay eggs), has evolved the technique of laying eggs in the nest of a crow. Its eggs bear resemblances to those of crow.

1. Brood parasitism is a type of parasitic behaviour shown by Asian Koel. Koel lays its eggs in the nest of crow. 

2. Crow acts as a host bird and incubate the eggs of koel. 

3. The eggs of koel show resemblance to the host’s egg in size and colour. This reduces the chances of the crow detecting koel’s eggs and ejecting them from the nest. 

4. Eggs of koel hatch before the host’s eggs and hence parasitic bird is in advantage.

Primary response-when the body encounters law Pathogen for the first time it produces the primary response, which is of low intensity but the memory of this encounter with the pathogen informed & maintained Secondary, response-subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary response, based on a memory of the immune system.

Disease - Amoebiasis

Pathogen - Entamoeba histolytica

The pathogen resides in the large intestine.

Carrier- Houseflies

(a) 3. was afraid of

(b) 1. did not know anything about them

(c) 4. ruler with which the master hit the student hard.

(d) 4. got less frightened

(e) 1. The words came as a shock.

The cranial bones are 8.

Franz dreaded to go to school that day because M.Hamel had said he would question them on participles and he did not know the first word about them.

The Joints are points of contact between the bones.

The number of vertebrates is 33.

(b) Radius and ulna

Correct Answer is : (b) 12

Rib cage protects Lungs, heart, liver.

Holmes, Dr.Watson and Mary were taken down the Strand, which was crowded, badly lit and humid. All kinds of people-sad, happy, old and young could be seen moving about in the dim light. Watson found it eerie and ghostlike, and he felt nervous and depressed. They then reached the Lyceum Theatre, where the crowds were pouring in.

A continuous stream of horse carriages could be seen, with stylish people getting out of them. Near the Lyceum Theatre they were met by a coachman who took them in his coach through Rochester Row and Vincent Square onto Vauxhall Bridge Road. They were on the Surrey side, on the bridge from where they got glimpses of the river Thames with lamps shining on the silent water.

The cab then took them through a maze of streets. Holmes could identify Wordsworth Road, Priory Road, Lark Hall Lane, Stock well Place, Robert Street and Cold Harbor Lane. They were all rundown places. The cab took them further to a rather grim and shady neighbourhood with dull brick houses and cheap and showy public houses at the corner.

Holmes mentions that this was not a very fashionable or rich neighbourhood. This was followed by rows of two-storied villas each with a small front garden, and then again there were never-ending lines of new brick buildings, which were an extension of the city. The houses in the area were all dark and appeared uninhabited.

At last the cab drew up at the third house in a new terrace, which was also dark except for a light in the kitchen. However, when they knocked the door was opened instantly, and an Oriental figure of a servant clad in a yellow turban, white loose-fitting clothes, and a yellow sash stood there. It was strange to find an Oriental figure framed in the doorway of a cheap suburban house.

From Dr. Watson’s point of view: When I first saw Mary, she was dressed simply but tastefully. I could see that she was a person of limited means. Her expression was sweet and pleasant, and I could make out that her nature was refined and sensitive. My calculations told me that she was about 27 years old. She was agitated by the mystery surrounding her life. I found her attractive, though her face did not have regular features or a beautiful complexion. Her eyes showed that she was a sympathetic person. I was much impressed by her and attracted to her.

The extract begins when Mary Morstan meets Sherlock Holmes at his house in London. They then meet Thaddeus Sholto in a rundown neighbourhood of London. Thaddeus reveals that his father Major Sholto had mistakenly killed Captain Morstan in London. They then go to Bartholomew Sholto’s house to get the treasure; however, Bartholomew is found dead.

Holmes follows Jonathan Small and Tonga, who have escaped by a steam launch, over the river Thames in London. When Small is captured, he tells them about the time he spent in India, where he was an accomplice in stealing the Agra treasure. Thus, the narration goes to India. Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were also at one time stationed in India.

Where Watson is emotional, simple and trustful, Holmes is sharp, objective and methodical. Holmes is also analytical and notices the little details which give him clues to solving a case. Watson does not, and hence is often on the wrong track. Holmes is the real detective, while Watson is merely his companion. Holmes is always ahead of Watson and solves cases which Watson is not even near to cracking.

It is Sherlock Holmes who is the detective and the leading character. Mary Morstan had come to ask his advice about a problem that she was facing. Holmes was the one who took the lead and found out about Major Sholto; it was Holmes who analysed the handwriting in the letter that Mary had received. Holmes was sharp, accurate, intelligent and methodical. He had an excellent record of solving cases, and his deductions were always correct.

Watson was merely his friend who helped him and kept a record of his cases.

Dr. Watson is the narrator. He was present when the case was brought to Holmes by Mary Morstan. He is generally always with Holmes, helping him to solve cases. He accompanied Holmes whenever necessary.

He also kept a record of all the cases that Holmes was a part of. In this extract, he is present when Mary recounts her case, and he accompanies Holmes and Mary to meet the writer of the anonymous letter. (He marries Mary in the end.)

A territory ruled by a king was called Kingdom, Larger Kingdoms were called empires.

Miss Morstan met Holmes and Watson at their house in Baker Street. She then discussed with them the mysterious disappearance of her father a few years earlier, the receipt of an expensive pearl every year for the past six years, and the receipt of a mysterious letter that morning asking her to meet the writer of the letter. Miss Morstan was intensely agitated and confused and did not know what to do. She showed Holmes the pearls, the boxes in which they had come and the letter. Then they planned to follow the instructions and meet the writer of the letter.

(a) Mary had received an anonymous letter asking her to be outside the Lyceum Theatre on a particular night at seven o’clock. The letter said that it would be to Mary’s advantage if she came. The letter also mentioned that she could bring two friends with her. However, she did not have any friends who could accompany her, and so she asked Holmes and Watson if they could do so. They agreed. Hence, Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary decide to visit Lyceum Theatre. This was the first step to solving the case.

(b) Major Sholto, Mary’s father’s friend, had cheated Mary’s father of his share in the Agra treasure. When he died, Major Sholto informed his son Thaddeus of this. Though Thaddeus did not have the treasure, he tried to rectify the matter to a certain extent by sending Mary a rare and expensive pearl every year, on the same day as he sent the first one.

(c) Mary had found a curious paper in her father’s desk which no one could understand. Holmes deduced from the colour of the paper that it was an important document. He felt it was related in some way to the mystery on hand. Hence, he examined it carefully to get some clues which would help to solve the mystery.

(a) These words are said by Watson to Holmes when Mary Morstan had left after discussing her case. Watson is attracted to her and full of admiration for her. When he voices his admiration, Holmes says that he had not noticed if she is attractive or not. Watson is indignant and calls him a calculating machine.

(b) These are the words of Holmes to Watson, when they are discussing the letter that Mary Morstan has received from an unknown person. He wondered what was the ‘justice’ that the letter spoke of, and who had done ’ something wrong to Mary that she now needed justice.

(c) These words are said by Holmes to Watson and Mary Morstan, when they are being driven by the coachman to some strange place. They were going through narrow streets in an unfriendly and grim neighbourhood, which had dull brick rows of houses and cheap and showy public houses at the comer. Holmes mentions that this was not a very fashionable or rich neighbourhood.

The central idea is the meeting of Mary Morstan with Holmes and Watson, and her explanation of her problems. It is also about the short trip made by the three to meet I the writer of the mysterious letter. This is Watson’s first meeting with Miss Morstan and his attraction towards her.

The setting of the extract is in London, where Mary meets Holmes and Watson to explain her problem. She talks about her father being an officer in an Indian regiment. When he returned to England on leave, he called Mary to meet him at a London hotel, but disappeared mysteriously before she could do so. His only friend in London was a Major Sholto. Holmes finds that Major Sholto was also from the 34th Bombay Infantry.

Mary shows Holmes a piece of paper belonging to her father. The paper was of Indian origin, and three of the names written on it were also Indian. Holmes, Watson and Mary go to meet the anonymous letter writer at a rundown suburban house in London. Later they chase Jonathan Small and Tonga, who were trying to escape by boat on the river Thames. When Jonathan Small was captured, he spoke of being an accomplice in stealing the Agra treasure.

He was sent to the Andaman Islands, where Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were prison guards. At the end of the extract, the door of the anonymous letter writer’s house was opened by an Indian servant. His master used an Indian name to call him. Thus, we have a mingling of incidents both in London as well as in India, where the case had its roots.

(a) London: 

The case starts here with Mary Morstan meeting Holmes at his place in London. They go to meet Thaddeus Sholto in London. They also chase Jonathan Small and Tonga in London. Tonga is killed and Small captured. Small then narrates the entire story.

(b) Lyceum Theatre: 

This is the place near which the writer of the anonymous letter told Mary Morstan to reach if she wished to get justice.

(c) Edinburgh: 

Mary spent her childhood till she was seventeen at a boarding school in Edinburgh.

(d) Agra: 

When Jonathan Small was standing guard one night at the Agra fortress, he was overpowered by two Sikh troopers, who forced him to waylay a servant of a Rajah and steal a valuable fortune in pearls and jewels. This was called the ‘Agra treasure’.

(e) Andaman Islands: 

Jonathan Small was arrested and imprisoned on the Andaman Islands for the robbery of the Agra treasure. After 20 years, Small made a deal with John Sholto and Arthur Morstan, who were the prison guards. Sholto would recover the treasure and in return send a boat to pick up Small and the Sikhs. Sholto double-crossed both Morstan and Small and stole the treasure for himself. Small vowed vengeance and four years later escaped from the Andaman Islands with an islander named Tonga after they both killed a prison guard.

The theme of the extract revolves round the mystery of the disappearance of Mary Morstan’s father, the receipt of expensive pearls by Mary and the mysterious letter received by her. It also involves the journey of Holmes, Watson and Mary Morstan to a strange house to meet the writer of the mysterious letter. The theme of the novel revolves around the Agra treasure.

d). All the above points

1. It was constructed in a very methodical manner 

2. Systematically laid-out houses, roads can be seen here 

3. Houses were built of bricks and had strong walls 

4. The main door faced the street 

5. Holes were created in the drains 

6. Underground sewage system

b). Ashwamedha yaga

a). Upanishads

Correct Answer is: d) 4600

Hyoid bone  .

The skull, the vertebral column and the ribcage are the three main parts of the axial skeleton.

Tetany is caused when rapid muscle spasms occur in the muscles due to deficiency of parathyroid hormone resulting in reduced calcium levels in the body.

Ilium, ischium and pubis make the pelvic girdle.

1. Great bath of MahenjoDaro was very prominent 

2. It is built of bricks so as to prevent the seepage of water from the tank 

3. It has steps on either sides 

4. The water was probably supplied to the tank by a well and the used water was let out.

1. Barely, Wheat

2. Samhitha

3. Philosophy

4. Doab

5. The Vedic Age

6. Ayas

7. Dasyu, Paani

1. Raj asuya yaga 

2. Sarvamedha yaga 

3. Ashwamedha yagas and yagnas were very prominent

Earpentry, wooden mortar, pottery making, Rope makers, Bamboo makers, fire makers, hunters, smiths, Doctors, astrologers and others.

The pelvic girdle is a heavy structure specialized for weight bearing. It is composed of two hip bones called coxal bones that secure the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Together, with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones form the basin-like bony pelvis.

Each coxal bone consists of three fused bones, ilium, ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis a deep hemispherical socket called the acetabulum is present on the lateral surface of the pelvis.

It receives the head of the femur or thigh bone at the hip joint and helps in the articulation of the femur. Ventrally the two halves of the pelvic girdle meet and form the pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage.

The ilium is the superior flaring portion of the hip bone. Each ilium forms a secure joint with the sacrum posteriorly. The ischium is a curved bar of bone.

The V-shaped pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. The pelvis of male is deep and narrow with larger heavier bones and the female is shallow, wide and flexible in nature, and this helps during pregnancy which is influenced by female hormones.

1. Rig Veda 

2. Sama Veda 

3. YajurVeda 

4. Atharva Veda

1. We can see two or more parts in the cities of Harappa 

2. Western is narrow & Eastern part be wide and lower 

3. Every part had a wall made of burnt bricks, walls were very strong 

4. MohenjoDaro, one of the cities had a water tank/ Bath tank 

5. Fire alters have been discovered in other cities-like kalibangan & Lothal 

6. Systematic granaries