Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Count Camillo de Cavour: Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister. Cavour led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

1. (a) zero

2. (a) technological

3. (a) educated

4. (b) seasonal

5. (a) cyclical

Culture played an important role in creating the ideas of a nation because of the following reasons:

(i) Art and poetry, stories music helped in shaping nationalist feelings in Europe.

(ii) Romanticism was a cultural movement which played a role in this context. Romantic poet and artists were critical of reason and science.

(iii) A sense of shared collective heritage was developed.

(iv) Folk dance, Folk poetry, Folk songs were considered the true expression of the spirit of the nation.

(v) Speaking in the vernacular language was another expression of nationalism.

Cyclical unemployment

The role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian revolutionary :
(i) He founded two secret societies-Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
(ii) Members of these societies were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.
(iii) Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republic frightened the conservatives.

Languages played an important role in developing the nationalist sentiments.
(i) When Russia occupied Poland, the Polish language was banned, and it was replaced by the Russian language.
(ii) Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
(iii) The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against the Russian dominance

(i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, tricolor was chosen to replace the Royal Standard.
(iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated all in the name o{ the nation.
(v) A centralized system of administration was introduced, uniform laws were made for all citizens.
(vi) The French language was spoken and written and became a common language in Paris.

(i) The first half of the 19th century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) Job- seekers were more and employment opportunities were less.

(iii) People from rural areas migrated to cities and made cities over-crowded slums.

 (iv) Small producers often faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods.
(v) Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations

The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe.

The following are the arguments to support this statement :

(i) Enormous increase in population all over Europe. 

(ii) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. 

(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports 

(iv) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

"Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole systems more rational and efficient."
(i) All privileges based on birth were removed.
(ii) Established equality before law.
(iii) Right to property was given.
(iv) Simplified administrative divisions.
(v) Feudal system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(vi) Guild restrictions were removed.
(vii) Transport and communication systems were improved

Napoleon introduced following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in Europe :
(i) The Civil Code of 1804, known as Napoleonic Code, did away with all the privileges based on birth.
(ii) Administration became more efficient. Napoleon introduced revolutionary principles in administration making it more efficient and rational.
(iii) Secured the Right to property.
(iv) Simplified administrative divisions.
(v) Abolished feudal system.
(vi) Freed peasants from serfdom and dues.
(vii) Irr the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
(viii) Transport and communication improved.
(ix) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom uniform laws, standardized weights and the measures facilitated the movement of goods and capital from one region to another.
Reactions to these changes: Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realize.

Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom. Transport and communications were improved too.

(i) Through the Act of Union (1707), England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.

(ii) The growth of British identity in Parliament suppressed the distinctive culture of Scotland.
(iii) The Catholic clans that inhibited the Scottish Highland suffered repression.
(iv) They were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

(v) Ireland was also divided between Catholics and Protestants.
(vi) Ireland was forcibly incorporated in the UK.

(i) Napoleon was Set-about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France.
(ii) Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
(iii) The Civil Code of 1804-usually known as the Napoleonic Code-did away with all privileges based on birth established equality before the law and secured the right to Property.
(iv) This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(v) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
(vi) Transport and communication systems were
improved.

The idea of a ‘civilising mission’ was to: 

(i) bring modern civilisation to the Vietnamese, 

(ii) destroy local cultures, religions and traditions, and 

(iii) educate the ‘native’ to civilise them.

The most visible form of French control over Vietnam was military and economic domination.

The French tried to strengthen their control over Vietnam by changing the values and perceptions of Vietnamese.

Trade guild was an association or organisation of all the merchants, craftsmen and labourers who used to oversee their practice of trade and craft work of either a particular place or of the area where they lived.

The Indian bankers were involved in providing with the financial needs.

These bankers helped in banking money, transferring necessary funds and financing all the traders.

The traders in India helped in shipping consignments and helping the consumers and buyers with the supplies that were needed.

The merchants traded from Bombay, Calcutta and Madras to the Fertile Crescent, the Middle East and the neighbouring countries of the Indian subcontinent. After this, the businessmen had large amounts of which helped in expanding the business.

• Weavers gave their whole time to weaving thus accepted the fixed price of the market.
• The appointment of Gomasthas led to the decline as they were the ones who took the place of the brokers and the middlemen which led to direct contact which was even worse as it led to high corruption and exorbitant tax. The brokers went bankrupt.
• The system of loans and advances led to the Indians weavers taking more loans which led to the accumulation of tax and debt at a huge rate. These debts could never be repaid and ultimately led to all the producers getting caught in a debt cycle.
• There were reports of fights and problems between the weavers and the Gomasthas, and the weavers left their villages, thus deserting them.

According to Paul Bernard following were the barriers:

a) Increased Population levels

b) Decreased Agricultural productivity

c) Extensive indebtedness among the farmers

Explanation: Paul Bernard believed that removing these obstacles will help in building the economy and making more profits.

Myanmar and Thailand were earlier known as Indo –China region.

Explanation: But at present, it includes Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore along with Myanmar and Thailand.

Views of Paul Bernard regarding the development of colonies by the mother country :
(i) He believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed.
(ii) If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would buy more goods. The market would consequently expand, leading to better profits for French business.
(iii) Bernard suggested that there were several barriers to economic growth in Vietnam like high population levels, low agricultural productivity and extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.
(iv) To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity, it was necessary to carry out land reforms as the Japanese had done in the 1890's.
(v) As the experience of Japan showed, industrialization would be essential to create more jobs.

Paul Bernard was a great writer and policy-maker. He strongly believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed. He argued that the purpose of gaining control over colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would be able to buy more goods. As a result, the market would expand which would lead to better profits for French business.

The three barriers which were a hurdle in improving the economy of Vietnam: 

(i) High population levels 

(ii) Low agricultural productivity 

(iii) Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.

Napalm was a chemical weapon that was used by the US on bombing Vietnam. It was an organic compound used to thicken gasoline for firebombs. The mixture which when comes in contact with surfaces like the human body, sticks and continues to burn. It was also used in the Second World War.

According to Paul Bernard, the economy of the colonies need to be developed so that it could offer better profits for French business. Bernard suggested that the economy of Vietnam faced several barriers such as high population levels, low agricultural productivity and extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants. In order to reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity, land reforms were necessary.

'Rat Hunt' Activity : 
Rat Hunt activity started in 1902 by the French. The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat. 20,000 rats were caught but still, there was no end. This taught them a lesson in the success of collective bargaining, The sewer cleaners discovered innovative ways to profit making. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as a proof that a rat had been killed. Rat catchers took to just clipping the tails and releasing the rats so that the process could be repeated over and over. Even some people began raising rats to earn money.

(i) 324

The given number = 324

The number formed by hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s digit is 324, which is not divisible by 8

324 is not divisible by 8

(ii) 2536

The given number = 2536

The number formed by hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s digit is 536, which is divisible by 8

2536 is divisible by 8

(iii) 92760

The given number = 92760

The number formed by hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s digit is 760, which is divisible by 8

92760 is divisible by 8

(iv) 444320

The given number = 444320

The number formed by hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s digit is 320, which is divisible by 8

444320 is divisible by 8.

Given (x-5)/2-(x-3)/5=1/2

Now by taking L.C.M for 5 and 2 is 10

(5(x-5)-2(x-3))/10=1/2

By transposing the above equation we can write as

(5x-25-2x+6)=10/2

3x-19=2

Again by transposing

3x=19+2=21

x=21/3=7

Find the value of x by considering the above equation,Transposing (3/8)x to RHS and it becomes -(3/8)x.

= (2/3)x – (3/8)x = (7/12)

= [(16 – 9) / 24]x = (7/12)

= (7/24) x = (7/12)

Multiplying both side by (24/7),

= (7/24)x × (24/7) = (7/12) × (24/7)

= x = 2

By substituting 2 in the place of x in given equation, we get

LHS,

= (2/3)x

= (2/3) × (2)

= (4/3)

RHS,

= (3/8)x + (7/12)

= (3/8) × (2) + (7/12)

= (3/4) + (7/12)

= (9 + 7) / (12)

= (16/12)

= (4/3)

By comparing LHS and RHS

= (4/3) = (4/3)

∴ LHS = RHS

Hence, the result is verified.

i. 5x = 3x + 24

2x = 24 

x = \(\frac{24}{2}\)

x = 12

ii. 8t + 5 = 2t – 31

6t = -36 

t = \(\frac{-36}{6}\)

t = -6

Let the digits at tens place and ones place be x and 3x respectively.

Therefore, original number = 10x + 3x =13x

On interchanging the digits, the digits at ones place and tens place will be x and 3x respectively.

Number after interchanging = 10 x 3x + x = 30x + x = 31x

According to the given question,

Original number + New number = 88

13x + 31x = 88

44x = 88

Dividing both sides by 44, we obtain x = 2

Therefore, original number = 13x = 13 × 2 = 26

By considering the tens place and ones place as 3x and x respectively, the two-digit number obtained is 62.

Therefore, the two-digit number may be 26 or 62.

The above question can be written as,= t – 2t – 5 – 5 + 10t = 6 + 8t – 3t + 12

Now, find the value of t by considering the above equation,

Transposing -5, -5 to RHS and it becomes 5, 5 and 8t, -3t to LHS it becomes -8t, 3t

= t – 2t + 10t – 8t + 3t = 6 + 12 + 5 + 5

= 14t – 10t = 28

= 4t = 28

Multiplying both side by (1/4),

= 4t × (1/4) = 28 × (1/4)

= t = 7

By substituting 7 in the place of t in given equation, we get

LHS,

= t – 2t – 5 – 5 + 10t

= 7 – 2× (7) – 5 – 5 + 10(7)

= 7 – 14 – 5 – 5 + 70

= 77 – 24

= 53

RHS,

= 6 + 8t – 3t + 12

= 6 + 8 × (7) – 3 × (7) + 12

= 6 + 56 – 21 + 12

= 74 – 21

= 53

By comparing LHS and RHS

= 15 = 15

∴ LHS = RHS

Hence, the result is verified.

Given (3t-2)/4-(2t+3)/3=2/3-t

Now by taking L.C.M for 4 and 3 is 12

(3(3t-2)-4(2t+3))/12=2/3-t

By transposing the above equation we can write as

(9t-6-8t-12)/12=2/3-t

Again by transposing

t=26/13

t=2

Correct option is  A) 11/4

Correct option is (A) 11/4

x – 1 = \(\frac{7}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) x = \(\frac{7}{4}\) - (-1) = \(\frac{7}{4}\) + 1 \(=\frac{7+4}{4}=\frac{11}{4}.\)

Correct option is  B) 50°

Correct option is (B) 50°

Let complementary angles are x & y.

\(\therefore\) x+y = \(90^\circ\)           _________(1)  \((\because\) Sum of complementary angles is \(90^\circ)\)

Also, x - y = \(10^\circ\)    _________(2)   (Given)

Subtract equation (2) from (1), we get

(x+y) - (x - y) = \(90^\circ\) - \(10^\circ\)

\(\Rightarrow\) 2y = \(80^\circ\)

\(\Rightarrow\) y = \(\frac{80^\circ}2=40^\circ\)

From (1), x = \(90^\circ\) - y = \(90^\circ\) - \(40^\circ\) = \(50^\circ\)

Hence, \(40^\circ\) & \(50^\circ\) are required complementary angles.

\(\therefore\) Largest angle = \(50^\circ\).

At present,
_________

Shobo's age = x years

His mother's age = 6 times of 

Shobo's age

= 6x years

Five years from now 
________________

Shobo's age = ( x + 5 ) years

According to the problem given,

x + 5 = one by third of his mother's

present age

x + 5 = 6x / 3 

x + 5 = 2x 

5 = 2x - x 

5 = x

Therefore ,

Shobo's present age = x = 5 years

His mother's age = 6x 

= 6 × 5

= 30 years

Correct option is  D) none

Correct option is (D) none

Let Ramu's present age be x years.

\(\therefore\) Ramu's age before 4 years = (x - 4) years

Ramu's age after 12 years = (x + 12) years

\(\therefore\) x+12 = 3(x-4)

\(\Rightarrow\) x+12 = 3x - 12

\(\Rightarrow\) 3x - x = 12+12 = 24

\(\Rightarrow\) 2x = 24

\(\Rightarrow\) \(x=\frac{24}2=12\)

Thus, Ramu's present age is 12 years.

Correct option is  A)

Correct option is (A) 9/2

5(p – 3) = 3(p – 2)

\(\Rightarrow\) 5p - 15 = 3p - 6

\(\Rightarrow\) 5p - 3p = -6 -(-15) = -6+15

\(\Rightarrow\) 2p = 9

\(\Rightarrow\) p = \(\frac92.\)

C) (x + 5) years

Correct option is  D) -31/3

Correct option is (D) -31/3

3y + 39 = 8

\(\Rightarrow\) 3y = 8 - 39 = -31

\(\Rightarrow\) y = \(\frac{-31}{3}\).

Correct option is  A) -4/7

Correct option is (A) -4/7

3 (t – 3) = 5 (2t – 1)

\(\Rightarrow\) 3t - 9 = 10t - 5

\(\Rightarrow\) 10t - 3t = -9 - (-5) = -9+5 = -4

\(\Rightarrow\) 7t = -4

\(\Rightarrow\) t = \(\frac{-4}7.\)

Various policies of monetary policy on the basis of economic theory:

• “The conscious steps undertaken by the monetary authority which bring about changes in the stock of money, source/generation of money and cost of money is called the monetary policy.”
• “The policy which entrusts various tools of regulating supply of money in the hands of the apex bank with the purpose of achieving general economic objectives is called monetary policy.”
• “The policy undertaken by the apex bank for regulating the supply of money in order to maintain economic stability keeping into consideration the process of economic development and interest of the public is called monetary policy.”

Correct option is  D) All

• The ocean currents are generated because of the difference in the properties of seawater. 
• They act as temperature controllers at the global level. 
• The distribution of temperature gets controlled due to the ocean currents. Thus, the climate of the earth gets affected by ocean currents.

The Atlantic ocean is the most saline ocean.

Correct option is (b) less