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Bishnoi sect.

Global warming : 

Following are the causes : 

1. CFC gases used in fire extinguisher equipment, refrigerators, air-conditioners. 

2. Gaseous emission from vehicles and industries is increasing the quantity of carbon dioxide. 

3. Rampant deforestation is the main cause. 

4. Use of fossil fuel for electricity production is increasing the emission of carbon dioxide and raising the temperature. 

5. Due to human activities, the quantity of greenhouse gases is increasing in atmosphere.

The atmosphere around the earth acts as a glass wall of the green house. The CO₂, Methane. N₂O. CF. water vaporous etc. absorb the heat radiations and generate a specific atmospheric temperature (global temperature), i.e. the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiations (shorter wavelength radiant energy from the Sun and and convective heat fluxes from the surface). These gases in the atmosphere radiant energy. some of which towards the earth surface. This phenomena is termed as green house effect and these gases are called as green house gases.

Man is engaged in continuous development, but in this progress dong with getting many advantages, our environment is getting polluted. Due to cutting of trees, industrialization, urbanization, technical development, population explosion and radioactive pollution, our atmosphere is getting polluted. Due to continuous increasing temperature, global warming has become a challenge before the world.

Due to growing population, agrarian area is becoming limited. Soil’s fertility is decreasing. According to UNO report of 2016, 1.2 billion population of developing countries has no access to fresh drinking water.

On September 21, 1730, under the leadership of Amrita Devi, 363 people of Bishnoi community had sacrificed their lives.

The great economist and politician Chanakya.

World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5.

Causes of water pollution : 

Following are the major causes : 

1. The industrial waste brings mercury, cadmium and lead into water bodies. 

2. Sewage water contains harmful material such as urea and uric acid. 

3. Nitrates and phosphates present in the fertilizers pollute the water. 

4. Crude petroleum extraction from wells pollutes water by mixing in the sea. 

5. Pesticides, mixing with rainwater, pollutes water bodies.

Measures to check water pollution : 

Following are the measures : 

1. Organic manure should be used in place of chemical fertilizers. 

2. Agri-chemicals should be used less. 

3. Industrial wastes before mixing in the rivers, organic and inorganic pollutants should be destroyed. 

4. Radioactive elements and hospital wastes should buried in the earth.

Meaning : 

In the main ingredients of environment, the addition of unwanted material in excess quantity is called environmental pollution. It is harmful to all living beings and environment.

Kinds : 

Following are the kinds of pollution :

I. Air Pollution : 

unlimited expansion of cities, industrialization, growth in transportation means are causing the mixing of dangerous gases in atmosphere which are harmful to health. In these harmful gases the main ones are : Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, different nitrogen oxides, chlorofluoro carbons and formaldehyde. Besides lead emitted by vehicles, half-burnt hydrocarbon, and poisonous smoke is polluting the atmosphere. Air pollution has affected our life. Different kinds of diseases are emerging by this. Besides, ozone layer is decaying which stops U.V. rays from coming to earth. Problem of global warming is getting worse due to increasing effect of greenhouse gases.

II. Water pollution : 

Addition of harmful organic and inorganic material, radioactive elements, industrial wastes, etc are making the water polluted. The wastes which come out of industries, bring lead and cadmium with itself. Similarly sewage water consists of urea and uric acid. Besides, fertilizers make the water polluted. Contaminated water causes diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, etc. Besides, it also causes some dangerous decreases like cancer, heart disease, high bloodpressure, and Neurological disorders.

III. Soil pollution : 

Deformation and degradation of soil structure due to rain, more use of fertilizers, use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is called soil erosion. This destroys soil fertility. To check it, afforestation should be done.

IV. Radioactive Pollution : 

Nuclear bomb and nuclear tests are increasing radioactive pollution. Radioactive elements entering in atmosphere cause harm to water, air and soil. These elements destroy human and other animals cells. Use of polythene is increasing pollution in water and air. On earth its decomposition takes 400 years. The gases which are emitted on its burning are very dangerous.

Following are the measures : 

1. More trees should be planted because trees absorb carbon dioxide and release life-giving oxygen. 

2. Air purifier equipment should be installed in each industry. 

3. Chimney height should be sufficient. 

4. Reducing the use of fossil fuel, solar energy, wind energy etc should be used instead. 

5. Smokeless fuels should be encouraged at home. 

6. In petrol cars, catalytic converters should be installed to reduce air pollution.

Effect of air pollution on ozone layer : 

In our atmosphere at the height of 11 to 35 km in stratosphere, ozone is found as thick covering. It protects our earth by absorbing ultraviolet rays coming from the sun. It is called the shield of the earth, Here ozone is formed due to action of U.V rays on oxygen. The gases present in our atmosphere such as: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, CFG etc along with polluting atmosphere, are also harming the ozone layer. It has been proved through experiments that one atom of CFC can destroy one lakh atoms of ozone in the stratosphere. The ozone hole found over Antarctica and south pole is affecting not a particular area, but the whole world.

Following steps should be taken to check global warming : 

1. Keep your surroundings green by planting more trees.

2. Fossil fuel should be used in less quantity. 

3. Carbon-less energy resources such as sun, air, nuclear energy, should be encouraged. 

4. Proper action should be adopted to stop deforestation.

Effects of global warming : 

Following are the major effects: 

1. The climate will change with global warming. The air will turn hot with temperature’s rise. Due to high temperature, there will be much rain somewhere and somewhere there will be no rain, somewhere there will be drought, cyclone and floods. 

2. Crops rotation will be affected with this increasing temperature. The number of harmful pests will increase and will spread plant diseases, and there will be a food grain crisis. 

3. With the growth of temperature, ice-caps of Arctic and Antarctic will melt and the water level of the sea will increase, with the reusing of water level the people living in coastal areas will be affected. Flood situation will arise and several coastal cities will be submerged. 

4. With this growth of temperature the flora and fauna of the earth will become threatened.

Jawahar Sagar Dam, Kota and Mahi Baja Sagar project, Banswara.

In Indian culture, nature is addressed as mother. In Rigveda, importance is given to man and his environment. In this ancient Veda, water and air are worshiped like gods. The essence of earth is mountain, trees, oceans, lakes, rivers, climate, etc. In India, the saints and hermits extolling the importance of trees and forests, stressed on their conservation. Some plants have medicinal importance and religious value, such as pipal, tulsi, palas, Dhurva, “bilva, etc. Similarly, various rivers and nature’s divine description is present in ancient holy books. In Jain religion, non-violence is considered as the greatest duty of man, conservation of animals is also mentioned.

The addition of external and unwanted material in natural water which reduces its quality is called water pollution. 

Causes of water pollution :

1. Effluents coming out of factories. 

2. Sewage water contains several harmful material and uric acid and microbes. 

3. Nitrate and phosphate salts are used as fertilizers in the field. These salts mixing with soil and rainwater pollute the water. 

4. Crude oil, at the time of extraction mixes in rainwater and pollutes the water sources.

Effects Following are the effects: 

1. Diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid, etc diseases are caused by the use of polluted water. 

2. By mixing of dangerous chemicals in water, animals living in water die. 

3. When man comes in contact of polluted water, several parasites enter in his body and cause the deceases like ‘Naru’ 

4. Chemical materials, present in water, cause several disease like small pox.

5. In polluted water different pollutants accumulate on the water surface and destroy floating plants.

Measure to Check Water Pollution : 

Following are the measures : 

1. Use of chemical soap should be stopped. 

2. Use of excess chemicals, fertilizers should be stopped and organic manure should be used. 

3. Radioactive material and hospital wastes should be buried into the earth instead of throwing them on garbage heaps or water. Before mixing into river water, the organic and inorganic materials should be destroyed from industrial wastes. 

4. The domestic sewage should not be mixed directly into water. 

5. The water of sewage and gutter should be treated in treatment plants and should be used in irrigation or other works.

All sorts of minerals are found under the earth. The process of taking out them from the earth is called mining. 

Mining harms the environment in the following ways : 

1. Air pollution due to dust and mineral particles. 

2. Destruction of forest areas. 

3. Danger to wildlife. 

4. Loss of fertile land, barren land results. 

5. Loss of soil fertility. 

6. Problem of disposing mining waste 

7. Landsliding. 

8. Bad effect on miners health.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere causing green house effect. As a result the atmospheric average temperature is increasing. It is called as global warming. The increase in temperature will cause many problems. Significant melting of old glaciers is already observed. The incoming water will cover fresh water marshlands, low-lying cities and islands with sea water. There will be change in the rainfall and vegetation patterns. The increase in CO₂ is to be checked to prevent increase in global temperature. Otherwise it is bound to have very serious and very negative effects.

Chloro-Floro-Carbon

Chlorofluorocarbon.

‘Water-hyacinth’ is a highly spreading aquatic weeds, which drains oxygen from the water and leads to the death of shes.

Correct answer is (a) cerebral cortex

Correct answer is (a) Inferior colliculi

Correct answer is (b) forebrain

‘Profit and Loss Adjustment Account’ is the other name known for the revaluation account.

Assets and liabilities are shown at their actual (market) values in the balance sheet after its revaluation.

The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower. When there are more than one pistil, if the pistils are fused together, the flower is said to be syncarpous and if the pistils are free, it is said to be apocarpous. For example, pistil of Papaver is syncarpous and that of Michelia is apocarpous.

Carpels are free (apocarpous) , e.g. : Michelia.

Carpels are fused (syncarpous), e,g.: Papaver.

Detailed  Answer  : 

Gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower. If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is apocarpous. The example includes strawberry, buttercup etc. If a gynoecium has multiple carpels fused into a single structure, it is syncarpous. The example includes Tulip and most flowers.

Profit or Loss of revaluation account is transferred to current partners’ capital/current account in their old profit and loss sharing ratio.

Malaria, dengue, chikungunya and filariasis or elephantiasis can be avoided by eradication of mosquitoes.

Correct answer is (b) interferons

Helper T-cells

APP proteins or acute phase proteins are certain collection of plasma proteins which are suddenly increased by the infection caused after injury

(a) helper T cells

Incubation period is the time interval from the invasion of a pathogen to the development of clinical manifestations or symptoms.

The World Health Organization [WHO] defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely absence of diseases’.

The functions of human resource management may be classified as under: 

I Managerial function – Planning, Organising, Directing, Controlling.

II Operative function – Procurement, Development, Compensation, Retention, Integration, Maintenance.

1. recede – recession 

2. enter – entry 

3. repeat – repetition 

4. impossible – impossibility

Human resource is a Intangible asset.

Human Resource management is both Science and art.

In an organisation, the human resource are the employees who are inevitable for the survival and success of the enterprise.

Planning is a pervasive function.

Labour turnover is the rate at which employees leave the organisation.

1. Human resource exhibits innovation and creativity. 

2. Human resource alone can think, act, analyse and interpret. 

3. Human resources are emotional beings. 

4. Human resources can be motivated either financially or non-financially. 

5. The behaviour of human resources are unpredictable.

6. Over years human resources gains value and appreciates. 

7. Human resources are movable. 

8. Human resource can work as a team.

Human resource management determines the  employer, employee relationship.

According to Dale Yoder, Human Resource Management is “the effective process of planning . and directing the application, development and utilisation of human resources in employment”.

Human Resource (HR):

1. To obtain personal and organisational objectives, human resource is needed. 

2. Human resource are the individuals who acquired the required skills, talents and knowledge to run the organisation.

Human Resource Management (HRM):

1. Human resource management is a function of management relating to hiring, motivating people in an organisation. 

2. Human resource management relies on experiments and observations to handle manpower.