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It is a weather phenomenon.

SO₂ causes acid rain.

It is the second lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and both are separated by tropo-pause. This layer extends roughly from 12 km. to 50 km. It contains the ozone layer which is a part of Earth’s atmosphere.

El-Nino is a weather phenomenon and this name was given by fisherman of South America in 1960.
El Nino is a Spanish name which means The little boy or Christ Child. The name was chosen based on the time of year (around December and Near the birth of Jesus) during which these warm water events tend to occur.

• Green plants perform photosynthesis in presence of chlorophyll to synthesize the food. The photosynthesis is the only biological process that consumes CO₂. According to a report. there is deforestation at a rate of 38 acre per minute. Moreover, there is combustion of the forests. As a result, the CO₂ is increasing due to its less consumption. Therefore, deforestation is the primary cause of increase in CO₂.
• Burning of coke and wood also generate CO₂.
• increased industrialization and motor vehicles are another good sources of increase in CO₂.

The average weather condition of any area is called climate. When in these weather conditions (sunlight, temperature, pressure, rain, and humidity), change takes place, it is called climate change. On tampering with nature, changes take place in balanced environment and several harmful effects are seen. Rapid industrialization, deforestation, increasing number of vehicles, are raising earth’s temperature due to which climate is changing. Polar ice has started melting. With climate change along with all environmental factorssea, ice, lake, rivers etc are affected. Due to the change of these environmental factors; earth’s creatures and vegetation are also affected.

Global concern on climate change : 

Climate change is a serious global problem associated with existence of our life and development. Natural calamities and their incidence are causing increased threats and problems for mankind. The indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources is causing nature related crises. The islands of the world are getting submerged. Hole in ozone layer is a great challenge. In this direction to attract world’s attention for the first time a conference of U.N.O. on human environment was held in Stockholm on 5 to 16 June 1972, in which a great discussion was made regarding the effects of climate change.

To celebrate the 10th anniversary of this conference, a conference of nations was held in Nairobi (Kenya) on 10 to 18 May 1982. On 20th anniversary of this conference. U.N.O’s earth summit was held in Rio De Janeiro (Brazil) on 3 to 14 June 1992, in which to face climate change problems, a UNFCCC treaty was made. Under it, a first joint conference on climate change was held in Berlin (Germany) in 1995. Since then, continuous annual conferences are going on.

From December 1 to 14, 2014, its 20th conference was held in Peru’s capital Lima, in which 194 countries and other organizations had participated. India’s representation was done by our minister, Prakash javedkar. The greatest achievement of this conference was a resolve to cut down on global carbon emission.

The 21st conference of UNO’s climate change was held in Paris from November 30 to December 12, 2015. In it the representatives of 175 countries signed on an agreement. It is a record of largest number of signatures on any agreement in the world in a single day.

Amrita Devi was the resident of Khejadali village of Rajasthan. In her village, Khejari trees were being cut by the order of Jodhpur King Abhay Singh, which Amrita Devi opposed. Along with Amrita Devi, her three daughters were there. They embraced the trees. This is incident of September 21,1730. Under the leadership of Amrita Devi, 363 people of Bishnoi society, protecting the trees sacrificed their lives saying that “Sir satey rukh rahe to bhi rasto jaan.” It means “If the tree remains alive at the cost of our heads, we are ready for it.” This is the incident of Tuesday which is known as black Tuesday

Following are the harms : 

1. To prepare it, xylene, ethylene oxide and Benzene are chiefly used. All these are toxic chemicals, which are dangerous to human health. 

2. It does not decompose for a long time, it ends the fertility of land. In such place, the plants do not grow. 

3. The edible material thrown in polythene bags causes death to cows, monkeys and other animals. 

4. On burning, it releases dangerous gases which are harmful to the atmosphere.

Due to less or no rain and high temperature, land turns barren, and generally turns into desert. 

For example: 

1. Thar desert of Rajasthan 

2. Sahara desert 

3. Kalahari desert 

According to a report prepared under UNO’s environmental program, almost 35% of land part of earth is under desert.

The ozone absorbs cosmic rays and U-V rays, and protect the Earth’s life (animals, human beings, plants etc.) from the harmful effects of radiation.

O₃ is the chemical symbol of Ozone.

About 90% of atmospheric O₃ is situated in the Stratosphere at a height of 15 to 30 km. It is called as Ozone layer.

Causes of Soil erosion : 

The loss of soil’s quality due to natural and man-made actions is called soil erosion, 

Following are its causes : 

1. Acid rain destroys soils fertility. 

2. Wide change in land use such as :soil erosion through deforestation. 

3. Excessive use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides. 

4. Improper disposal of urban and industrial wastes. 

5. Use of polluted water in irrigation containing harmful microorganisms. 

6. Burning the forests. 

7. Water-logging and salinity. 

8. Drought.

Effects of Soil Erosion : 

Following are the effects : 

1. Soil fertility decreases and several crops and plants do not grow, and ultimately the land becomes barren. 

2. Lack of vegetation-cover encourages soil erosion due to action of air and water. 

3. Flies, mosquitoes, rats flourish on heaps of waste, which cause diseases. 

4. Defecation in open areas increases water pollution and there remains a probability of cholera, dysentery and jaundice.

Earth Day is celebrated on April 22.

Central Desert Research Institute located at Jodhpur.

World environment day celebrated on June 5.

1. Rigveda 

2. Yajurveda 

3. Samveda 

4. Atharva Veda

Australia is the most affected country because of Ozone hole.

(b)  March 22

Due to gravitation, slipping of rocks from mountain slopes.

50% of world’s oil is produced in gulf countries like, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE and Qatar. Out of these, Iran and Saudi Arabia produce 40% of world’s petroleum.

Stratosphere layer of atmosphere.

Lead oxide and carbon dioxide.

Biogas :

The gas produced by decomposing cattle dung, plant matter and other garbage is called Gobar gas or biogas. In it 50-60% methane gas is found. It is non-conventional source of energy. In rural areas where the livestock breeding is done, biogas can be produced by making biogas plants. It is inflammable gaseous mixture in which mainly methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen gases are found. The thermal value (heat producing capacity) of biogas is more than that of kerosene and dung cake. This energy can be converted into electrical energy, thermal energy and used as cooking fuel.

Majuli Island (Sunderbans).

(c) Paris (France)

1 kg Uranium can produce electricity equivalent to 25 lakh kg of coal.

CO₂, CH₄, CFC, O₃, N₂O

Our national animal is Tiger.

On November 30 to December 12,2015 UNO’s climate change conference was held in Paris. It was 21st annual conference of UNO’s UNFCCC. This is also known as COPE-21. In this conference, the representatives of 175 countries including India, signed on the agreement. This is signing record of the signatures on any agreement, not seen on such a scale in a single day. After signing, all the representatives had to inform their parliament. India’s environment minister Prakash jadvekar said, this is not an agreement, it is a new chapter of 7 billion people. Under the agreement, the members have fixed the target to reduce the average global temperature by 2°C.

1. Carbon dioxide, 

2. Methane, 

3. Nitrogen oxide 

4. CFC

Global warming

 Zinc is metallic mineral.

National bird is peacock and national animal is tiger.

Consumerist culture is an economic process that has a direct meaning that every element in the society is a consumable. It only has to be installed in the market as a necessary item in a right way. At present, industrialists create artificial wishes to attract customers to the textile market they sell for their personal interest. The customers think that their work cannot be done in the absence of those items. This is the beginning of the mindless consumption and wastage of savings, and this is called consumerism culture. Ads have an important role in developing this thinking. A quarter of the world’s population lives in developed countries, but three fourths of the world’s total resources are used by them. For example, in the U.S., there are around 5% of the world population, but the use of the world’s total petroleum products is 20%, which is a prime example of increasing consumerism.

Similarly, due to the influence of this culture in the developed countries, the use of air conditioners in homes and vehicles is increasing, the effect of the dazzle of western culture has also been on developing countries like India. For the past few decades, the concept of ‘Economics of Supply’ is going on very well, if the goods continue to be made, then the customers will buy them, and continuous unnecessary purchases result in financial bankruptcy. The lifespan of these products is also less, which requires the purchase of new accessories. The disposal of waste products has become a challenge before the world as the volume of disposable waste growing with production and purchase of the products. In addition, over exploitation of natural resources creates concern for the future.

The consumer culture is harming the environment in the following ways : 

1. Due to this culture, use of air conditioners is increasing at homes and in vehicles. Consequently, global warming in increasing through the effect of greenhouse gases. 

2. Due to continuous unnecessary purchasing, consumer wealth is wasted and this causes loss of savings and inflation. 

3. Due to the use of packing materials and the use of disposable products, the disposal of waste products has become a challenge before the world. 

4. Natural resources are being exploited more and more in making the products.

1. Cultivation area is decreasing and soil fertility is decreasing. 

2. Lack of food grains.

Chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigeration and air-conditioning are harming the ozone layer.

High B.P, decay of blood cells, vomiting, diarrhoea, heart problems.

On May 23, 1986, President gave his approval to environment conservation act-1986.

The provisions of this act are given below:

1. On first time, violation of fixed rules of pollution, 5 years imprisonment and penalty of Rs. 1 lakh. 

2. On continuous violation, ₹ 5000 per day fine and 7 years’ imprisonment. 

3. On the violation of rule, any person can file a law suit in the public interest by giving two months notice. 

4. Central government has right to stop electricity and water services of the industries, not ‘ obeying the act.

It took place on September 21, 1730 in Khejadli village of Rajasthan.

Less production of green house gases.

On June-14, 1992: Rio dejaneiro (Brazil)

Measures to stop soil pollution : 

Through following ways, it can be controlled:

1. In agriculture work, compost and green manures should be used in place of chemical fertilizers. 

2. Instead of single crop, several crops should be grown in a field which helps in stopping soil pollution. 

3. To check it, afforestation is an effective way. 

4. The cause of it is solid waste material and soil pollution can be reduced if these are disposed off properly. 

5. Limited use of pesticides and fertilizers should be done. 

6. Polluted water should not be used for irrigation. 

7. It can be reduced by public awareness.

The presence of poisonous gases in atmosphere have an adverse effect on human health. In poisonous gases, the main are: Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, different nitrogen oxides, chloroflourocarbon and formaldyihide. This causes death of several people. Carbon monooxide mixes in blood and destroys hemoglobin and forms toxic carboxy hemoglobin which causes several diseases ‘clarion causes’ swelling in eye, nose and throat. Lead causes cancer. Radioactive particles cause cancer. Dust and magnetic particles cause respiratory illness.

Following are the effects : 

1. It causes illnesses such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, etc. 

2. The animals living in water die due to the mixing of poisonous chemicals in water. 

3. Irrigation by polluted water affects the plants. Dangerous diseases are caused by using such plant products. 

4. Chemicals that are formed by industrial process are packed with poisonous elements such as Chlorine, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Zinc, Mercury, Lead and Nickel, etc. By drinking this water and also by consuming fishes nurturing in this water, dangerous diseases develop

In stratosphere at the height of 11 to 36 km, a thick layer of ozone is present which stops ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth.

(a) December 16

It becomes clear, after the study of ancient Indian holy books, that in Indian culture, importance has been given to environment conservation from ancient time. It has been considered that for man’s existence, natural atmosphere is essential. In Indian culture, nature is said to be the mother. The earth, as a mother, brings up all the living beings of the whole planet. Thus, her conservation is our moral duty. Indian society from ancient time, has been playing the role of conservator. Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads and other religious books describe the social importance of animals and connect them to ecology.

In Rigveda, water and air are worshipped as god. Our saints and hermits, describing the importance of forests and trees, tell about their conservation. How important are the trees and wild animals for us, this knowledge is put before us by learned men in Rigveda. For example, they clarified which plants are medically important. Attempts have been made to conserve trees by connecting them with religious beliefs. Tree worship has special importance in Indian culture and religious rituals. Pipal is worshiped for ‘Atal suhag’.

In food, tulsi is considered pious. It is the best medicine in several diseases. Bilva tree is associated with God Shankar ji. Dhaak, Paiash, Dhurva and Kush are associated with navgrah. Along with plants, importance is given for the conservation of land and river. In vedic period, the rivers were revered as divine. It is the effect of Indian culture that to make Ganga pollution free, a separate ministry is formed at present. In Yajurveda, gods like Indra, sun, river, mountain, sky, dawn, and water God Varuna are revered.

The name of main chemical element used in atomic energy is Uranium.