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The population of age groups 0 – 14 years and above 65 years are considered the dependent population in the world as the population of these groups depends on the working population (15 – 64) for survival.

In the world population, 25.44 per cent is of age group 0 – 14, 16.16 per cent of 15 – 24 age group, 41.12 per cent of 25 – 54 age group, 8.60 per cent of 55 – 64 age group and 8.68 per cent of population is of age above 65 years.

Age structure is an important indicator of population composition because a large share of age group of 15 – 64 shows the working population. A large ratio of age above 65 years shows the old population which needs a large amount of money for it’s health-related facilities. The surplus population in the lower-age group indicates the high birth rate as well the economic backwardness in the society. All these conditions are shown by the age structure.

Correct Answer is: (c) Africa

Population composition means all the characteristics of population by which population is separated from one another, i.e. age, sex, settlement, occupation, education, and life expectancy.

Components of Population Composition: The major components of population composition are age, sex, literacy, settlement, etc. These elements play important roles in deciding the plans of future development.

1. Sex – Composition: An important demographic specialty of a country is the number of males and females living in that region. The ratio of females on males in the population is called the sex – ratio. Sex – ratio is an important index of the position of women in that country as well of the economic status.

In the countries, where discrimination against women is seen, there is unfavourable sex ratio against females. Besides female foeticide and female infanticide, domestic voilence against female is also seen in these regions. The main cause of these abuses is the very low socio – economic status of women in these countries.

2. Literacy: The literacy – ratio of population in any country is index of the socio – economic development and progress in that region. The literacy ratio of population shows living standard, socio – economic position of females, availability of educational facilities and the policies adopted by the local government. Literacy ratio also decides the standard of economic human development.

3. Occupational Composition: The working population engaged in different services and manufacturing sector is called the occupational composition. 

The working population of a country is divided into 5 sectors:

• Primary sector : Agriculture, forestry, fishing mining, etc. 
• Secondary sector : Manufacturing and industries. 
• Tertiary sector : Commerce and business, transportation, communication, etc. 
• Quarternary sector : Works related to inventions and discoveries. 
• Pentinary sector : Specialists, advisors, policy-makers, etc.

Population engaged in all above sectors is a very good index of the economic development in a country. In the countries with primitive economy, most of the population is engaged in primary sector, but in a developed economy, most of population is engaged in secondary, tertiary, quarternary and pentinary sectors.

4. Age composition: The population in a country is also divided on the basis of age. Age composition is an important factor of population. It shows the number of population in different age- groups. There are mainly 3 age groups of population. Child age group (0-14 years). Adult age group (15-64 years) and Old age group (above 65 years).

If the number of children in a country is in surplus, than the ratio n dependent population increases. If the number of population in the age – group 15 – 16 is high, then the ratio of working population increases. If more people of age – group above 65 years are found, then the expenditure on health-related facilities increased.

Correct Answer is: (b) Europe

The world is divided into three groups on the basis of urbanisation: higher urban regions, middle urban regions and low urban regions.

The world population has been classified into three age groups: 

1. 0 – 14 years 

2. 15 – 64 years 

3. 65 years and above.

1. 0 – 14 years age groups: 35 per cent of world population is included in this age group. There are differences in this age group in different regions of the world. In developed countries, 18.3 per cent of total population is included in this group, while in developing countries, this per centage rises up by 32.2. In countries where birth rate is high, the population of this age group is in surplus. Generally, population of this group is dependent.

2. 15 – 64 years age group: The young or the adult population is included in this group. This population is more than any other group. This population is more productive, creative and dynamic. Development of a country depends upon this group. This is the working population.

3. 65 years and above: Population related to this group is called the elderly group. Old population is found in those types of countries where all demographic transition stages had been completed much earlier.

Correct Answer s: (c) Europe

The world’s regions where more than 60% of population lives in cities and is attached to non – agricultural activities are called higher urban regions.

On the basis of difference of sex ratio, world is divided into four groups: 

1. The countries having large surplus of female population than males. 

2. The countries having more number of females than males. 

3. The countries having large surplus of male population than females. 

4. The countries having more number of males than females.

The population living in villages and attached to agricultural and related acitivities is called rural population.

Normally, the sex – ratio in Asian continent is low among which countries like China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan have the lowest level of sex – ratio. On the other hand, in a large part of European continent, men are in minority. Less number of men are found in several parts of Europe because females are in better position and a large number of males migrated to other parts in the past.

At present, in Asian continent, the sex ratio is 1002, in South America it is 1018, North America it is 1027 and in Oceania it is found 990. The different sex ratios are seen at regional basis in the world. There are 139 countries in which sex ratio is favourable while in 72 countries it is unfavourable for the women. The sex ratio is different in different continents.

On one hand, in European continent, there is highest sex ratio of 1072, and on the other hand, in African continent, lowest sex ratio of 95 7 is found: An average sex ratio at the world level is 985. But on the basis of different decades, it is different in different regions. In 1980, there were 993 women per 1000 men in the world i.e. number of female-population was less then that of men by 7.

But in the year of 2004, it reduced and this number came down to 985, i.e., number of women was less than number of men by 15. This variation can be seen even on regional basis. There are many countries where more women are found than men in total population and in many countries the situation is just opposite.

Correct Answer is: (b) 6 crore

The highest urban population in the world is found in the continent of North America (77%).

Correct Answer is: (b) Singapore

On the basis variation found in the distribution of sex ratio, the world is divided into four categories:

1. The countries with surplus female population. 

2. The countries which have female population more than males. 

3. The countries which have more number of males than that of females. 

4. The countries with surplus male population.

1. The countries with surplus female population: In this group, those countries are included where more than 1050 sex ratio is found. In which western European, countries, United States of America, Canada, Southern part of South America, female population is in large surplus in comparison to the males.

2. Countries with more female population than males: In this category, those countries are included where sex ratio from 1000 to 1050 is found. Poland, Mongolia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine,Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and Southern African countries are included in this group of countries.

3. Countries which have more male population than females: In this group, countries where sex ratio is in between 950-1000. The countries like Australia, New Zealand, China, Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Iran and Cuba are included in this category. Males are here more than females.

4. Countries with surplus male population: The sex ratio in the countries of this group is less than even 950. India represents the countires of such group. The falling sex ratio is a matter of serious concern here.

The population that lives in the cities and is attached to non – agricultural economic activities is called urban population.

The parts of the world in which less than 40 per cent of population lives in cities, are called low – urban regions.

सही विकल्प है (B) 2016

The working population (15 – 64 years) takes part in various occupations such as agriculture, forestry, manufacturing, construction, transport, services etc. Average production per head and average income per head both depend on this working population which raise the index of development. These are grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary and the fifth pentanary activities of occupations.

These differ in different countries due to level of economic development. People engaged in activities of above mentioned occupations make a nation more prosperous in economic point of view. Developed economy with industries and infrastructure have more people engaged in secondary and tertiary activities. If it is a primitive economy, the ratio of working population in primary activities will be greater as these need more population for the utilisation of natural resources.

On the basis of urban population distribution, world is divided into the following categories: 

1. High urban population 

2. Medium urban population and 

3. Low urban population.

1. High Urban Population: The countries where the per centage of urban populate is more than 60 are included in this group. United States of America, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Argentina and m countries of European continent are of this group.

2. Medium Urban Population: Those countries of the world are counted in this group where urban population is 40 to 60 per cent. China, Indonesia, South Africa, Egypt, Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica and Haiti, etc. have medium urban population.

3. Low Urban Population: The countries with less than 40 per cent of urban population are included in this group. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Southern-Eastern Asia and most of the African countries have low urban population.

Answer: (3) 5N

Given;
Mass of the block m=10kg
Acceleration of the trolley a=0.5m/s²

As per newtons second law of motion, the force on the block by the motion of the trolley is given by the relation:
F= ma
10×0.5= 5N

Given,

\(\frac{4S}{r_1}\) = \(\frac{3\times4S}{r_2}\)

or r₂ = 3r₁;

\(\frac{V_1}{V_2}\) = \(\frac{(\frac{4}{3})πr^3_1}{(\frac{4}{3})πr^3_2}\) 

= \((\frac{r_1}{r_2})^3\) = \((\frac{1}{3})^3\) = \(\frac{1}{27}\)

Here,         1.01 × 10⁵ = ρgh

h = \(\frac{1.01×10^5}{ρg}\) = \(\frac{1.01×10^5}{1.29×9.8}\)

= 7989 m.

Correct option: (b) equity

The two World Wars had major impacts on forests. More trees were cut to meet the wartime needs of Britain. In Java, the Dutch followed ‘scorched earth’ policy just before the Japanese occupation of the region. They destroyed sawmills and burnt huge piles of giant teak logs. The Japanese continued the exploitation of forests. They forced forest villagers to cut down forests. For many villagers, it was an opportunity to expand cultivated area.

There were certain similarities in the colonial management of forests in Bastar and Java. In both the cases, the traditional rights of forest dwellers were taken away and they were forced to work for their colonial masters. Large scale deforestation took place and felled trees were replaced with monocultural plantations.

Railways: There was huge demand of sleepers from the railways. In those days sleepers were made from wood. Expansion of the railway network resulted in large scale deforestation.

Shipbuilding: Shipbuilding was an important industry because ships were integral part of the military power of the British. When the number of oak trees sharply reduced in Britain, Indian forests provided good source of supply. Thus, shipbuilding also contributed towards large scale deforestation in India.

Agricultural: expansion The growing European population meant an increased demand for food grains. This resulted in expansion of cultivated land in India. More land was cleared of forests to make way for cultivation.

Commercial farming: There was increased demand for various raw materials; like cotton, indigo for the expanding industries in Britain. This resulted in large scale commercial farming in India. This could also become possible by clearing forests

Tea/Coffee plantations: Demand for tea and coffee also increased in Britain. The climate of northeastern India and the eastern coast was perfect for plantations. Large areas of forests were cleared for making way for plantations. The British plantation owners were given land on very cheap rates.

Adivasis and other peasant users: Adivasis had always been the protectors of forests and hence they had no role in deforestation. However, some peasants may have utilised the opportunity to expand the cultivated land; as had happened in Java. Moreover, the significant increase in cultivated land also indicates towards clearing of forests for farming.

1 – b

2 – c

3 – d

4 – a

1 – b

2 – c

3 – d

4 – a

The answer is (A) Arched

1. (a) repel

2. (b) sad

3. (c) centre

4. (a) big

5. (b) let

1. (b) wet

2. (c) calmly

3. (a) sold

4. (b) raising

5. (c) none

1. (a) forward

2. (b) roar

3. (c) furtherer

4. (a) divided

If a cell is placed in a solution having high concentration, then protoplasm will begin to shrink and leave the cell wall and round off. This shrinking of protoplasm is called plasmolysis.

Yes, if the force on the object is zero, its acceleration w.r.t. all the other objects will we zero. So, the frame will necessarily be an inertial frame.

Floral part is swollen part, present on the upper side of the flower stalk. 

It consists of four sets: 

(1) Calyx 

(2) Corolla 

(3) Androecium 

(4) Gynaecium.

The answer is (D) Capillary water

The answer is (A) Ovary

The answer is (A) Water vapour and gases.

The answer is (C) Spermatogenesis

Binary fission: In this methods, the parent animal gets divided into two similar animals. It is a complex process of mitotic division. 

For example: Amoeba, Euglena, Paramaecium.

Air layering is mostly found in raspberries, Magndia, Jasmine, Pomegranate etc.

Lymph is a pale yellow fluid derived from the blood plasma, containing water with dissolved proteins inorganic salts, food materials, waste product and a varying number of WBC’s mostly lymphocytes.

The answer is (B) Phloem

RuMP is the starting substance in the CO₂ fixation cycle.

The answer is (C) Yeast

The capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow tubes or blood vessels, which connect arteries to veins.