Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The differences between closing capital and opening capital adjusted with additional capital and drawings called Gross profit or gross loss 

[closing capital + drawings – Additional capital – opening capital = gross profit]

Statement of Profit or Loss is a statement prepared under single entry system. It is prepared for the purpose of ascertaining Profit or Loss of a business in a given period. 

Balance Sheet Equation. 

Assets = Capital + Liability. 

Solar cooker works on the principle of converting sunlight at a point due to concave mirror.

Virtual image: Virtual image ¡s the ¡mage formed due to diverging of light rays. 

(OR) 

The Image formed due to the extension of rays in the backward direction.

Spherical mirror: A mirror that has a curved reflective surface is a spherical mirror.

Reflected Ray: The ray which is reflected from the surface is called a reflected ray.

Reflected ray is a ray which is reflected back from the surface. 

Angle of incidence= Angle of refraction

Reflection: The bouncing back of the light is called reflection.

Ray diagram: A diagram showing the paths of selected rays through an optical system.

Real image: The image formed due to the converging of light rays is a real image.

Image distance (v): The distance between image and mirror is called image distance.

Focal length (f): The distance between vertex and focus.

Principal axis (or) Central axis: The horizontal line which passes through the center of curvature and pole.

Focus or focal point (F): The rays coming from distinct objects parallel to the concave mirror will converge at a point called focus or focal point.

Pole (P) (or) Vertex: The point where the central axis touches the mirror.

Convex mirror diverges the parallel light beam. So it is called a diverging mirror.

The height of the object and height of the image is negative if measured downwards.

Focal length is positive for a concave mirror and negative for a convex mirror.

Mirror formula is \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)

f = focal length; u = object distance; v = image distance

The image distance is negative for a real image and positive for a virtual image.

We always get a virtual and diminished image due to a convex mirror.

• Colour of the ions of d-block elements depends on the number of unpaired electrons in (n – 1) d-orbitals. 
• Zinc forms salts of Zn²⁺ ions. 
• The electronic configuration of Zn⁺² is [Ar] 3d¹⁰. 
• Since Zn⁺² does not have unpaired electrons in 3d-orbital, d→d transition cannot take place, hence, Zn⁺² ions form colourless salts.

• The electronic configuration of, ₄₈Cd [Kr]³⁶ 3d¹⁰ 5s² and Cd²⁺ [Kr]³⁶3d¹⁰. 
• Cd²⁺ ions have completely filled 3d subshell and there are no unpaired electrons in 3d-orbital. 
• Hence d → d transition is not possible. 
• Therefore, Cd²⁺ ions do not absorb radiations in the visible region and the salts of Cd²⁺ ions are colourless (or white). 

In our current copy-paste system, we use physical digital devices like pen drive, hard disk, laptop, tablet, i-pad, bluetooth, etc. They are either with cord or cordless. While in SPARSH, we have directly to touch the source from where we have to copy. The contents will be stored in our physical body. Then we have to touch the recipient device and the contents will be pasted there.

(c) Niels Bohr.

The Poem ‘For a five Year old is written by Fleur Adcock.. In the poem, the poet ironically points out the contradictions in our day to day dealings of life. She points out the differences between what we preach and low we act. She ironically points out that by nature human beings do not practice what they preach.

The poet illustrates this human behaviour by narrating a fictitious episode in which she imagines her five year old child calling out to her after it sees a snail climbing up the window silly after a rainy night. The mother (Poet) goes to the child’s room and explains that it would be unkind to leave it there, because it might climb down to the floor. So it is better to take care of it, before someone unknowingly squashes it. She asks the child to pick it up carefully and carry it outside to the garden and leave it there to feed on daffodil flowers.

In the next stanza the poet wonders why such a kind of faith still prevails where people still believe that character is built by mere words of advice, than by actions of others. She feels sad, because the child believed in her words and acted gently with the snail. She feels sad but amazed because the child believed the words of her mother (Poet) who was actually not gentle in her actions. The mother (Poet) had taken her words seriously even though it knew that the mother had drowned the child’s kittens and betrayed even her close relatives. The Poet had also conveyed such harsh truths to others. The harsh truth is that, it is human nature to preach one thing and practice another and that is how things go on in this world.

She strongly believes that being a mother of a child, she is right in advising her child to be good and gentle. And so both the mother and child are kind to little creatures like snails.

A single force i.e. resultant of two forces acting on a body depends upon the angle between them also. The simple example for this is if two forces 5 N and 5 N acting on the object in the opposite direction, the single resultant force acting on the body is zero. But, if two forces acting on the object along the same direction, then the resultant i.e. the single force is 5 + 5 = 10 N. Hence the given statement “any two forces acting on a body can be combined into single force that would leave same effect” is wrong.

Correct answer is (d) \(\frac{2}{5}\)MR²

Elastic Property of Matter :

(1) Elasticity : The property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to regain its original shape and size after the removal of deforming force is called elasticity. 

(2) Plasticity : The property of matter by virtue of which it does not regain its original shape and size after the removal of deforming force is called plasticity. 

(3) Perfectly elastic body : If on the removal of deforming forces the body regain its original configuration completely it is said to be perfectly elastic. A quartz fibre and phosphor is the nearest approach to the perfectly elastic body. 

(4) Perfectly plastic body : If the body does not have any tendency to recover its original configuration on the removal of deforming force, it is said to be perfectly plastic. Paraffin wax, wet clay are the nearest approach to the perfectly plastic body. Practically there is no material which is either perfectly elastic or perfectly plastic. 

(5) Reason of elasticity : On applying the deforming forces, restoring forces are developed.When the deforming force is removed, these restoring forces bring the molecules of the solid to their respective equilibrium position (r = r₀) and hence the body regains its original form. 

(6) Elastic limit : The maximum deforming force upto which a body retains its property of elasticity is called elastic limit of the material of body. Elastic limit is the property of a body whereas elasticity is the property of material of the body. 

(7) Elastic fatigue : The temporary loss of elastic properties because of the action of repeated alternating deforming force is called elastic fatigue. 

It is due to this reason : 

(i) Bridges are declared unsafe after a long time of their use. 

(ii) Spring balances show wrong readings after they have been used for a long time. 

(iii) We are able to break the wire by repeated bending. 

(8) Ealstic after effect : The time delay in which the substance regains its original condition after the removal of deforming force is called elastic after effect. It is negligible for perfectly elastic substance, like quartz, phosphor bronze and large for glass fibre.

The law of floatation states that a body will float in a liquid if the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body equals the weight of the body.

The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object in a fluid is called upthrust or buoyant force.

If states that when a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it and its upthrust acts through the centre of gravity of the liquid displaced.

Correct option   (A)

Explanation:

The egg is surrounded by additional outer membranes, in addition to the cell surface membrane. The acrosomal enzymes serve to break down these membranes to bring about fusion of sperm and egg. The swimming action of the sperm by means of its flagella requires energy that is supplied by numerous mitochondria.

Correct option  (D) Species X relies completely on cross-pollination. 

Explanation:

The removal of anthers affects fruit formation in plant 1, this implies that species X relies partially on self-pollination. The removal of either anthers or stigmas affects rate of fruit formation significantly. No fruits are observed when the stigmas in plant 2 are removed. This shows that pollen grains are probably unable to germinate if they land on any other part of the carpel besides the stigma. The petals do not seem to play a significant role in facilitating fruit formation. Species X is therefore likely to be wind-pollinated with reduced petals.

Correct option (D) Pollen grain Z comes from a flower of an incompatible species. 

Explanation:

Pollen grains can only germinate if the pollen grain and stigma are compatible, i.e., of the same or closely related species, Pollen grains X and Y must have come from a compatible species. Only compatible pollen grains germinate and form pollen tubes.

(D) All of these

(A) Gamma radiation

The answer is (a) Seven cells and eight nuclei

A Polygonum type of embryo is 7 celled and 8 nucleate where these are 3 antipodals, 2 synergids, one egg cell and one secondary nucleus which is binucleated. 

Pollenkitt is contributed by the tapetum and coloured yellow or orange and is chiefly made of carotenoids or flavonoids. It is an oily layer forming a thick viscous coating over pollen surface. It attracts insects and protects damage from UV radiation.

Correct option is a. NO₃^- , CO₃^2-

Glucose = C₆H₄O₄ 

Molecular mass of Glucose = (12 x 6) + (1 x 12) + (16 x 6) 

= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 

= 720/180 

= 4 moles.

Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom = -2.18 x 10^-18 J

H → H⁺ + e^- 

Energy required to ionize 1 mole of hydrogen atoms, we multiply by the Avogadro constant. 

E = 2.18 x 10^-18 x 6.023 x 10²³ 

= 13.123 x 10⁵ J mol^-1 

I.E = +1312 K J mol^-1

• Group 16 (chaicogens) and Group 17 (halogens) are interested to add two or one electrons respectively to attain stable noble gas configuration. 
• Because of this interest these elements have highly negative electron gain enthalpies.

\(\bullet\)  A matter is anything which has mass and occupies space. 

 \(\bullet\)  Matters exist in all three states such as solid, liquid and gas.

Equivalent mass of a salt: 

It is defined as the number of parts by mass of the salt that is produced by the neutralization of one equivalent of an acid by a base. Therefore the equivalent mass of the salt is equal to its molar mass.

(a) propene

Molar mass of carbon 

Percentage of carbon in ethylene(C₂H₆ ) =  (Molar mass of carbon) / (Molar mass) x 100

= 24/28 × 100 

= 85.71% 

Percentage of carbon in propene (C₃H₆ ) = 24/28 × 100 

= 85.7 1%

(d) + 3 

CH₃COOH 

-3 + 3 + x – 4 + 1 = 0

x – 3 = 0 

x = + 3

Carboxylic carbon oxidation number = +3

Differences among three physical states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) are as follows

The correct answer is: (a) ₆C¹²