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This is because the triple point at one substance is unique, i.e., it occurs only at one particular set of values of pressure and temperature.

Here area of cylindrical tube

a₁ = 8.0 cm² = 8 x 10³ m²

Velocity of flow, v₁ = 1.5 m min^-1

= 1.5/60 ms^-1 = 2.5 x 10^-2 ms^-1

Area of each hole = πD²/4 = {3.14 x (1 x 10^-3)²}/{4} = 7.85 x 10^-7 m²

Total area of all the 40 holes is,

a₂ = 40 x 7.85 x 10^-7 m² = 3.14 x 10^-5 m²

If v₂ is the velocity of ejection of liquid, then from the continuity equation,

a₁v₁ = a₂v₂

⇒ v₂ = {a₁v₂}/{a₂} = {8 x 10^-4 x 2.5 x 10^-2}/{3.14 x 10^-5}

= 0.637 ms^-1 = 0.64 ms^-1

In punching, shear elasticity, (i.e., modulus of rigidity) is involved.

The hole will be punched, if

(F/A) ≥ ultimate shear stress

or, (F) ≥ (Shear stress) x A

where A is = 2π rd

Hence, F = (3.45 x 10⁸) x 2πrd

= (3.45 x 10⁸) x (2 x 22/7 x 0.73 x 10^-2 x 1.27 x 10^-2)

≈ 2 x 10⁵ N

As S.T.P., 22.4 litre of hydrogen contains

6.023 x 10²³ molecules

5.6 litres of hydrogen contains,

(6.023 x 10²³)/(22.4) x 5.6

= 1.50575 x 10²³ molecules

Number of molecules in 0.05% of hydrogen

= 1.50575 x 10²³ x 0.05/100 = 7.52875 x 10¹⁹

Total energy required to dissociate the molecules

= 7.52975 x 10¹⁹ x B.E

= 7.52875 x 10¹⁹ x 4.75 eV = 3.576 x 10²⁰ eV

= 3.576 x 10²⁰ x 1.6 x 10^-19 J = 57.22 J

The value of α is more for metals than for alloy. For example, α for copper (metal) = 1.7 X 10^-5°C^-1 and that for invar (alloy) = 6.7 X 10^-7°C^-1.

The units of thermal conductivity is J s^-1 m-1 K^-1 or Wm^-1 K^-1.

Thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the quantity of heat energy that flows across the opposite faces of one meter cube in one second, when the opposite faces are maintained at temperature difference of 1°C or 1 K.

The spinning cricket ball displaces air. As a result, the speed of air becomes different at upper and lower portions of the ball. Thus, a pressure difference is created due to which the trajectory of cricket ball does not  remain parabolic. The parabolic trajectory remains operative only when gravitational forces acts on the ball.

An external force is needed to keep a body in motion.

The law of inertia was inferred by Galileo from observations of motion of a ball on a double inclined plane.

A body moving in a circle, has an acceleration v²/r towards the centre of the circle.

At bottom, v = √{5 gr} and at the top, v = √{gr}

The earth revolves around the sun with some acceleration. So strictly, we can say that it is not an inertial frame of reference. But, for the bodies lying on the surface of the earth or very close to the earth, the earth can be considered as an inertial frame of reference.

This is due to the Newton's third law of motion. When man jumps out of a boat, he presses the boat in the backward direction and in turn the reaction of the boat on the man pushes him out of the boat.

The electrostatic force of attraction on the electron due to the nucleus.

For an observer at rest with respect to the particle, the observer is also moving with the same speed as the particle, the statement is correct. In other words, in a non-inertial frame of reference, having an accelerated motion, the centripetal force equals the centrifugal force. The particle remains in equilibrium.

In the inertial frame of reference, the particle in uniform circular motion is not in equilibrium and hence the statement is wrong. Since, the particle has a radial acceleration v²/R, it has a radial force mv²/R acting on it.

Thus, the net force acting on the particle is not zero and there is no centrifugal force in an inertial frame.

According to Avogadro’s Law, equal volume of gases contains equal number of molecules at STP. Therefore number of oxygen and nitrogen molecules will be equal. Hence the formula will be NO.

The standard temperature is 273.15 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure is 1 atm pressure or 760 mm. This is the freezing point of pure water at sea level atmospheric pressure. At STP, one mole of gas occupies 22.4 L of volume (molar volume).

(i) Molecular mass of NaCl: 23 amu + 35.5 amu = 58.5 amu
Molar of mass : NaCl: 58.5 g/mol
No. of Moles = Mass / Molar mass
Mass = 1 × 58.5g
Therefore, mass of 1 mole of NaCl is 58.5 g.

(ii) Molecular mass of CaCO₃ = (1 × Ga + 1 × C + 3 × O)
= (1 × 40 + 1 ×12 + 3 × 16)
= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100
Molar mass of CaCO₃ = 100 g
Nor of Moles = Mass / Molar mass
Mass = 1 × 100 = 100 g
Therefore, mass of 1 mole of CaCO₃ is 100 g.

(b) 2.69 × 10¹⁹

The answer is (a) 2.8 L

Sodium Sulphate: Na₂SO₄
Molecular mass = (2 x atomic mass of Na + 1 x atomic mass of S + 4 x atomic mass of O)
= (2 × 23 + 1 × 32 + 4 × 16)
= (46 + 32 + 64) = 142 g/mol

Aluminium Nitrate : Al(NO₃)₃
Molecular mass = (1 x atomic mass of Al + 3 (1 × atomic mass of N + 3 × atomic mass of O)
= 26.9 + 3(14 + 3 × 16)
= 26.9 + 3 × 62
= 26.9 + 186
= 212.9 g/mol

Calcium carbonate = CaCO₃.
Molecular mass = (1 x Atomic mass of calcium) + (1 x Atomic mass of carbon) + (3 x atomic mass of oxygen)
= (1 × 40+1 × 12 + 3 ×16) .
= 40 + 12 + 48= 100 g/Aol

Ammonium Oxalate-(NH₄)₂C₂O₄ Molecular mass = (2 x (1 x atomic mass of N + 4 x atomic mass of H)) + (2 x atomic mass of C) + (4 × atomic mass of O)
= 2(14 + 4) + (2 × 12) + (4 × 16)
= 36 + 24 + 64 = 124 g/mol

Magnesium Phosphate : Mg₃(PO₄)₂
Molecular mass = (3 x Atomic mass of Mg) + 2 x (1 x atomic mass of P + 4 x atomic mass of 0)
= (3 × 24) + 2[1 × 31 + 4 × 16]
= 72 + 2(31 + 64)
= 72 + 2(95)
= 72 + 190
= 262 g/mol

Ferric Chloride: FeCl₃
= 12.046 × 10²³ atoms
Molecular mass = (1 × Atomic mass of Fe + 3 × atomic Now, gram atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14 g mass of Cl) . So, 14 g nitrogen contains 6.023 × 10²³atoms
= (55.8 + 3 × 35.5)
= (55.8 + 106.5)
= 162.35 g/mol

1. In Vietnam, teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum given by the French. 

2. While teaching, Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the text and criticized what was stated. 

3. The students were inspired by patriotic feelings. 

4. The primary objective of the students who went to Japan for modern education was to drive out the French from Vietnam.

1. Oil spillage from oil wells has a major impact on the ecosystem. 

2. Large tracts of the mangrove forests, which are especially susceptible to oil have been destroyed.

3. Spills destroy crops and aquaculture through contamination of the groundwater and soils. 

4. Drinking water is also frequently contaminated, and a sheen of oil is visible in many local bodies of water. 

5. Offshore spills, which are usually much greater in scale, contaminate coastal environments and cause a decline in local fish production.

(i) Radium - Group 2, Period 7. It is the last element of the alkaline earth family. 

(ii) Tc (Technetium), Po (Polonium), U (Uranium) and all the transuranic elements from ₉₃Np to ₁₀₃Lr. Notable amongst these is Plutonium (₉₄Pu) which is extensively being used in power plants. 

(iii) ₈₈Ra ²²⁶ and ₂₇CO⁶⁰ are widely used for treatment of cancer. 

(iv) The three main sources of power are : Fossil Fuels, Hydroelectric power, and atomic power, in view of the depleting stocks of fossil fuels and hydroelectric power limited by landscape, the only alternative is Atomic Power. But nuclear power plants have serious disadvantages. Elaborate and expensive safety, precautions must be taken to protect plant workers and the residents of the surrounding areas from radiation. The nuclear reactor must be heavily shielded and housed inside a building made of metal and concrete. Since loss of coolant water can result in the meltdown of the reactor core, backup emergency coolant systems are required. In view of these fears, the opening of new nuclear power plants in Tamil Nadu and Haryana are being opposed by the residents of the concerned areas. 

Because their critical temperature is lower than room temperature and gases cannot be liquefied above the critical temperature even by applying very high pressure.

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different functional group are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is called functional Isomerism. 

e.g., CH₃ – CH₂ – OH 

CH₃ – O – CH₃

(a) Availability of food

Loss of energy takes place at each collision. As a result, speed of molecules decreases and ultimately these molecules settle down in the vessel. Moreover, the pressure would have gradually reduced to zero.

It is due to lower values of their critical temperature than room temperature.

The gas pressure would gradually become zero as molecules will gradually slow down and ultimately settle down due to constant loss of energy.

On every collision there is loss of energy, so molecules would have slowed down & settled down in vessel and pressure reduce to O.

The Availability of food depends upon the domestic production, changes in stocks and imports.

(d) All the above

A. (iv) 

B. (i) 

C. (v) 

D. (ii) 

E. (iii)

• PPP is an economic theory that estimates the amount that needs to be adjusted to the price of an item, given exchange rates of the two countries, in order for the exchange to match each currency’s purchasing power.
• PPP can be used to compare countries income levels and other relevant economics data concerning the cost of living, or possible rates of inflation and deflation.

(c) Consumer price index

1. Public Distribution system refers to the Ration Shops. 

2. The step taken by the Government to distribute food grains at subsidised rates is through this Public Distribution System. 

3. The nature, scope and functioning of PDS varies from State to State. 

4. There are two types of Public Distribution System. 

5. They are universal PDS and Targeted PDS. 

6. Under universal PDS, all the family ration card holders are entitled to the supplies from PDS. 

7. In the targeted PDS, the beneficiaries are identified based on certain criteria, leaving others. 

8. Tamil Nadu continues to have the universal system of PDS and supplies rice at free of cost to all card holders. 

9. Both the Union and the State Governments subsidised the supplies distributed through PDS. 

10. The National Food Security Act was passed by the Indian Parliament in 2013. 

11. According to this Act 50% of urban households and 75% of the rural households are known as priority households based on a set of criteria. 

12. They are supplied rice at Rs 3 per kg, and wheat at Rs 2 per kg, and millets at Rs 1 per kg. 

13. The Government of Tamil Nadu has declared that SMART family cards in lieu of existing family cards.

Agricultural policy of a country is designed for increasing the agricultural production and productivity thereby raising the level of income and standard of living of the farmers within a particular period of time.

1. To raise agricultural production and productivity. 

2. To remove export restrictions such as export duty, export ban and quota restriction on organic and processed agricultural products. 

3. All round development of the agriculture sector.

(c) A is correct and R is the correct explanation to A.

Correct Answer is: (d) 1.5

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), MidDay Meals Scheme, Reproductive and child Health Programmes (RHP) and National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Nutritious Meal Programme (PTMGRNMP), Mid day meal programme.

1. Nutrition and child mortality under health. 

2. Years of schooling and school attendance under education. 

3. Cooking fuel, sanitation, water, Electricity, floor, assets under living standards.

Farmers who own more than 2 hectares and less than 10 hectares of land are called medium farmers.