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A nurse of ninety-years succeeded in making the woman cry.

When caesar alighted on her arm, the delighted Aunt Mabel leaned forward for a kiss. But her glaming spectacles caught his altention and he knocked them off.

They praised the warrior as worthy to be loved, and the truest friend and the noblest foe. A maiden took the facecloth from the face of the dead warrior.

The poet changed the word order so as to make the title attract the reader’s attention.

The neighbours clothes would be lying in the mud with no sign of pegs because Caesar would steal the pegs and take it to the writer’s house.

C) Criticism of the beliefs of the church, which were based on superstitions

In this lesson, there are two soliloquies, one by Romeo and the other by Juliet. The first soliloquy is taken from Act I, Scene V and the second from Act III, Scene II of Romeo and Juliet1, a romantic tragedy by William Shakespeare. The language used by Shakespeare in these soliloquies is exceptionally creative and provides an insight into his use of poetic devices in expressing human feelings.

In Act, I, Scene V, Romeo is attending a dance party in disguise, as it is hosted by Old Lord Capulet. Romeo is seen gazing at some dancers on the dance floor. When Romeo sees Juliet, he is so fascinated by her beauty that he asks a servant who the lady is. When the servant tells him that he does not know who she is, Romeo stands apart and rapturously praises her beauty. In this soliloquy, one witness the ebullient outpourings of a dreamy, young lover who has fallen in love with a beautiful, young lady, at first sight, Shakespeare captures both the excitement and wonder the lovers feel on this occasion, in an extraordinary language which abounds in poetic devices.

Line one is hyperbolic. The use of hyperbole is quite appropriate in this context because it is the voice of a young lover who sees before him a beautiful girl who symbolizes his aesthetic sense of what beauty ought to be like. Inline 2, Juliet is likened to an earring, thus making it a simile. The earring hangs upon the cheek of night. Here ‘night’ is personified as a black lady. Thus, we see the use of personification as a device. The meaning is stretched further in the next line, and thus in lines 2 and 3, we see the use of enjambment as a poetic device. (‘Enjambment’ refers to the running over of the sense and grammatical structure from one verse line or couplet to the next without a punctuated pause.) The extended meaning is expected to further highlight the beauty of Juliet using a sharp contrast in the description of the personified night as an Ethiopian lady’s ear-ring.

We find another instance of enjambment in lines 5 and 6. Dove is a symbol of love and a snowy dove is a symbol of peace. This highlights the pristine love of the two young lovers. The snowy dove is trooping with ‘crows’ is again a sharp contrast between the other ladies in the hall and the brightness of Juliet. This contrast is to present a striking visual spectacle before the audience.

Thus, the whole stretch of this soliloquy is an extended metaphor expressing the emotional intensity of a lover who has fallen in love at first sight. In the next two lines, in the phrases ‘my rude hand’ and ‘my heart we find the use of ‘synecdoche’. The word ‘rude’ is tactile imagery. In the last line, the word ‘Beauty’, is a metaphor for Juliet. Finally, in the sentence ‘Did my heart love till now?’ we find Romeo’s realization that his love for Rosaline was only infatuation – sensual feeling for a lady and devoid of all emotions, whereas now he is in the throes of real love.

The next soliloquy is by Juliet (Act III Scene II). In this scene, Juliet is now waiting for Romeo. In this beautiful speech, we begin to understand the fullness of Juliet’s love.

In the first line, Juliet is addressing ‘night’ as an entity; night is personified. Thus there are two poetic devices used here – an apostrophe and personification. The poet wants to highlight Romeo’s brightness as seen by Juliet when he comes to visit her in the night.

Inline 1, ‘come, night; come, thou day in the night there is a form of parallelism called ‘asyndeton’. (It is a form of verbal compression which consists of the omission of connecting words between clauses.) Next, Juliet calls Romeo ‘day-in-night’ which is a metaphor.

In the second line ‘night’ is personified as a bird. In the next line, the bird is mentioned as a ‘raven’ and Romeo’s brightness or white complexion is compared with new snow on the raven’s back. Here, there is a simile. In the fourth line also ‘night* is personified. Juliet describes the night as having black eyebrows, like a human being. Finally, in line 7, we see personification in the phrase ‘face of heaven’. Inline 8, we see the use of ‘metonymy’ in the phrase ‘all the world will be in love with the night’. It means to say that all the people in the world will be in love with night

Thus Shakespeare uses emotive language to associate it with the theme of love to demonstrate Romeo’s love/feelings for Juliet and to create drama. Thus one can undoubtedly say that ‘Romeo and Juliet’ provides an insight into the use of poetic devices.

Epitome of laziness

(i) Postage stamps reveal a lot to us about changing times due to the variety in the sizes of the stamps, the novelty in their subjects and colour schemes. 

(ii) The Postal Department issues postage stamps on a wide variety of themes. 

(iii) It issues stamps on political leaders, flowers, animals, birds, an event, or the silver, golden, diamond jubilees or centenary, bicentenary and tercentenary of different events. 

(iv) It is therefore, a valuable repository of history. 

(v) Thus the postal department tries to preserve the heritage and integrity of Indian culture through postage stamps.

Area occupied by 15 postal stamps = 60cm²

Area occupied by 1 postal stamps = 60/15 = 4 cm²

Area occupied by 120 such postal stamps = 4×120 =480 cm²

No, a minor cannot enter into contract.

(b) Void contract

An agreement which is enforceable by law at’the option of one or more parties but not at the option of the other- or others is a voidable contract. This is the result of coercion, undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation.

One to should know the law to which he is subjected to because ignorance of law is no excuse.

Offer (i.e. Proposal) [section 2(a)]: When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other person either to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal.

Contract 2(h) An agreement enforceable by Law is a Contract.

The Indian contract Act specifies that every person is competent to contract provided he is of the age of majority according to the Law which he is subject to and who is of sound mind.

1. Modal: must 

2. Function: compulsion

The little ones spend their time in school in a dull manner as they are full of dismay and restlessnes.

An agreement enforceable by law is a Contract.

Correct answer is (a) Loan Repayment schedule

Correct option is (b) Interpersonal

a. adventure 

b. castle

(b) 5 to 6 billion years ago

(b) 20 million years ago

Correct option is (c) Figurehead, leader, liaison

Correct option is (d) Hygiene factors

Lord Mountbatten came to India in March 1947 as the new viceroy. He presented a plan for the division of India into two independent states India and Pakistan. In 1946 there had been communal riots in Bihar, Bengal and many other places. When partition was announced, more riots took place especially in Punjab. Thousands of people were killed and many more were rendered homeless. The Congress agreed to the plan of partition not because of any faith in the two nation theory but because it felt that there was no other way to achieve freedom and prevent and destruction.

When Avik said,“So, Pepper’s gone to your head, finally, hasn’t he Soon Pia nodded and corrected Avik that it was ‘she’ and not ‘he’. The monkey that their uncle had gifted them was a female monkey and not a male monkey. Pia was greatly obsessed with that pet female monkey.

Phantom means ‘a spirit of a dead person which visits the living in the form of a person or animal’. Here, the she-monkey was gifted to Pia by her uncle from Chile. The she-monkey stayed as a pet with Pia and her family for a short time.

Pia got emotionally attached to her. Pia did not want to part with her, but for certain reasons, Pia’s elders sent the she-monkey back to the jungle of South America from where she was brought. A spirit usually makes its presence feel for time being and does not stay back for a long time.

In the same way, the she-monkey – Pepper – stays with Pia and her family for a short time creating emotional bondage with them, and then she leaves, therefore the she-monkey is called Phantom.

Yes, We sympathise with Pia because she is in an embarrassing condition. In the classroom, the discussion about pets starts and everybody says something about his/her pet very excitedly, but when it is Pia’s turn, she is very much reluctant.

Yes, she had a pet-a Capuchin monkey-named Pepper. Pia was greatly attached to her monkey emotionally which was however sent (back to South America. When all the students insisted that Pia had to bring the monkey to the class, she was greatly embarrased.

Not only that but the principal called up her brother and talked to him about the monkey, Pia was greatly disturbed. Everybody in Pia’s house wanted that Pia should forget about the monkey, but she could not do that. On the contrary, Pia’s brother talked very rudely with Pia when there was reference of the monkey. Therefore, to me, Pia deserves sympathy.

Clothing of the people of East India:

• Most people of east India prefer wearing cotton clothes.
• People wear clothes above ankle as there is more rainfall and it may spoil their clothes.
• Men wear dhoti and kurta.
• Women wear sari in a peculiar manner.

1. tolerate 

2. perform 

3. distribute 

4. extinguish 

5. resign

6. died 

7. in failure 

8. of a lower level 

9. yearn 

10. naturally to have a particular quality

Floral Ghaghara with flair, a long blouse and a dupatta with golden lace.

People lead a very busy life in the present society. They work like machines. They even don’t find time to sit together. They forget their families. They don’t have any enjoyment. Because of the economic pressures they have to earn more and more money. They don’t give any importance to the human relations. Everyone tries to keep up his/her status. They don’t show any love and affection on their family members. The younger ones forget the selfless service rendered by their parents. They don’t have any feelings to them. They forget the sacrifice made by their parents in the process of giving them good education, providing them good facilities and giving them good lives. In the hunting of money, they don’t find time to spend with their family members. They neglect their parents. The old people are equal to the little children. They need help, service, money, etc. from their offspring. So, the younger ones must provide them to their parents. Despite their economic pressures, they must find some time to spend with their parents. They should remember that one day they too will become old. If they don’t show any love and affection, they too will have to face the same situation. Though the younger ones are busy with their work, they should maintain family ties and show the right path to the next generations.

1. my elder brother 

2. the Nightingale of India 

3. Gurudev 

4. the highest peak in the world

Ours is a nuclear family. But I prefer to be a member of a joint family. There are two types of families. They are (i) Joint family and (ii) Nuclear family. A joint family consists of father, mother, their children and their families. A nuclear family consists of father, mother and their children. I really can’t see any disadvantages with a joint family. In every sense it is a convenient arrangement for everyone – morally, emotionally, mentally, financially, etc. With everyone putting his or her efforts, joint family system benefits everyone. The children are well taken care of. They learn to give and take, to be patient, cooperative, tolerant and to adjust with the other family members in a joint family. The joint family gives security, health and prosperity to everyone of its members. The joint family system is one that could help us to live a less stressful life as there are a lot of people around to help us and to share joys and sorrows. The eleders handle the financial matters. So there is no stress on the younger ones. The elders show the right path to younger ones. The younger ones develop the virtues like co-operation, sympathy, sacrifice, selfless service, obedience, etc. in a joint family. We find love and affection among the members of a joint family. Hence I prefer the joint family system.

1. a beautiful red umbrella. 

2. a couple of baby elephants 

3. a big stone-built house. 

4. a nice silk sari.

The teacher saw the little girl wearing the same dress over months. She understood that the little girl most probably had no other dress to wear. She was kind and sympathetic. She took pity on the little girl. So she gave her the new blue dress.

Gopi was a government officer living in Delhi. He married Vimala. district collector Nambiar’s eldest daughter. They had four children. Gopi’s old mother was living in the countryside along with her eldest daughter Kamala, a widow. After attending a meeting in Thiruvananthapuram, he dropped in on his way back. His mother saw him getting down at the gate and asked Kamala to see who he was. Kamala walked slowly to the gate reluctantly. She recognised Gopi and asked him unpleasantly why he made a sudden unexpected visit. But Amma did not recognize him. Gopi tried to tell her that he was her son. Kamala told Gopi that that Amma was often like that those days. She didn’t recognize anybody. When Amma asked Kamala if her son (Gopi) had sent a letter, Kamala told her everything was fine with him. But Gopi didn’t write any letter to her. When Kamala told Gopi all these things, he replied that he was on his toes always as he got promotion the previous year. So he didn’t get any time to write letters. Again Amma asked who he was. Gopi told her that he was her son Gopi and he had come from Delhi. She even forgot his wife’s name. She used to think that Gopi wrote letters to him every day. So she asked Kamala if he wrote a letter that day. Gopi kept his briefcase on the thinna, opened it and pulled out his contents such as clothes, files, a shaving set, etc. Amma told Gopi that her son Gopi was a government officer in Delhi and had Kesariyogam. She asked him to send her a new red blanket to protect herself from a cold mist. Her old blanket, which was brought by Gopi when he was studying in Madras, was all tattered. Actually Gopi didn’t come to the village too see her Amma. He didn’t have any affection and love towards his Amma. He gave more importance to status. He wanted to raise some money by selling his share of the family property. He came to talk it over with his sister. Kamala knew that he would never come there anymore after selling his land. When she told Gopi the same, he answered that he would come when he got time. He said that Amma couldn’t remember who he was. Actually it was he who didn’t remember his Amma.

I think Gopi didn’t have any love and affection for his Amma. Actually he didn’t have any feelings for her. He spent all his time in money making. He didn’t have any values. He didn’t give any importance to human relations. He forgot his mother. So, I think, he didn’t get anything for his mother.

Natural gas is a very important fossil fuel. 

CNG: Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas. Advantages of CNG as fuel:

1. CNG is less polluting and it is a cleaner fuel.

2. The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and factories where it can be supplied through pipes because CNG travels large distances.

1. (iii) ovary

2. (ii) ovum

3. (i) female

4. (ii) male

5. (i) oviduct, testis

Given W₀ = 2.14 eV
= 2.14 × 1.6 × 10^-19 J
= 3.424 × 10^-19J
v = 6 × 10¹⁴ Hz

1. K_max = hv – W₀
= 6.62 × 10^-34 × 6 × 10¹⁴ – 3.424 × 10¹⁹
= 3.972 × 10^-19 – 3.424 × 10^-19
= 0.54 × 10^-19 J.

2. Since eV₀ =k_max

∴ v₀ = \(\frac{k_{max}}{e}\) = \(\frac{0.54\times10^{-19}}{1.6\times10^{-19}}\)

or v₀ = 0.34 V

Since \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV²max = K_max

∴ V²max = \(\frac{2k_{max}}{m}\)

= \(\frac{2\times0.54\times10^{-19}}{9.1\times10^{-31}}\) = 0.1186

or v_max = 0.344 × 10⁶ ms^-1 = 344 kms^-1

(A)  H₂ and NaOH(aq)

1. iv 

2. iii 

3. i

4. ii

(c) I and II are correct.

Rajendra Chola

1. True

2. (False)

Correct statement: The Khajuraho temples are dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu.

3. True

4. (False)

Correct statement: Mahmud is said to have conducted 17 raids into India.

(b) R is not the correct explanation of A