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The correct option is C) Original substances may be formed on reversing the process.

The correct option is C) both.

Correct option is D) SO₂

(c) Pyridinium chlorochromate 

Correct option is B) carbondioixide

(b) Tertiary alcohol

(i) NaCl + H₂SO_4conc. → NaHSO₄ + HCl 

(ii) 2KNO₃ + H₂SO_4conc. → K₂SO₄ + 2HNO₃

(iii) CaF₂ + H₂SO_4conc  → CaSO₄ + 2HF.

When ozone reacts with an excess of potassium iodide solution Buffered with a borate buffer (Ph 9.2), Iodide is liberated which can be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate . This is a quantitative method for estimating O₃ gas.

Due to high electronegativity and absence of d-orbitals

Correct option is (b) 0.685

Angular momentum.

Answer is Use of Charkha

1. मण्डल परिष्करण (Zone refining) – इसके लिए अभ्यास-प्रश्न संख्या 4 (i) देखिए। 

2. विद्युत-अपघटनी परिष्करण (Electrolytic Refining) – इस विधि में अशुद्ध धातु को ऐनोड बनाते हैं। उसी धातु की शुद्ध धातु-पट्टी को कैथोड के रूप में प्रयुक्त करते हैं। इन्हें एक उपयुक्त विद्युत-अपघट्य का विलयन विश्लेषित्र में रखते हैं जिसमें उसी धातु का लवण घुला रहता है। अधिक क्षारकीय धातु विलयन में रहती है तथा कम क्षारकीय धातुएँ ऐनोड पंक (anode mud) में चली जाती हैं। इस प्रक्रम की व्याख्या, विद्युत विभव की धारणा, अधिविभव तथा गिब्ज ऊर्जा के द्वारा (उपयोग) भी की जा सकती है। ये अभिक्रियाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं – 

ऐनोड पर : M → Mⁿ⁺ + ne^– 

कैथोड पर : Mⁿ⁺ + ne^– → M 

उदाहरण– ताँबे का शोधन विद्युत-अपघटनी विधि के द्वारा किया जाता है। अशुद्ध कॉपर ऐनोड के रूप में तथा शुद्ध कॉपर पत्री कैथोड के रूप में लेते हैं। कॉपर सल्फेट का अम्लीय विलयन विद्युत-अपघट्य होता है तथा विद्युत अपघटन के वास्तविक परिणामस्वरूप शुद्ध कॉपर ऐनोड से कैथोड की तरफ स्थानान्तरित हो जाता है। 

ऐनोड पर : Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e^– 

कैथोड पर : Cu²⁺ + 2e^– → Cu

फफोलेदार कॉपर से अशुद्धियाँ ऐनोड पंक के रूप में जमा होती हैं जिसमें एण्टिमनी, सेलीनियम टेल्यूरियम, चाँदी, सोना तथा प्लैटिनम मुख्य होती हैं। इन तत्वों की पुन: प्राप्ति से शोधन की लागत की क्षतिपूर्ति हो सकती है। जिंक को शोधन भी इसी प्रकार से किया जा सकता है।

3. वाष्प प्रावस्था परिष्करण (Vapour Phase Refining) – इस विधि में धातु को वाष्पशील यौगिक में परिवर्तित करके दूसरे स्थल पर एकत्र कर लेते हैं। इसके बाद इसे विघटित करके शुद्ध धातु प्राप्त कर लेते हैं। इस प्रक्रिया की दो आवश्यकताएँ होती हैं – 

• उपलब्ध अभिकर्मक के साथ धातु वाष्पशील यौगिक बनाती हो तथा 

• वाष्पशील पदार्थ आसानी से विघटित हो सकता हो जिससे धातु आसानी से पुनः प्राप्त की जा सके। 

उदाहरण– जिर्कोनियम या टाइटेनियम के शोधन के लिए वॉन-आरकैल विधि : यह Zr तथा Ti जैसी कुछ धातुओं से अशुद्धियों की तरह उपस्थित सम्पूर्ण ऑक्सीजन तथा नाईट्रोजन को हटाने में बहुत उपयोगी है। परिष्कृत धातु को निर्वातित पात्र में आयोडीन के साथ गर्म करते हैं। धातु आयोडाइड अधिक सहसंयोजी होने के कारण वाष्पीकृत हो जाता है। Zr + 2I₂ → ZrI₄ 

धातु आयोडाइड को विद्युत धारा द्वारा 1800 K ताप पर गर्म किए गए टंग्स्टन तन्तु पर विघटित किया जाता है। इस प्रकार से शुद्ध धातु तन्तु पर जमा हो जाती है। ZrI₄ → Zr ↓ + 2I₂ ↑

गालक– गालक उस पदार्थ को कहते हैं जो अयस्क में उपस्थित अगलनीय अशुद्धियों के साथ उच्च ताप पर क्रिया करके इनको आसानी से गलाकर पृथक् होने वाले पदार्थों के रूप में दूर कर देते हैं। अशुद्धियों की गालक से क्रिया के फलस्वरूप बने गलनीय पदार्थ को धातुमल कहा जाता है। धातुमल, धातु से हल्का होने के कारण उसके ऊपर एक अलग पर्त के रूप में तैरने लगता है जिसको अलग कर लेते हैं। गालक दो प्रकार के होते हैं – 

1. अम्लीय गालक; जैसे- SiO₂। यह क्षारीय अशुद्धियों; जैसे- CaO, FeO आदि को दूर करता है। 

2. क्षारीय गालक; जैसे- चूने का पत्थर (CaCO₃)। यह अम्लीय अशुद्धियों; जैसे- SiO₂, P₂O₅ को दूर करता है।

प्रगलन में कोक तथा गालक के प्रयोग से अयस्क के निस्तापन से प्राप्त ऑक्साइड को कोक अपचयित करता है, जिससे गलित धातु प्राप्त हो जाती है और अपद्रव्य गालक से क्रिया करके धातुमल के रूप में अलग हो जाते हैं। इससे अयस्क का गलनांक भी कम हो जाता है।

(b) 2 : 9

Required ratio = \(\frac{πr^2_1h_1}{πr^2_1h_2}\) = \(\bigg(\frac{r_1}{r_2}\bigg)^2\times\frac{h_1}{h_2}\)

= \(\bigg(\frac{1}{\sqrt3}\bigg)^2\times\frac23=\frac29\) = 2 : 9.

(a) 2 : 5

Ratio of curved surfaces = \(\frac{2πr_1h_1}{2πr_2h_2} = \big(\frac{r_1}{r_2}\big)\times\big(\frac{h_1}{h_2}\big)\)

= \(\frac35\times\frac23=\frac25=\) 2 : 5

(a) 1200

Required number of tins = \(\frac{\text{Volume of drum}}{\text{Volume of 1 tin}}\)

= \(\frac{\frac{22}{7}\times\frac{350}{2}\times\frac{350}{2}\times240}{25\times25\times35}\) = 1200.

(i) π/3

(ii) 2π/3

(iii) 7π/6

Correct answer is (b) 2004

The poet does not ensnare any birds so all the birds that fly freely in the sky, belong to him. He is a staunch lover of the complete freedom of life. He wishes no cages and no snare for birds.

कवि किसी भी पक्षी को जाल में नहीं फंसाता है इसलिए वह आकाश में स्वतंत्र रूप से उड़ने वाले सभी पक्षियों का मालिक है (अर्थात् सभी पक्षी उसके हैं। कवि जीवन की संपूर्ण स्वतंत्रता का पक्षधर है। वह चाहता है कि पक्षियों के लिए पिंजरे और फंदे नहीं होने चाहिए।

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. False

According to the poet, all the birds belong to him because he doesn’t put them in cages. He loves them and likes to see them flying freely in the air. The word ‘all’ suggests to include here all the birds flying freely in the air.

कवि के अनुसार सारे पक्षी उसके हैं क्योंकि वह उन्हें पिंजरों में बन्द नहीं करता है। वह उनसे प्रेम करता है और उन्हें हवा में स्वतंत्र रूप से उड़ते हुए देखना पसंद करता है। ‘All’ शब्द यहाँ हवा में स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक उड़ते हुए सभी पक्षियों को सम्मिलित करने का सुझाव देता है।

For the given differential equation, we know that the highest order derivative is d²y/dx² and its power is 1

Hence, the order is 2 and the degree is 1.

1. Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand
2. Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan
3. Bandipur National Park, Karnataka
4. Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Rajasthan
5. Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka
6. Sariska National Park, Rajasthan
7. Kaziranga National Park, Assam
8. Kanha National Park, M.P.
9. Bandhavgarh National Park, M.P.
10. Gir National Park, Gujarat
11. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary, Haryana
12. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Goa

• The dominance of agriculture. 
• Primary relations. 
• Social homogeneity

• The Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in 1952. 
• The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) replaced the CDP in 1979. 
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.

• The joint family was once upon a time a significant pillar of village organization, has diminished significantly. 
• The traditional rights, authorities, and sanctions based on caste hierarchy is not apparent today in a rural community. 
• Abolition of intermediaries such as the zamindari system.

Nuclear families are more common in urban than rural communities due to individualism which has led to a significant increase in nuclear families. Family is less stable today. More than the family as a unit, it is the individual who is given more importance. Joint families are comparatively less in number, nuclear families are on the rise in the cities.

Individualism has led to the increase in joint families.

Traditions customs and beliefs bind people together and build bonds between them. By sharing a sacred quality and worshipping together a ‘collective conscience emerges religion is not just a set of beliefs, it involved sacred rituals. It creates a single moral community that is collective. Religion legitimizes society’s values, customs, and traditions by making them sacred. Hence ‘Traditional communities tend to hold on to their customs, traditions, and beliefs.

With reference to family 

In India in a typical joint family, all members reside together in one house. They eat food prepared jointly; they hold common property. In the Indian family, the feeling of dependence and discipline is found on a large scale. The social-economic, religious and cultural life of Indian families is collective in nature. In the family of traditional communities, the members believe in one religion and they worship the same deities. Various religious rituals are jointly celebrated and all the members participate in them. All family members take part in the common worship, rituals, rites, and ceremonies. They are homogeneous in nature and everybody works for a common goal and welfare of all members.it provides shelter to all its members, including the weak, aged, and widows.

The change introduced into traditional communities 

Due to the impact of various factors like industrialization, urbanization, advanced means of transport and communication, social legislation, the spread of modern education, democratic political system, changes are occurring in the structure and functions of traditional communities. Accordingly, the family in India has undergone significant changes. Due to the impact of industrialization and urbanization traditional joint family is replaced by the nuclear family. Due to urbanization social relationships have become more formal and contractual.

Customs, traditions, values, rituals, beliefs have changed. 

Today the size of the family is decreasing. The power of patriarchal authority has been declining. Various social legislations have provided individuals many rights. Besides, due to the impact of the spread of education, individualism, democratic values like liberty and equality, personal desires are becoming dominant. Though the head of the family is the husband, and he has to make decisions by taking into consideration the opinions and desires of his wife and children. Families or religion in the traditional communities was based on collectivity. Due to the impact of individualism, the importance of kinship is decreasing. The recreational function of the family is losing its importance because modern means of recreation have become popular.

This statement is True. 

• Today the traditional influence of caste has changed due to the impact of industrialization, urbanization, advanced means of transport and communication, the spread of modern education, constitutional provisions, social legislations, etc. The restrictions of food habits of the Indian people have been relaxed. The distinction between touchable and untouchable is not felt in modern times. 
• The special civil and religious privileges enjoyed by the upper castes and disabilities by the lower castes have been removed by the constitutional provisions and social legislations. 
• Occupations are becoming more and more caste-free. The people have greater choice to take up an occupation based on their skills, education, and aptitude. 
• Inter-caste marriages have increased. The caste councils have disappeared and their authority has been transferred to the State.
• The traditional rights, authorities, and sanctions based on caste hierarchy may not be apparent today, however, it is so deeply entrenched in people’s minds that it permeates social interactions Nevertheless, in the ordinary transactions of daily life, village people tend to cooperate with each other.

Scheme of strengthening education among Scheduled Tribe (ST) girls in low literacy districts. 

Objective – The scheme aims to bridge the gap in literacy levels between the general female population and tribal women, through facilitating 100% enrolment of tribal girls in the identified districts or blocks, more particularly in Naxal affected areas and in areas inhabited by Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), and reducing drop-outs at the elementary level by creating the required ambiance for education. Improvement of the literacy rate of tribal girls is essential to enable them to participate effectively in and benefit from socio-economic development.

The scheme is implemented through Voluntary  Organisations / Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) and autonomous society/institutions of State 

Government/Union Territory Administration.

The tribal custom of worshipping a tree or any animal as the founding ancestor is known as Totemism

This statement is True. 

A majority of tribal people live below the poverty line. The tribes practice simple occupations based on primitive technology. Most of the occupations fall into the primary categories such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. There is no profit nor surplus making in such an economy.

Hence their per capita income is very low, far less compared to the national average. Most of them live in abject poverty and are steeped in debt. Local moneylenders and zamindars, take advantage of this situation and exploit the tribals. In order to repay the debts, they often have to mortgage or sell their land.

Though Bonded labour is banned by Indian Law, it still prevails in some tribal areas. Bonded labour is considered to be a serious problem, which started due to rampant poverty and lack of stable income among the tribals. In fact, land alienation, indebtedness, bonded labour, and poverty are problems that exist hand-in-hand.

Heterogeneity creates a cosmopolitan and tolerant approach.

After India attained independence in 1947, the country introduced laws to make discrimination against lower castes illegal and to improve their socioeconomic positions. As a result, some from the underprivileged groups have made it to leading positions, such as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, who wrote the Indian constitution, and KR Narayanan, who was elected president in 1997.

Reservations were introduced for college admissions and jobs. The scenario within the country has undergone a lot of change with the progress in technology, education, social outlook, urbanization, and modernization. With the spread of urbanization and secular education, the influence of caste has decreased. This has occurred especially in cities where inter-caste marriages and people of different castes living reside in societies. However, despite the growing changes the caste identity still holds a lot of importance in society.

This statement is True. 

Although India is one of the less urbanized countries of the world this country is, facing a serious crisis of urban growth at present. Poverty, unemployment, and underemployment among rural immigrants, beggars, theft, burglary and other social evils are on the rise.

The following urban problems are on rising: Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities, both in population and geographical area, of rapidly growing cities is the root cause of urban problems. In most cities, the economic base is incapable of dealing with the problems created by their excessive size. Massive immigration from rural areas as well as from small towns into big cities has taken place almost consistently; thereby adding to the size of cities. The urban sprawl is taking place at the cost of valuable agricultural land.

Overcrowding: Overcrowding is a situation in which too many people live in too little space. Overcrowding is a logical consequence of over-population in urban areas. It is naturally expected that cities having a large size of population squeezed in a small space will suffer from] r overcrowding. This is well exhibited by almost all the big cities of India.

Beggary: For a majority of the urban poor, beggary has become a way of life, due to sheer lack of education and skill to find employability. Many people are pushed into beggary, due to reasons that range from abject poverty to beggary as a profession. There are organized gangs of beggars which are known to operate in big cities. Also, there are instances of children who are sold into beggary by their parents or are kidnapped and then coerced into begging by maiming them. In Mumbai, beggary has been criminalized under the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959.

In urban areas, you will find people belonging to diverse groups such as class, occupation, caste, language, and religion, etc., all living in the same territory. There is continuous migration from tribal and rural areas as people come in search of employment, education, and healthcare and with the hope of raising their standard of living. Heterogeneity can be an advantage because it creates a cosmopolitan and tolerant approach, traditions, values, and customs helps to improve the social life of people as they learn about a new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.

It can also create tensions, the ways of life of a city’s inhabitants are culturally differentiated and most cities have significant minority populations that are dominated by specific ethnic groups/cultures.

A survey or interview is to be conducted by students to understand problems in slum areas or tribal/rural farmer’s problems. Sample of a questionnaire for the slum survey

• General Information 
• Location 
• No. of years you’ve been living here 
• No. of earning members 
• Total members in the family 
• Education level of male adults 
• Education level of female adults 
• The monthly income of the family
• How often do the members fall in sick 
• No. of elderly people (above 60 years) 
• Principle occupation and industry of the adults.

Content is information and experiences that may provide value for an end user in specific contexts. Content may be delivered via any medium such as the Internet, television and audio CDs, as well as live events such as conferences and stage performances is called content technology. The word is used to identify and quantify various formats and style of information as manageable value adding components of useful media to the target audience.

(c) For taking decisions, data must be processed and manipulated correctly.

Information after being transformed into some conceptual framework, so that it can be manipulated and used cognitively, is called knowledge.

.A pen drive is a thumb sized gadget that can be used to read, write or erase data as many times.

For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data (or information) must have the following characteristics:

 1. Time Information should be available when required. 

2.  Accuracy Information should be accurate.

3. Completeness Information should be complete in every aspect.

The restructuring or reordering of data by people or machine to turn it into some useful information is called processing of data.

1. Word processing software is an application software that helps to create text based documents. It also processes paragraphs, pages and entire papers. 

2. General purpose application software. 

3. Electronic spreadsheets, database management systems, desktop publishing software, graphics, multimedia and presentation applications. 

4. Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only) and OpenOffice.org Writer.

Magic Gate  memory stick was introduced by Sony in 1994 as a copy-protection technology.

Information is the meaningful content that is extracted from the data after processing.

The warrior must have fought bravely in the battle field. He must have been killed by an enemy soldier.