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1. d. Wanda was a quiet and calm girl. She usually sat in the corner next to the last seat in the last row.

2. c. No, Peggy and Madeline didn't notice Wanda's absence because she was always very quiet and rarely said anything at all. And nobody had ever heard her laugh out loud.

3. b. The word which means the same as 'dragging' is "scuffing'.

4. b. Wanda Petronski sat in the last row of the class because she was very quiet and wanted to avoid the taunts and trouble by girls in the class.

5. b. Wanda used to twist her mouth into a crooked sort of smile.

Peggy told Maddie that Wanda had won because of her teasing that inspired her to draw such beautiful dresses otherwise, she would not have been able to win the contest.

Wanda’s unusual behaviour led Peggy to believe that Wanda was dumb. Wanda never reacted to all the pranks and misbehaviour which she had to ^suffer everyday. She was quite stoic while suffering all that. Her expressionless face may have led Peggy to think that Wanda did not understand anything. After the drawing confest, Peggy appears to be in a denial mode. But after seeing her own face in one of Wanda’s s drawings; she appears to have changed her perception about Wanda.

Peggy is the most popular girl in the class and Maddie is her closest friend. Though, Maddie is poor, Peggy never teases her as she does with Wanda so Maddie is afraid of losing her friendship. That’s why, she does not risk to annoy Peggy and prefers to be silent. The line, “Peggy was the best-liked girl in the whole room. Peggy could not possibly do anything that was really wrong” illustrates this.

Maddie didn’t ask Peggy to stop teasing Wanda because Peggy was the most popular girl in the school. She was a nice girl but when it came to Wanda she behaved differently, otherwise she helped everyone in trouble. Though, she wants Peggy to stop teasing Wanda, she didn’t ask her to do so as she was afraid of being the next target of such taunts and tea sings.

Maddie is embarrassed by the questions Peggy asks Wanda because she is also poor and understands the mental condition of Wanda. She also wears dresses handed down by rich family. Though, she is an American but she has the same mind-set as Wanda and doesn’t want anyone to tease Wanda because of her dress or her name.

By a close reading of the lesson it can be said that Maddie is an emotional girl. Being a close friend of Peggy she remains by her side when Peggy teases Wanda but she feels bad for her. She decides to write a note to Peggy to stop teasing Wanda but tears it as she doesn’t want to be the next target of fun. In the end she decides to stand against anyone who teases others even if she has to lose her friend, which shows her emotional attribute.

As compared to Maddie, Peggy is an arrogant girl. She teases Wanda by asking her about dresses, but she is not cruel as she helps children from bullies and cries when she sees an animal being hurt. But she tries’ to make l fun of Wanda every time and defends herself. So, both the girls have different personalities and attributes which can be directed by their-actions.

R₆ = {(a, b)/ a ∈ N, a < 6 and b = 4} a ∈ N and a < 6

∴ a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and b = 4

R₆ = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4)}

Domain (R₆) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Range (R₆) = {4}

Peggy and Maddie wrote a friendly letter to Wanda. Rather than being sorry they asked her about her new school, new teacher. They told her about the result of drawing contest which she had won and that her drawings were very beautiful. They meant to say sorry indirectly. They signed it with lot of X’s for love and didn’t say anything to tease her. But they did not get any reply from her. After sometime Peggy had begun to forget the whole business. But Maddie was surrounded by the thoughts of Wanda and everything that happened to Wanda. She felt guilty and decided not to be silent anymore so that other might not feel ashamed like her.

Peggy and Maddie assumed that Wanda had received their letter because in her letter to Miss Mason, Wanda requested her to gift her drawings to both of them.

1. d. They thought that Wanda wasn’t just an ordinary person.

2. d. If someone said that she was cruel towards Wanda, Peggy would be surprised.

3. c. Maddie wore somebody’s hand-me-down clothes. This shows that she was also poor.

4. d. When Peggy saw an animal mistreated, she would cry for hours.

5. d. The word which means the same as 'people who frighten weaker persons’ is 'bullies'

Wanda Petronski used to sit on the corner most benches, lost in her world, where rough boys usually sat. She was a very poor, shy and quiet girl and did not want to mess with others so she preferred to sit in isolation.

Wanda’s family had had enough of differential treatment from the people of that city. Hence, they decided to move to a different and bigger city. The statement, “Plenty of funny names in the big city” indicates towards certain characters of big cities. Most of the big cities are cosmopolitan in composition. People in such, circumstances are usually attuned to seeing people from all regions and races. They usually have a better sense of cross cultural sensibilities which normally is absent in people in small cities. It can be hoped that life would be better s in the new environment.

Mr Jan Petronski, Wanda’s father wrote the letter because- he was upset to know about what all his daughter had to go through because of her strange name.

The following geographic proofs are found about the Continental Drift Theory, enumerated by Wegener:

1. Equilibrium setting in the Atlantic shores: The amazing similarity exists in the east and the west coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. These two shores if joined together will fit in perfectly (like a jigsaw puzzle). According to Wegner, the rise of West Africa can be traced back to the Gulf of Guinea and the north – eastern part of South America. 

2. Alignment of the mountains: If the displaced continents are kept together, then there is considerable similarity in the alignment of the ranges of all ages. This alignment is found in the ranges of Caledonian, Hercynian, Alpine eras. 

3. Origin of new folded mountains: Wegener imagined the existence of the demons on the place of Rockies, Andes, the Alps and the Himalayas. In which the pressure on the sediment seduced is due to the origin of the mountains.

The children of room thirteen decorated their room with great love and affection. They decorated it with Christmas bells and a Christmas tree.

1. b. Maddie and Peggy gasped on seeing the drawings all over the room.

2. c. Everybody appreciated Wanda's exquisite drawings by clapping and whistling.

3. d. 'Dazzling' means 'very bright'.

4. d. Must have been a hundred of them.

5. a. The drawings were drawn on great sheets of wrapping paper.

Everyone clapped after having a look at Wanda’s drawing. Even the boys who were not interested in drawing applauded and whistled at the jaw-dropping sketches that Wanda had made of the hundred dresses she claimed to have.

1. b. The name "Wanda Petronski' was not matched with other names as it was a polish name and she had joined an American school.

2. c. Wanda had no friends because she was different from other girls, she didn‘t talk much, she was very serene.

3. b. 'Faded' means same as 'worn'.

4. a. Wanda went to school alone.

5. a. The names of the other children in Room Thirteen were Allen, Smith and Thomas.

Miss Mason seems to be upset rather than angry. She hopes that all the misbehaviour was part of normal childhood pranks. She ’hopes that kids will derive a lesson from Wanda’s episode.

Her calm manners of reading the letter and reprimanding the students tells that she is upset and wants and hopes the kids would mend their ways.

The main geodesical proof in favor of Wegener’s theory is that Greenland gradually displaced towards Canada.

1. b. When the class was circling the room, the monitor from the principal’s office came and brought a note to Miss Mason.

2. c. She treated the letter of Wanda’s father as something very important.

3. d. She read the letter by Wanda’s father several times because it conveyed important things about the class.

4. a. When Miss Mason said that she wanted to read the letter to the class, the shuffling of feet stopped and the room became calm and quiet.

5. b. Miss Mason clapped her hands to get the attention of her students.

India, Australia, Madagascar and Antarctica drifted towards the equator.

(a) The force of gravity

Correct option is (B) light is scattered by the droplets in fog.

Yes, if all the terms in an equation have the same units, it is necessary that they have the same dimension. 

No, if all the terms in an equation have the same dimensions, it is not necessary that they have the same unit. It is because two quantities with different units can have the same dimension, but two quantities with different dimensions cannot have the same unit. For example angular frequency and frequency, both have the dimensions [T^-1]but units of angular frequency is rad/s and frequency is Hertz.Another example is energy per unit volume and pressure.Both have the dimensions of [ML^-1T^-2]but units of pressure is N/m² and that of energy per unit volume is J/m³

The validity of this statement cannot be tested by measuring sizes with a metre stick, because the size of the metre stick has also got doubled overnight. 

Yes, it can be verified by using the fact that speed of light is a universal constant and has not changed. 

If the linear size of everything in the universe is doubled and all the clocks in the universe starts running at half the speed, then we cannot test the validity of this statement by any method.

The speed of light in vacuum is 299,792,458 m/s.

Then time taken by light to cover a distance of 1 metre in vacuum = 1299, 792, 458s

Hence, the metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in 1299, 792, 458s.

As 300,000,000 m/s is an approximate speed of light in vacuum, it cannot be used to define the metre.

The distance travelled by light in one second is 299,792,458 m. This is a large quantity and cannot be used as a base unit. So, the metre is not defined in terms of second.

(a) Volume of a cube of edge a,

V=a×a×a

i.e., 

[V] = L×L×L = L³

(b) Volume of a sphere of radius a,

V=4/3π(a)³

i.e., [V] = L×L ×L = L³

(c) The ratio of the volume of the cube to the volume of the sphere is a dimensionless quantity.

To carry larger current, the resistance of the wire should be low, so its area of cross section should be large. Therefore 15 A current rated wire will be thicker.

When price of foreign currency falls it makes imports cheaper. This leads to rise in demand for imports. As a result, demand for foreign exchange rises.

When price of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency rises in the foreign exchange market, it is termed as depreciation of domestic currency. Any depreciation of home currency results in increase in exports of the country since it increases the global competitiveness of the goods i.e., foreign countries can purchase more quantity of goods and services with the same amount of foreign currency from the domestic country. As a result exports of the domestic country rise.

When exchange rate rises, the value of domestic currency, rupee in case of India, falls. It is Depreciation of Rupee.

It makes imports costly because to import one unit of foreign currency worth of goods and services, the domestic purchasers have to pay with more rupees. Since imports become costly, imports fall.

Devaluation-Under fixed exchange rate regime, reduction in price of domestic currency in terms of all foreign currencies is called Devaluation.

Depreciation-Under flexible exchange rate regime, fall in market price of domestic currency in terms of a foreign currency is called Depreciation.

Increased Import duty on gold will make imports of gold costly. It will reduce demand for import of gold and consequently of foreign exchange. Supply of foreign exchange remaining unchanged price of foreign exchange is likely to fall.

The demand and supply of foreign exchange is influenced by changes in exports and imports. If exports exceeds imports, demand for domestic currency increases so that rate of foreign exchange is more in its favour. But if imports exceeds exports exports, the demand for foreign exchange increases and the rate of exchange will move against the country.

When foreign exchange rate rises, it makes the countries imports costly. The importers have to pay a higher price in terms of domestic currency for the goods and services imported. This may reduce demand for imports.

Exchange rate of U.S. dollar has risen considerably, this will raise Indian export because depreciation of the rupee will raise the cost of buying foreign goods and make domestic goods less costly.

It means fall in price of domestic currency in terms of foreign currency. So domestic goods become cheaper for foreigners. So exports may rise.

Rise in foreign exchange rate means that one unit of foreign currency is worth more rupees than earlier. So one unit of foreign currency can now buy more goods and services from India. It makes Indian exports cheaper to the foreign buyers. This is likely to increase exports.

(b) Likely to fall

(d) Both Current Account and Capital Account

Capital account consists of three components 

1. Private Capital 

2. Banking Capital 

3. Official Capital

1. Private Capital : Private capital consists of foreign investments, long term loan and foreign currency deposits. 

2. Banking Capital : Banking capital includes movement into external financial asset and liabilities commercial and co – operative banks authorized to dealing in foreign exchange.

3. Official Capital : It includes RBI’s holdings of foreign currency and special drawing rights (SDR) held by the Government.

(a) Balance of Payment

(a) Management

Yes. This is because, when AP rises, MP > AP; when AP falls, MP < AP. Accordingly, it is only when AP is constant at its top, that AP = MP. Implying that MP curve cuts AP curve from its top.

(i) When MP increases, AP also increases. 

(ii) MP increases at a greater rate as compared to AP. 

(iii) At one stage AP becomes equal to marginal product. 

(iv) AP falls when MP falls at a greater rate. 

(v) AP falls even when MP is zero. 

(i) When TC rises at a decreasing rate MC falls. 

(ii) When the rate of increase in TC starts diminishing, MC becomes minimum. 

(iii) When TC increases at an increasing rate MC increases.