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The 2 methods for determination of producer’s equilibrium are,

• Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach (TR – TC Approach)
• Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach (MR – MC Approach)

Required solution is:

i) Private foreign investments. 

ii) Portfolio investment.

A large scale development expenditure that may cause large imports. 

It is the acquisition of an asset that does not give the purchaser control over the asset.

To protect against foreign exchange risks. 

Equilibrium in the foreign exchange market is determined in the same way as the price of a commodity through the forces of demand and supply. The intersection of the supply and demand curve determines the equilibrium foreign exchange rate. The demand curve for foreign exchange is downward sloping and the supply curve is upward sloping.

The demand curve is downward sloping.

i) To purchase goods and services from other countries. 

ii) To purchase financial assets in a particular country. 

It will raise demand for foreign exchange for spending the same in foreign countries. Supply of foreign exchange remaining unchanged, exchange rate is likely to rise.

Foreign exchange refers to any currency other than the domestic Currency.

Foreign exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be converted into another currency.

Suppose, Foreign Exchange Rate falls, it means that imports, etc, have become cheaper because people now have to pay less for imports. As a result, demand for imports, etc. rises. This leads to increase in demand for foreign exchange. Similarly, if exchange rate rises, the demand for foreign exchange falls.

There is an inverse relationship between of foreign currency and its demand. Suppose foreign exchange rate falls, it means that imports have become cheaper because people now have to pay less for imports. As a result, demand for imports will rise. This leads to increase in demand for foreign exchange.

It descended underground.

In ‘To the Foot from its Child’, the child’s foot is not yet aware that it is a foot.

The phrase ‘condemned to live in a shoe’ means it has to live like other human beings, in human society.

The child’s foot is condemned to live in a shoe.

(a) and (c) a criminal/forced to give up its dreams.

The poet Neruda uses the ‘foot’ as a metaphor and conveys his view of life. Thus, by personifying the foot, the poet expects the readers to compare the experience of the foot to the whole person’s hopes and dreams as well as to the realities of everyday life. By and large, one can say that the poem is basically a criticism of how people force children to grow in society forgetting all their dreams and aspirations. The child wants to be a butterfly or an apple, but society is harsh and forces the chid to become a responsible adult doing responsible adult things. As a child’s foot, it has relatively more freedom than the adult’s foot. As the infant’s foot starts walking in the real world outside, it steps over “stones and bits of glass, streets, ladders and the paths in the rough earth’’. It realizes that its role is that of a foot and it cannot become a butterfly or an apple. The moment it discovers that it is only a foot, its spirit loses its battle against the world. It surrenders itself to the dictates of the society. It is taken prisoner and is condemned to live in a shoe. It also means that the child’s spirit becomes aware of its limitations as a human being and understands its roles, duties and responsibilities as a social being in human society. It is true that “the foot is a symbol for the helplessness of an individual in the vice-like grip of an insensitive system”. This meaning is captured in the phrase ‘condemned to live in a shoe’. Once it gets imprisoned, it has to slog there until it dies. The society decides what it should understand about ‘life’ or the world outside. Gradually, the foot adapts itself to its world and learns to cope with the harsh realities of life. The adult foot gets trapped in the routines of everyday life or the humdrum commonality of existence. It is now less capable of enjoyment and finds life difficult in every walk of life. It slogs and slogs either as a man’s foot or as a woman’s foot working in the field or market or mines or ministries day and night, scarcely finding time to enjoy the pleasure of love or sleep. It works without respite and finally meets with death.

To the Foot from its Child by Pablo Neruda About the Poet: Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) is the pen name and, later legal name of the Chilean poet, diplomat and politician Ricardo Eliecer Neftali Reyes Basoalto. In 1971 Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Neruda became known as a poet while still a teenager. He wrote in a variety of styles including surrealist poems, historical epics, overtly political manifestos, a prose autobiography, and eroticallycharged love poems such as the ones in his 1924 collection ‘Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair’.

Neruda’s poetry is renowned for its fantastic imagery and surreal use of language. The surrealists attempted to express in art and literature the workings of the unconscious mind and to synthesize. these workings with the conscious mind.

Neruda believes that our most intense experience of impermanence is not death, but our own isolation among the living. It is probably this idea that gets reflected in the poem ‘To the Foot from its Child’. According to Neruda, “it was through metaphor, not rational analysis and argument, that the mysteries of the world could be revealed”.

In the poem ‘To the Foot from its Child’, Pablo Neruda expresses his view of life using the metaphor of ‘foot’. The poem begins with a description of the child’s naivety. The child’s foot does not know that it is a foot. It dreams of unlimited possibilities. It wants to become a butterfly enjoying unbridled freedom and enjoying the pleasures of life symbolized by apple.

The poet expresses the experience of the child’s foot when it is exposed to reality in the real world. It walks over stones, streets, ladders, bits of glass, paths in the rough surface of the earth. All these symbolically stand for obstacles, problems, difficulties and hurdles that one encounters in real life. When the child’s foot faces these realities, it attempts to fight them, and it becomes aware that it was in an illusory world and it does not have infinite possibilities in life but has to serve as a foot only.

It is also convinced that it cannot become a butterfly or an apple. The outside forces capture him and he is imprisoned in a shoe. Now, from that of an infant’s foot, it has grown to be an adult and now the adult has been forced to live like any human individual. 

Then, we get a description of the changes that the child’s foot undergoes inside the shoe. Its nice, soft, petal-like toes lose their ‘lustre’ and the nails become harder, the toes grow bunched and look like eyeless reptiles, grow callused and are covered with faint volcanoes of death. Inside the shoe, the adult foot is like a blind man groping in the dark. This state depicts the helplessness of man when he faces the harsh realities of life as a member of society. He slogs without respite and keeps on walking, until his death. He works in fields, markets, mines and ministries either as a man’s or a woman’s foot. He does not find time to enjoy his rightful pleasures of life like ‘love’ and ‘sleep’. Finally, one day the foot ceases to walk when the man dies.

When he is buried the foot goes underground. But now he does not know that he is no longer a ‘foot’. In his consciousness, he is equal to the child’s consciousness and hence he again dreams of becoming a butterfly or an apple. Thus, the poet depicts his view of life, tracing its characteristics through different stages like infancy, reaching maturity, adulthood, old age and finally death. Thus, the poem also brings out a cyclical view of life – birth, infancy, maturity, adulthood, old age, death and rebirth.

In the poem ‘To the Foot from its Child’, Pablo Neruda expresses his view of life using the metaphor of ‘foot’. The poem begins with a description of the child’s naivety. The child’s foot does not know that it is a foot. It dreams of unlimited possibilities. It wants to become a butterfly enjoying unbridled freedom and enjoying the pleasures of life symbolized by apple.

The poet expresses the experience of the child’s foot when it is exposed to reality in the real world. It walks over stones, streets, ladders, bits of glass, paths in the rough surface of the earth. All these symbolically stand for obstacles, problems, difficulties and hurdles that one encounters in real life. When the child’s foot faces these realities, it attempts to fight them, and it becomes aware that it was in an illusory world and it does not have infinite possibilities in life but has to serve as a foot only. It is also convinced that it cannot become a butterfly or an apple. The outside forces capture him and he is imprisoned in a shoe. Now, from that of an infant’s foot, it has grown to be an adult and now the adult has been forced to live like any human individual.

Then, we get a description of the changes that the child’s foot undergoes inside the shoe. Its nice, soft, petal-like toes lose their ‘lustre’ and the nails become harder, the toes grow bunched and look like eyeless reptiles, grow callused and are covered with faint volcanoes of death. Inside the shoe, the adult foot is like a blind man groping in the dark. This state depicts the helplessness of man when he faces the harsh realities of life as a member of society. He slogs without respite and keeps on walking, until his death. He works in fields, markets, mines and ministries either as a man’s or a woman’s foot. He does not find time to enjoy his rightful pleasures of life like ‘love’ and ‘sleep’. Finally, one day the foot ceases to walk when the man dies.

When he is buried the foot goes underground. But now he does not know that he is no longer a ‘foot’. In his consciousness, he is equal to the child’s consciousness and hence he again dreams of becoming a butterfly or an apple. Thus, the poet depicts his view of life, tracing its characteristics through different stages like infancy, reaching maturity, adulthood, old age and finally death. Thus, the poem also brings out a cyclical view of life – birth, infancy, maturity, adulthood, old age, death and rebirth.

(d) The information is insufficient to find the relation between t₁ and t₂  

EXPLANATION: 

 Since Yₐ > Yᵦ, for equal strain tension Tₐ > Tᵦ. Since ρₐ > ρᵦ, µₐ > µᵦ. Now vₐ = √(Tₐ/µₐ) and  vᵦ = √(Tᵦ/µᵦ) 

→vₐ/vᵦ = √{(Tₐ/Tᵦ)*(µᵦ/µₐ)} 

The ratio Tₐ/Tᵦ > 1 but µᵦ/µₐ < 1 

Hence to know whether vₐ > vᵦ or not, we need to know the exact ratios of Tₐ/Tᵦ and µᵦ/µₐ which is not given here. Therefore the relation between t₁ and t₂ cannot be found out.

(b) The tension in the string is F. 

Explanation: 

(a) is not true because if the tension in the string is Mg the block cant be pulled up. It can only happen when the tension in the string is F. So (b) is true. 

Since K.E. of the block increases by 20J, it means work done by the resultant force on the block is 20 J. But neither the tension nor the force of gravity is the resultant force on the block. Hence (c) and (d) are not true.

(d) the speed does not depend on the initial direction.

Explanation:- 

When the stone is thrown its total mechanical energy = K.E.+P.E. 

= ½mv² + mgh ---------(i) 

This energy is conserved and when near the ground its P.E. is also converted to K.E. because of h=0. suppose it hits the ground with speed v', its total energy 

= ½mv'² -----(ii) 

equating (i) and (ii) we get,

 ½mv'²=½mv²+mgh v'²=v²+2gh 

Clearly v' depends only on the value of v whatever be the initial direction.

(b) The tension in the string is F. 

Explanation: 

(a) is not true because if the tension in the string is Mg the block cant be pulled up. It can only happen when the tension in the string is F. So (b) is true. 

Since K.E. of the block increases by 20J, it means work done by the resultant force on the block is 20 J. But neither the tension nor the force of gravity is the resultant force on the block. Hence (c) and (d) are not true.

(a) must depend on the speed of projection
(b) must be larger than the speed of projection

Explanation: 

Since Kinetic Energy given to the stone is dependent on the speed of projection, and the speed with which it hits the ground is dependent upon the K.E. given to the stone at the time of projection, Hence answer (a). 

When the stone hits the ground its K.E. is the sum of K.E. given to it at the time of projection and the Potential energy at the point of projection with respect to the ground. That means K.E. of the stone is more at the ground than the point of projection. Since K.E. of a given mass particle is only dependent on its speed, so its speed when it hits the ground must be larger than the speed of projection. Hence (b). (c) and (d) are opposite to the above condition, hence not true.

Let the velocity of the body at A is ‘V’ for minimum velocity given at A velocity of the body at point B is zero. Applying law of conservation of energy at A & B ,½ mv² = mg (2ℓ) ,v =√(4gl) = 2 √(gl)

Let the number of fifty paise coins be x

Number of twenty five paise coins be 2x

Amount due to fifty paise coins = (50×x)/100 = 0.50x

Amount due to twenty five paise coins = (25×2x)/100 = 0.50x

So the total amount is Rs 9

0.50x + 0.50x = 9

1x = 9

x = 9

∴ The number of fifty paise coins is x = 9

Number of twenty five paise coins, 2x = 2×9 = 18

Number of 1 rupee coins = x say. 

Number of 50 paise coins = 3 × x = 3x 

The value of total coins = \(\frac{3x}2\) + x 

[∵50 paisa coins of 3x = ₹ \(\frac{3x}2\)

According to the sum

⇒  \(\frac{3x}2\) + x = 35 

⇒  \(\frac{3x\,+\,2x}{2}\) = 35 

⇒ 5x = 2 × 35

⇒ x = 2 × \(\frac{35}2\)

∴ x = 14

∴ Number of 1 rupee coins = 14 

Number of 50 paisa coins = 3 × x = 3 × 14 = 42

1. With the support of the East India company Arcot Nawab Mohamed Ali wanted to bring Madurai and Tirunelveli regions which were under the command of Nawab Chandra Sahib’s agents.

2. These agents got the support of Tamil Palayakkarars and had close relationship with Puli Thevar.

3. An army was sent under the head of Mahfiizkhan to capture Tirunelveli. 

4. Before he station his troops near Kalakadu 2000 soldiers from Travancore joined the forces of Puli Thevar. 

5. In the Battle of Kalakadu Mahfiizkhan troops were routed. 

6. The organized resistance of the Palayakkarars under Puli Thevar gave an opportunity to the English to interfere directly in the affairs of Tirunelveli.

(a) Marudhu brothers

1. The proclamation of 1801 was an early call to the Indians to unite against the British. 

2. Many Palayakkars rebelled together, especially Chinna Maruthu collected nearly 20,000 men to challenge British. 

3. But the Rajas of Pudukkottai, Ettayapuram and Thanjavur supported British.

4. So, in May 1801, English attacked the rebels in Thanjavur and Trichy rebels failed. 

5. Though the Palayakkarars fell to the English, their exploits and sacrifices inspired later generation. 

6. The rebellion of Marudhu brothers is a land mark event in the history of Tamil Nadu. 

7. It is also known as “South Indian Rebellion”.

The company appointed its collectors to collect taxes from all the palayams. The collectors humiliated the Palayakkarars and adopted force to collect the taxes. This was the bone of contention between the English and Kattabomman.

(a) Both A and R are correct. R is the correct explanation of A.

Correct Answer is: (a) Kamudhi

(c) Pudukottai

(d) S.R Lushington

Correct Answer is: (c) Anamalai

Stage play – Conversation between Jackson and Kattabomman.

Participants: Characters – Kattabomman, Subramanianar, Oomaithurai, Collector Jackson, Company officials soldiers.

Scence – 1 Kattabomman’s Court.

A company official reading the notice issued by collector Jackson. (Kattabomman’s soldier asking permission to let in the company official)

Sepoy : Maharaja, English East India Company’s servant brought a message for you. Shall I ask him to let in. I seek your permission.

Kattabomman : Allow him. (Servant entry)

Kattabomman: What message you have brought?

Servant : Maharaja (Reading the message) I, “The collector of Ramnad” issuing order to Kattabomman to meet in person.

Kattabomman : yes you can go

Scene – 2

Kattabomman and his Minister and some soldiers going to meet Jackson after hearing he was camping at placard showing courtallam.

Collector has gone Srivilliputtur (Voice)

Placard showing Srivilliputur (You are asked to come to Ramanathapuram)

Scene – 3 (Ramanathapuram Fort)

Kattabomman waiting outside the gate to meet the Collector. After lhour he was asked to get inside the court of collector Jackson.

Jackson: Not noticing him wantedly I am Kattabomman: I am kattabomman who is collector Jackson.

Jackson: Got angry Hay who are you nian calling me by name?

Kattabomman: I am Kattabomman wants to know who you are? Asking me the question.

(Further got irritated) 

Jackson: I am collector Jackson. Are you the defiant Kattabomman.

Kattabomman: I want to know for what reason I was asked to come over here. As a coward ran and came to Ramanathapuram Mr. Jackson.

Jackson: Shut up man. You have the charge on you that you didn’t pay neither the tribute not the tax arrears.

(Irritated by his command)

Kattabomman: Whom do you expect to pay tribute or Taxes. Me? Why I should pay taxes. It’s our land the nature is giving water to the field. We the people till the land, sow the seeds plant the saplings watered the field, nurtured the plants, removed the weeds. What work you have done for asking the tax.

Jackson: Hay man Kattabomman you are talking too much, Your region belong to us.

Kattabomman: (Laughing) Is it so? Who gave you the right of possession?

Jackson: (Furiated yelling) Guards arrest him. (Guards entry)

Kattabomman: Sensing the danger took out the sword (fighting and escaping from that place) (screen)

(a) Brother of the Nawab of Arcot

Correct Answer is: (b) 1080

Several events led to the conflicts between Veerapandiya Kattabomman and the East India Company.

Event 1: 

1. Under the provisions of a treaty signed in 1781 with Mysore Sultan the East India Company gained the right to collect taxes from Panchalamkurichi where Veerapandiya Kattabommman was the ruler.

2. The company appointed its collectors to collect taxes from all the Palayams. 

3. The collectors adopted force and humiliated the Palayakaras to collect the taxes. This was the bone of contention between the English and Kattabomman.

Event 2: Collector Jackson against the wish of the Madras Government wanted to send an army to collect the revenue dues from Kattabomman.

1. The arrogant English collector ordered Kattabomman to meet him in. Ramanathapuram. But Kattabomman’s attempts became futile as Jackson refused to meet him. 

2. At last Kattabomman was made to stand for three hours before the haughty collector in Ramanathapuram. 

3. Sensing danger Kattabomman with his brother’s help escaped from that place.

4. Kattabomman on his return to Panchalamkurichi represented to the Madras Council about his ill treatment by the collector Jackson.

5. Kattabomman appeared before the committee on 15th December 1798 and proved that he was not committed any offence. 

6. He cleared almost all the revenue arrears. 

7. Jackson was dismissed from his service.

Event 3: Inspired by the Marudhu brothers Tiruchirapaili proclamation Kattabomman was interested to join the confederacy.

1. Kattabomman and Marudhu brothers jointly decided on a confrontation with the English. 

2. Kattabomman advanced towards Sivagiri who was a tributary to the company. 

3. So the company considered Kattabomman’s expedition as a challenge to their authority.

4. Under the command of Bannerman on 1st September 1799 an ultimatum was served on Kattabomman to surrender. 

5. The evasive reply of Kattabomman made Bannerman to attack the Fort of Panchalamkurichi. 

6. Kattabomman escaped to Pudukottai. 

7. The Britsh put a prize on his head. 

8. Betrayed by the Rajas of Ettayapuram and Pudukottai Kattabomman was arrested.

9. During the trial before all the Palayakkarars he bravely admitted all the charges levelled against him. 

10. He was hanged to death at Kayatharu near Tirunelveli on 16th October. 

11. His courageousness and bravery was enacted as ballads by Indian folks.

(a) A is correct R is wrong

(A) Sirajuddaula

(A) The English

Answer is (B) 1764

Answer is (B) French

Correct answer is (a) bollworms

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen, l am very happy to be in front of you. I have never thought that I would be alive and be among my dear ones. It was a terrible experience at sea. The shipwreck, the loss of my friends, the terrible loneliness, the hunger and thirst and then the miraculous escape are all quite incredible and unimaginable. I don’t know how I could tolerate and manage all those adverse situations. Even now, when I think of it, I feel the terror enveloping all over my body. But it’s all over.

This difficult experience has taught me a lesson that we should not yield to any hardships in life. Tolerance, perseverance, and confidence can lead us to victory. Anyway, I’m very much grateful to my beloved ones for giving me such a wonderful reception in my home town. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of you. Let me conclude with these words face the challenges boldly, ultimate success will be yours. Thank You. Have a nice day.

Correct answer is (b) substance