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(a) Paleolithic period

(a) Clustered settlement

Correct Answer is: (a) 53

Correct Answer is: (c) Arrow

In the world, for classification of urban settlements, mainly the size of population, structure of occupation, administrative structure and essential conditions are considered as the basis.

Following is a brief description of all these basic factors:

1. Size of Population: In order to define urban regions in the world, the basis of population is mainly considered. But variation is found in the size of population for determination of cities in the entire world. Minimum number of people required for a region to be called a city is 250 persons in Denmark, Sweden and Finland, 300 in Iceland, 1000 in Canada and Venezuela, 1500 in Columbia, 2000 in Portugal and Argentina, 2500 in USA and Thailand, 3000 in Japan and 5000 in India.

2. Occupational Structure: Apart from the basis of population, for determination of urban settlement, occupational structure is also considered as the basis. For example, in some countries such as Italy, more than 50% population should be engaged in non agricultural activities. In India, this criteria is 75%. Here, major economic activities have also been considered as a criteria for urban settlements.

3. Administrative Structure: In some countries, administrative structure has been considered as the only criteria to include a settlement under urban settlement. For example, a city is considered to be an urban settlement if it has a municipal corporation, cantonment board and a scheduled urban regional committee. In Brazil and Bolivia, in place of size of population, administrative center is considered a parameter of urban center.

4. Essential Conditions: In the world, urban settlements are also identified on the basis of disposed functions. For example, essential conditions of holiday resorts and tourist places are different from those of industrial areas, port towns and military areas.

Correct Answer is: (d) Palli

A human settlement is defined as a place inhabited more or less permanently. It includes buildings in which they live or use and the paths and streets which they travel on. It also includes the temporary camps of the hunters and herders. It may consist of only a few dwelling units called hamlets or big cluster of buildings called urban cities.

Correct Answer is: (a) temporary settlements

Humans use settlement for social, economic, cultural and religious work.

The origination of human settlement is a long process. Human started agricultural work after crossing the stages of gathering and livestock. After these stages, human felt the necessity of permanent settlements and along with population growth number of settlements increased. Slowly, human developed and due to growth in production trade and transport developed.

Due to technical development and population growth, number of villages also increased. Urban areas originated due to the increasing size of old villages. 5000 years ago from present, mega cities originated and developed in the valleys of Egypt, Indus and Dajla – Farat. Thus, human settlements originated.

Star formation of settlement begins to develop intially as a radial formation, but later the building of houses along the roads leading outwards create a star – shaped settlement.

Due to mechanisation in agricultural sector, development of education and population growth in the rural regions, employment opportunities have decreased and so the rural youth has started settling in cities in search of employment and jobs.

Correct Answer is: (a) 250

Some examples of Conurbation cities are Greater London, Tokyo, Chicago, Gwalior, Hyderabad – Secunderabad, Gwalior – Lashkar – Morar, Delhi – Gurugram. Delhi – Noida.

An extended urban area typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of a central city is called a conurbation.

Greater London, Paris, New – York, Moscow, Beijing, Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai etc.

The city having population more than 50 lakh is called a global city. It is also known as a Megapolis or Megalopolis.

The word ‘conurbation’ was first used in 1915 by a scholar named Patrick Geddes.

When houses are built around a central place in a village or hamlet, and the settlement also develops along the main contact road in a linear way, a fan – shaped pattern is formed.

(c) Lashkar – Murar

Correct Answer is: (a) Dharav

Origin of settlement are divided into two parts – Temporary and permanent settlement.

The condition of environmental pollution intensities is due to the increasing size of population in a region. Increasing population has encouraged urbanisation. This urbnisation has promoted industrialisation by which the black poisonous smoke emitted out from chimneys and the smoke coming out of vehicles due to traffic jams in cities is increasing atmospheric pollution. Due to this process of pollution, heart, respiratory, nervous system and mental health and skin related diseases have increased. Diseases such as diarrhoea and dysentery are increasing due to increasing pollution.

The city having a population of more than 10 lakh is called a metropolitan city.

When enough land is not available at the front end of water body for development of settlement or river front becomes an obstacle in its development, the arrow shape settlements develop at the rear end.

Correct Answer is: (c) 438

The limit of population is decided separately for the classification of cities in the world. The different countries of the world, in order to be included in the category of urban regions, the minimum limit of population is 250 in Denmark, Sweden and finland, 300 in Iceland, 1000 in Canada and Venezuela, 1500 in Columbia, 2000 in Portugal and Argentina, 2500 in USA and Thailand, 3000 in Japan and 5000 persons in India. In India, apart from 5000 as population, the population density should also be 400 persons per sq. km and the population engaged in primary occupations is also considered.

Correct Answer is: (d) lanes

In a scattered settlement, dwellings are placed over large area.

Those types of settlement which change according to season are called temporary settlement.

(b) more than 10 lakh

Shapeless irregular patterns develop in such regions where humans build houses according to their comfort without any prior planning. In such settlements, roads and streets are built later on remaining part of land. The pattern of these roads and streets is zigzag, rounded and narrow. Due to this, a shapeless structure is formed in these irregular settlements. These types of patterns are found in Indian villages. For example, Lisari village of Baran district of Rajasthan.

In habitation is the important activity for which human settlement is made.

There are two types of settlements on the basis of residence: 

1. Permanent settlement 

2. Temporary settlement

1. Permanent settlement: These types settlements are the result of human development. These settlements originated from the time man started living in groups. Human settlements are the symbols of human culture and civilization.

2. Temporary settlement: Those types of settlements which undergo change according to necessity and seasons are called temporary settlements. These types of settlements are built with the point of view of hunting, livestock and favourable season. Tribes live in these types of settlements.

These types of settlements are found in steppes grasslands area of central Asia. Khirgiz tribal people build temporary settlements for animal herding. Eskimos, badoo, Red Indians and Bushman also build this type of settlement.

On the basis of seasonal conditions, Eskimo people build houses made of snow (igloo) in winter season and houses are made of skins of reindeer and seal in summer season.

The fundamental unit of human settlement is house or dwelling or residence.

(b) linear pattern

Following are the characteristics of scattered/isolated settlements: 

1. Houses in these settlements are built away from one another. 

2. In these settlements. People live in isolated form. 

3. People are used to lead an independent life. 

4. Spirit of mutual cooperation is less in their residents. 

5. Feeling of discrimination exists in the communities engaged in agriculture in these settlements.

There are two types of human settlements on the basis of residence – 

1. temporary settlement 

2. permanent settlement.

The permanency of a human colony depends on availability of resources, relation with external world, safety, hope of progress in future and also on religious, social and economic factors.

The main five problems of rural settlement are: 

1. Lack of modes of transportation. 

2. Lack of fresh and clean drinking water. 

3. Lack of health and medical facilities. 

4. Lack of supply of power or electrical energy. 

5. Lack of employment opportunities.

Factors that control the pattern of rural settlements include natural factors (landform, rivers, reservoirs), historical factors, socio – cultural factors, transportation routes and religious factors.

On the basis of basic occupations, human settlements have been divided into two parts – rural settlements and urban settlements.

These are four types of rural settlement: 

1. Concentrated 

2. Scattered or Isolated 

3. Mixed 

4. Palli or old settlement.

For the types of rural settlements, physical factors, social and cultural factors (caste – religion) and security, etc. are responsible.

There are following differences between the types and the formations of human settlements:

1. Physical features, social and cultural factors and safety are responsible for the types of human settlements, while its pattern is due to its shape.

2. Types of settlement is determined on the basis of distance among houses, but its pattern is determined on the basis of its shape.

3. Natural conditions and occupations etc. determine the types of settlements, while type of occupation plays an important role in their pattern.

Types of Rural – settlements: Rural settlements are divided on the basis of number of houses and distance among them. 

Generally, four types of rural settlements are found:

1. Dense or clustered settlement: Dense rural settlements always develop in fertile plains, and regions having flat surface terrain and sufficient water availability. The residences are built close together and the entire village is inhabited densely.

2. Isolated or scattered settlements: The houses in this settlement have distance between another and agricultural land lies among them, so this type of settlement is called scattered settlement.

3. Mixed settlements: This is a state between dense and scattered settlements. This type of settlement is a result of rapid increase in houses due to rapid increase in number of families as well as number of people. Instead of environmental reasons, family-reasons are responsible for it.

4. Old or palli settlement: The houses of this type of settlement are built apart from one another but located in the same colony. People from different castes live in different parts of colony.

(i) The area lying to the south of North Indian Plains and tapering towards the Indian Ocean is called Indian Peninsula. 

(ii) It consists of many plateaus and hill ranges. 

(iii) The Aravalis in the north west are the oldest fold mountains here. 

(iv) It includes a series of plateaus bordering the Plains, Vindhyas and Satpuda ranges in the central part and the hilly regions of Western and Eastern Ghats.

(i) Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. They are divided into two parts namely northern coast and the eastern coast. 

(ii) The northern coast extends from Amapa province in the north to Rio Grande Do Norte in the east. This coast can be called as North Atlantic Coast. From here, the eastern coast extends towards the south. 

(iii) The northern coast is characterized by mouths of many rivers including the Amazon. Therefore, this region is a low-lying region.

(iv) On this coast lie the Marajo island, Marajo and Sao Marcos Bays.

(v) Marajo, a large coastal island located between River Amazon and River Tocantins, lies on the northern coast. 

(vi) The eastern coast receives a large number of smaller rivers. The only major river which meets the Atlantic Ocean here is Sao Francisco. 

(vii) The Brazilian Coast is characterized by a large number of beaches and sand dune complexes. 

(viii) The Brazilian Coast is protected in some areas by coral reefs and atoll islands.

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