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The coal is formed by compression of Carboniferous age forests between impervious sedimentary rock-folds and the petroleum is the stored ‘body oil of dinosaurs of Jurassic period in between the impervious rocks within the poses of shale rocks. So these are called the fossil fuels on account of being buried within the rocks like the fossils for a long period under the pressure of tectonic forces.

Gautama found out the cause of sorrow is desire. The cure of sorrow is to give up all desires and adopt Right – Living.

Non-conventional sources of energy are solar, geothermal, tidal energies. These are perennial sources i.e. non-exhaustible or renewable resources which can be obtained forever and are also pollution-free. Although the establishment and apparatus of these sources is quite costly, their returns are lifelong.

Minerals are inorganic substances obtained from Earth through the process of mining. Coal, manganese, iron ore and gold.

Born under a tree/ as Buddha received illumination under a tree and so to this day we venerate this tree as the Bodhi Tree.

Gautama Buddha was born over two thousand five hundred years ago on the sacred day of Vaishakh Purnima at Lumbini, situated near the city of Kapilavastu.

Gautama, the Buddha, was born over two thousand five hundred years ago, as Prince Siddharth.

It was prophesied at the birth of Gautama that the infant would either grow to be a great Chakravarti (an emperor) or a Sannyasi (a renunciate) who would bring comfort to lost souls.

His strong, athletic body was reduced to a bag of bones.

practise – action word

The passage highlights the intensity with which Gautama practised ascetism in his quest of the truth of life. It also talks about its impact on him and the willpower he displayed.

The king was determined to prevent his beloved son from renouncing the world.

When Buddha accepted Sujata’s offering of milk and rice, it refreshed him and infused a new strength in him. He then realized that making the body suffer was not the way to enlightenment and truth.

The king was determined to prevent his beloved son from renouncing the world.

What was the king determined to do?

The prince was married to one of the most beautiful girls of the realm – Princess Yashodhara, the daughter of the Koliyan king. Their son’s name was Rahul.

Deforestation means cutting down and clearing of tree covers from forest areas to get land for agricultural use, cattle grazing . or exporting timber.

Forests absorb rainwater and only gradually release it into rivers.

Siddharth saw an old man, a diseased man, a dead man and a monk and these witnesses to the impermanence of the world moved him, and there entered into his heart a vision of dukkha, the world – sorrow

At the age of twenty-nine, Siddharth went out to see his kingdom and meet his subjects when he beheld what the Buddhist books call the ‘four signs’ – which reflected the impermanence of the world. He saw an old man, a diseased man, a dead man and a monk – and he was exposed to a vision of dukkha the world sorrow. From here began Gautama’s journey in quest of the Truth of Life.

When Siddharth was born, it was prophesied that the infant would either grow to be a great Emperor or a renunciate who would usher comforts to lost souls. King Raja Shuddhodana was determined to prevent his son from renouncing the world. He surrounded the Prince with every imaginable luxury and comfort in the magnificent palaces. Thus, changing palaces depending on the season of the year. Prince Siddharth lived his secluded, protected life in the beautiful atmosphere of the royal mansions.

At the age of twenty-nine, Siddharth went out to see his kingdom and to meet his subjects. He witnessed what the Buddhist books call the ‘four signs’ – witnesses to the impermanence of the world. This changed Siddharth’s life.

Automobiles are mainly responsible for 80% air pollution, emitting Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen monoxide etc.

Solar, hydel, tidal, wind and nuclear energy.

Automobile industry.

Brick kilns produce huge amount of Carbon oxides, smoke and dust etc.

If we are determined and if we persist and never give up, we will definitely emerge as a winner.

1. The increasing number of vehicles on the roads are a big source of noise pollution. Increasing traffic jams in congested areas lead to the repeated hooting of horns by impatient drivers causing noise pollution.

2. Noise from construction sites is generally far worse than noise originating from factories. This is because whatever construction takes place noise emissions levels are higher as well as the equipment is inherently noisy. 

3. Noise pollution caused by airplanes has been increasing steadily during recent years, especially in the areas close to international airports. This problem has mainly arisen because of the widespread use of heavy long-range jet aircraft. Noise made by jet planes is more disturbing than that of the old propeller driven aircraft because it is of far higher pitch. Jet noise is caused by the violent mixing of the jet of gases from the engine with the surrounding air. It is at maximum level during take-off when the engine delivers maximum thrust, and falls away rapidly as the aircraft climbs. During landing, the main source of high-frequency noise is the sound made by the air compressor and turbine blades. Aircraft pass close to the ground for quite a distance during the landing operation and this noise often constitutes a more sustained environmental nuisance than the intense noise of shorter duration produced during take-off.

(a) (ii) It is important to have the will to win.

(b) (iii) The ability to bounce back after a fall.

(c) (iii) Work hard day and night for it.

Automobiles produce large amount of CO, hydrocarbons, oxides and suspended particulate matter and cause air pollution.

Drilling produces dust, stones etc and crude oil spills pollute largely the oceanic water and disturb marine life.

The pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere by chemical interactions between primary pollutants and atmospheric constituents are known as secondary pollutants. Examples of secondary pollutants are Sulphur trioxide, Ozone, Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), Ketones etc.

The pollutants that are directly emitted from the sources and are found in the atmosphere in the form in which they are emitted are known as primary pollutants, e.g., ash, radioactive compounds, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen etc.

(d) plan of action

The emission of radioactive minerals Uranium 235 Plutonium 239, make the whole surroundings radioactive after fission and carried away by the wind too long distances. These are dangerous to health, as these remain as it is for a long time.

Wastes produced by nuclear power stations nuclear weapons/testing, research laboratories, and hospitals, are the main radioactive wastes which pollute the water bodies.

These are natural sources from cosmic rays, man-made sources by use of X-rays, nuclear weapons, Atomic reactors and fuel, radioactive isotopes in research laboratories are the main reasons to pollute rivers, streams and lakes etc. through sewers.

Detergents contain some phosphates which are helpful to 1 produce algae and aquatic weeds which pollute the water.

moment - a very brief period of time

surround - shut in on all sides

deliberately - intentionally

visit - see

vast - huge

discover - search

• moment                      a very brief period of time
• surround                     shut in on all sides 
• deliberately                intentionally 
• visit                            see 
• vast                            huge
• discover                     search

Sometimes the attitude of the people of one country towards people of other countries is hateful and learful.

According to Pandit Nehru, there are two suple truths that Nehru talks about in the letter :
(i) If we meet other people in friendly way, they also become friendly.
(ii) If we show our dislike to them, they behave in the same manner.

The wife celebrated her husband’s going to jail by distributing sweets among the freedom fighters. She also addressed a meeting organised by Congress and pledged to follow satyagraha.

The narrator of the story is a woman whose husband was jailed.

The husband of the narrator of this story was jailed. He had served sherbat and pan to the political agitators.

The incident took place before 1947.

Her husband had served the political agitators. It was the great work of patriotism. So the lady was very proud of her husband. She wanted to rush forward and touch his feet.

The political agitators were fighting for the freedom of India.

On her husband’s imprisonment the wife was very bold and courageous. She was full of patriotism. She was so proud of her husband that she wanted to touch his feet. She distributed sweets among the freedom fighters. But she was a lady and was all alone in the house. So she determined to preserve her femininity at all costs. 

The constables were watching her from the door.