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Most of the organisms depend directly or indirectly upon plants for food.

Plants with many woody stems are called Shrubs.

The purpose of classifications are: 

1. for convenience – easy to study identify and remember. 

2. to show relationships among various groups of organisms. 

3. to show the evolution of organisms from simple to complex forms of life.

Any of a group of organic compounds which are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet are called vitamins.

Functions of Vitamins: 

1. For normal growth of body 

2. For proper functioning of body 

3. To increase immunity of body 

4. to maintain appetite 

5. to regulate digestion process

The method of grouping organism, according to their similarities and differences is called classification.

Animals without a backbone are called Non chordates.

Animals have cells with definite nucleus. Hence they are included under Eukaryotas.

1. Deer – Animalia 

2. Paramecium – Protista 

3. Mushroom – Mycota

• Protein is necessary for growth, development and formation of our body.  
• It is necessary for division and repair of cells.

1. Botany : botany deals with the study of plants. 

2. Zoology : zoology deals with the study of animal. 

3. Microbiology: microbiology is the study of microorganism. 

4. Cytology : cytology is the study of cells. 

5. histology : the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. 

6. Physiology : physiology deals with the processes and the functions of living organisms. 

7. Biotechnology : biotechnology deals with the application of technology in the field of biology. For benefit of mankind.

Carol us Linnaeus proposed two kingdom classification.

The important measures to conserve natural resources are,1. Restricting unnecessary cutting of trees. 

1. Protecting wild life in their habitat. 

2. Educating the public the importance of Furniture and minimizing the use of timber. 

3. Recycling forest products. 

4. Restricting hunting and poaching of animals. 

5. Preventing the extinction of species.

Viruses do not have a cellular structure and they are not considered as organism. They cannot be included either under prokaryotic or Eukaryotas. Hence form a separate entity.

(a) Take a small quantity of the food items to be tested. 

(b) Put 2 – 3 drops pf iodine solution on it. 

(c) Observe the colour of the food item. 

(d) Blue – black colour indicates the presence of starch in the tested food item.

(ii) Make a paste or powder of food to be tested.

(i) Take a small quantity of the food item in a test tube, add 10 drops of water to it and shake it.

(iv) Add 2 drops of copper sulphate solution to it.

(iii) Add 10 drops of caustic soda solution to the test tube and shake well.

The four kingdom classification introduced by Copeland in 1966. The kingdoms are. Monera, Protista, plantae, and animalia.

This is one of the earliest type of classification, introduced by corollas Linnaeus 1758. Linnaeus classified the living organism under two kingdoms. They are kingdom plantae and kingdom animalia.

In 1969 Robert Whitaker introduced five kingdom classification. They are Monera, Protista, plantae, animalia and mycota.

•  Muscle cells – Mitochondria 
• White blood cells – Leucoplasts 
• Leaf cells – chloroplast 
• Pancreatic cells – Lysosomes.

To carryout photosynthesis as they are in chloroplast.

Centrioles are responsible for the formation of spindle fibres during cell division.

By removing the shell which is mostly calcium carbonate by dissolving it in dilute hydrochloric acid, only a thin outer skin now encloses the egg and when we put this egg in pure water, after a few minutes we can see that he egg swells, because water passes into it by osmosis.

When raisins are placed in water, they absorb water by a process called osmosis and swell up [osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules form the region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a semi permeable membrane].

The eye piece in the compound micro scope. An eye piece lens is the one, through which we see. An objective lens is the one, which is facing the object.

Micron is the most commonly used unit to express the size of the cell. One micron is equal to 1/1000 of a millimeter.

The hereditary units present in the DNA molecules are called genes. 

The importance of genes are : 

• Each gene determines a particular characteristic of an organism for example, height of a person, colour of eyes etc. 
• Genes control the structure and functions of cell in all organisms.

The Functions of cell wall:

1. Cell wall gives definite shape to the cell. 

2. It gives Shape, Strength, Protection rigidity and support to the plant body

Correct answer is (c) Plantae

In plant cell, in addition to the cell membrane, there is a cell wall. Cell wall provides shape strength, protection and rigidity to the cell.

Under certain conditions molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy. This is known as active transport. Ex: movement of sodium ions from blood to heart muscle cell.

Cell membrane controls the movement of selected substances in to or out of it. Hence, cell membrane is described as a semi permeable membrane.

Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes which extends from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane. The functions of endoplasmic reticulum are, 

1. It forms cytoskeieton and provides support to the cell. 

2. It transports substances from one part of the cell to the other and from one cell to another.

Ribosomes play an important role the protein synthesis. Hence They are called protein factories of the cell.

Nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell It is covered by a double membrane called nuclear membrane. Nucleoplasm has a network of thread like structure called chromatin. During cell division chromatin. Undergoes coiling and becomes short and thick chromosomes chromosomes contain genetic material called DNA which has genes. Genes determines the particular characteristic of an organism.

Centrioles are found in some algae, fungi and all animal cells. Two centrioles are located usually near the nucleus. Centrioles help during cell division.

In the cell found some membrane covered cavities are called vacuoles. They are filled with a fluid called cell sap, Vacuoles are structure which store food, water and waste products.

Ribosomes are the non membranous structure attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They are also found attached to nuclear membrane and even in nucleus. Functions of ribosomes are, They play an important role in the protein synthesis.

The nutrient which help in repairing the damaged body cells is protein.

1. R.B.C. gets shrinken 

2. No clinical examination cannot be taken place

Rabbit – Runs very fast 

Elephant – Biggest animal 

Parrot – Can fly 

Fish – Can swim in water

(a) Smelling

1. (night) 

2. (terrestrial) 

3. (soldier) 

4. (food).

Like bats, dog, cat, owl etc. can see in the dark.

Bat can fly with  their eyes at night is False.

Correct answer is d.

The ants release a substance while moving due to which the other ahts follow, recognising their way easily.

Salt and salt water spraying is in order to get protection from the ants. Nowadays insecticides are used for protection from ants.

When a bat flies at night, it produces a sound of very high frequency which reflects back when it hits any object in front of it. Following the echo a bat can fly very easily in the dark.